Bio Nanoparticles Research Articles

Bio Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents

One such novel technology is nanotechnology, which has been revolutionized in health care, textile, materials, information and communication technology, and energy sectors too. There are many ways depicted in various literatures to synthesize silver nanoparticles. These include physical, chemical, and biological methods. The physical and chemical methods are numerous in number, and many of these methods are expensive or use toxic substances which are major factors that make them “not so favored” methods of synthesis. An alternate, feasible method to synthesize silver nanoparticles is to employ biological methods of using microbes and plants. Biotechnology has considered a safe agricultural tool to enhance crop protection, subsequently to produce more agricultural products, improve food process, nutritional value, and better flavor. Side by side it has detrimental ecological consequences such as spreading genetically engineered genes to indigenous plants, elevated toxicity, which may transmit through food chain, disrupting nature’s system of pest control, developing new weeds or virus strains, biodiversity loss, and insecticidal resistance (Goswami et al., 2010). Hence, it is necessary to bring forth new innovative technology/methods to overcome the above mentioned problems. The potential application of biogenic nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents will be also reviewed. The mechanism of action of nanoparticles as bactericidal and antifungal agents will be highlighted in this chapter.

Multichannel 3D-printed bionanoparticles-loaded tablet (M3DPBT): designing, development, and in vitro functionality assessment

BackgroundThe intersubject variability which was related to the genetic makeup was the major cause of change in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic behavior of same dosage form in varied human being. 3D printing technology will help therapy evolve and eliminate the limitations of conventional technologies. Nebivolol's (NBL)-limited oral bioavailability is mainly due to its poor aqueous solubility. The research aims to combine advanced 3D printing technology and nanotechnology to design customized therapy and enhance the functionality of NBL using a statistical approach.Results and discussionThe results of the phase solubility indicated that NBL was a poorly aqueous soluble drug. Its solubility was increased by employing nanoparticle drug delivery, which is a promising solubility enhancement technique. The 32 full factorial design was employed to develop and optimize bionanoparticles (BNPs) by solvent evaporation technique using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid 50:50) (PLGA 50:50) and poloxamer-407 as a surfactant. The BNPs were characterized by % encapsulation efficiency (% EE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), transmission electron microscope (TEM), zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, in vitro drug release, etc. The BNPs loaded of NBL were further incorporated into the multichannel 3D-controlled release tablets made by PVA filaments employing fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology optimized by central composite design (CCD). Multichannel 3D-printed bionanoparticles-loaded tablet (M3DPBT) was optimized using CCD. All designed M3DPBTs were evaluated for post-fabrication parameters. The optimized M3DPBT could release more than 85% NBL within 10 h.ConclusionsThe newly fabricated M3DPBT was found stable. The amount of PLGA 50:50 and Polaxomer was significant for developing BNPs. % infill and layer height were observed as critical for the designing M3DPBT. The combined novel 3D printing and nanotechnology technology will open a new direction for patient compliance and better therapeutic effects.Graphical abstractDesigning and developing of M3DPBT is substantially improve the patient compliance and therapeutic effectiveness of Nebivolol.

Characterization of extracted bio-nano particles from date palm agro-residues

Mechanical downsizing of waste lignocellulosic fibers to small-size particles is a promising way to produce efficient reinforcing elements for bio-composites, both from commercial and environmental perspectives. This study specifically aims to make nano-sized lignocellulosic fillers from date palm agro-residues using a mechanical ball milling technique supplemented with liquid Nitrogen. The researchers aimed to obtain efficient reinforcing elements for bio-composites by fragmenting and downsizing waste lignocellulosic fibers. Several tests were conducted to evaluate and characterize the fillers' properties. The morphological analysis using TEM and FE-SEM showed that the microparticles had irregularly shaped particles with sizes ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 μm for micro-untreated particles and 0.22–0.32 μm for micro-treated particles. The nanoparticles had smaller particle sizes, with nano-untreated particles ranging from 80 to 122 nm and nano-treated particles ranging from 32 to 55 nm. XRD analysis revealed a boost in crystallinity due to the treatment process; (45 %) for micro-treated and (67 %) for nano-treated. TGA analysis indicated that the chemically treated fillers contributed to the improved thermal stability of the samples. Specifically, MT showed the best thermal stability due to increased crystallinity and stronger binding among the cellulose chains than that of NT.

Thermodynamic and thermal degradation kinetics analysis of coconut shell biomass based phase change material

Phase change materials (PCMs) stores and releases thermal energy in the form of latent heat during phase transition. Though PCMs are durable in nature, they suffer commercial application owing to low thermal conductivity. Inclusion of metal and carbon based nanoparticles are typically adopted to overcome the complication of poor conducting nature of organic PCMs. In this experimental research we develop a bio based nanoparticle using coconut shell in an environmental friendly manner to enhance the thermal conductivity of organic PCM polyethylene glycol 1000. Bio nanoparticle (BNP) improves the thermal conductivity of the developed nanocomposite PCM by 73.1% with 0.9 wt% of coconut shell BNP hence we evaluate the thermodynamic and thermal kinetics parameter of the nanocomposite PCM sample with 0.9 wt% biochar based nanoparticle. In addition the authors have analysed the thermal decomposition kinetics of the optimized PCM composite using Coats and Redfern method to exhibit the reaction mechanism, thermodynamic and kinetic parameter.

Preparation of pH-responsive magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels based on k-carrageenan/chitosan/silver nanoparticles: Antibacterial carrier for potential targeted anticancer drug delivery

This study reports the development of new pH-responsive drug delivery systems that are important for the treatment of cancer. The Mentha plant extract was obtained and then used for the biosynthesis of magnetic Ag bio nanoparticles (M-Ag bio-NPs). They were added in the formulation of hybrid hydrogel of k-carrageenan (k-Cr) and chitosan (CS) toward the synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels. Their chemical structure and morphology were characterized by different analyses. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as a model anticancer drug to study the targeted drug release behavior of the synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels (loading capacity: about 98 %). In vitro drug release studies showed that the release profile was noticeably controlled in a pH-dependent manner (higher drug release at pH 5). The antibacterial assessment confirmed the high antibacterial activity for the synthesized hydrogel against S. aureus (MIC values 39.06 μg/mL) and E. coli (MIC values > 19.53). In-vitro cytotoxicity results (MTT assay) demonstrated good biocompatibility (higher than 88 %) for the blank nanocomposite hydrogels, while DOX-loaded nanocomposite hydrogels showed high toxicity (about 22 % in the concentration of 20 μg/mL) against HeLa cells. The results showed that the present nanocomposite hydrogels can be suggested for potential application as an antibacterial and anticancer carrier.

Rapid Crystal Structural, Optical and Morphological Studies of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and their Photocatalytic Activity

In the present work, we report a green synthesis of cobalt oxide (Co3O4), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and cobalt-doped bismuth oxide (Co-doped BiO) nanoparticles using Bambusa seed extract. The green synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The phase purity of the synthesized nanoparticles is confirmed with the aid of XRD analysis, and the crystallite sizes are found to be 10.42 nm, 18.85 nm and 61.23 nm for Co3O4, Bi2O3 and Co-doped BiO nanoparticles, respectively. Bond length calculations and functional group analysis are done by FTIR technique. The UV–visible analysis depicts higher optical absorption and band gaps varying from 1.81, 2.65 and 1.87 eV for Co3O4, Bi2O3 and Co-doped BiO nanoparticles, respectively. Changes in the surface morphology are observed from FESEM analysis. In addition, the samples' catalytic efficiency in the breakdown of methylene blue (MB) dye was studied and the effects of various process parameters on the extent of dye removals such as photocatalyst amount, irradiation period, the concentration of dye and pH of the solution were also studied. The pseudo-first-order MB photocatalytic decomposition kinetic model has a high correlation coefficient value (R2 > 0.95). The findings support the use of a Co-doped BiO in the field of photocatalytic applications under natural sunlight.

Nanosized Model Drug Loaded Bio-Nano Suspension: Itandrsquo;s Development, Characterization and Evaluation

The objective of this research was to develop the phenytoin loaded bionanosuspension by using the novel biopolymer from Juglans regia. The different ratio of phenytoin and biopolymer (1:0.8, 1:1,1:2,1:3,1:4,1:5,1:8) were taken for preparation of formulations PJ1-PJ7. The bionanosuspension were evaluated for spread ability test, pH% entrapment efficacy, bio nanoparticles size in bionanosuspension, zeta potential, stability study and in-vitro drug release study. The formulation PJ2 with 1:1 drug biopolymer ratio was found to be best stable bionanosuspension on the basis of above evaluation parameters. The best formulation PJ2 showed the significant satisfactory results for different evaluations with t 50% of 18.09 hours and t 80% of 29.77 hours with r2 value of 0.9970. The best formulation PJ2 showed up to 86.56% ± 3 drug release in 36 hours. The bionanosuspension was found to be stable and safe for the delivery of Nano sized phenytoin using the isolated biopolymer having a unique stabilizer cum retardant property.

Cytotoxicity and anti-microbial analysis of silver and graphene oxide bio nanoparticles.

It is of interest to document the cytotoxicity and anti microbial analysis of silver and graphene oxide nanoparticles. The plant extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Ocimum sanctum Linn were used as reducing agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD and TEM. The antimicrobial activity was completed for oral pathogens. Brine Shrimp Lethality assay was conducted for cytotoxicity. Thus, we show that silver and graphene oxide bio based nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity with minimum cytotoxic effects.

The effect of hydrophobic alkyl sidechains on size and solution behaviors of nanodiscs formed by alternating styrene maleamic copolymer

The development of amphipathic polymers, including various formulations of styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymers, has allowed the purification of increasing sizes and complexities of biological membrane protein assemblies in native nanodiscs. However, the factors determining the sizes and shapes of the resulting bio-nano particles remain unclear. Here, we show how grafting on short alkyl amine sidechains onto the polar residues leads to a broad set of nanoparticle sizes with improved solution behavior. The solubilization of lipid vesicles occurs over a wide range of pH levels and calcium concentrations, providing utility across the physiologically relevant range of solution conditions.Furthermore, the active SMA derivatives can contain strictly alternating monomers, which have inherently lower sequence polydispersity. Pronounced differences in the shapes of native nanoparticles were formed from Escherichia coli bacterial outer membrane containing PagP protein using methyl, ethyl and propylamine derivatives of styrene-maleic anhydride. In particular, the methylamine-substituted polymer forms smaller, monodispersed nanodiscs, while the longer alkyl derivatives form worm-like nanostructures. Thus the introduction of hydrophobicity onto the polar sidechains of amphipathic polymers has profound effects on morphology of native nanodisc, with shorter methyl moieties offering more uniformity and utility for structural biology studies.

Preparation and characterisation of mango bark and mango leaf nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are the simplest form of structures with sizes in the nanometre range (<100 nm). Suspended nanoparticles (non-bio) in base fluids (nanofluids) increase the heat transfer properties of the base fluids. However, addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid increases viscosity as well as pressure drop. It is also expensive to produce non-bio nanoparticles. Thus, mango barks and leaves were used to produce bio nanoparticles due to their natural characteristics that might lower viscosity of the nanofluid. The mango bark and mango leaf were collected and dried under hot sun to remove moisture content until constant weight achieved. Then, the materials were crushed and sieved to obtain finest powder followed by wet grinding for 1 hour at 800 rpm using FRTSCH Planetary Micro Mill PULVERISETTE 7 premium line. The particles size was determined using FESEM and particle size analyser machine. The bulk density of the nanoparticles was determined by experiment. The obtained results showed that the mango barks have lost total weight of 504g (63%) after 8 days of drying. Meanwhile, mango leaves have lost total weight of 606g (78%). The bulk density of mango bark nanoparticles is 2505.00kg/m3 and mango tree leaf nanoparticles is 2108. 00kg/m3. From image analysis using FESEM, the average size of mango bark nanoparticles is around 102 nm and mango leaf nanoparticles was around 132 nm. From particle size analyser, the average fineness of mango bark nanoparticles measured by intensity was 125.5nm and mango leaf nanoparticles was 206.1nm. In conclusion, the mango bark and mango leaf nanoparticles can be synthesised by wet grinding method.

Switchable supracolloidal 3D DNA origami nanotubes mediated through fuel/antifuel reactions.

3D DNA origami provide access to the de novo design of monodisperse and functional bio(organic) nanoparticles, and complement structural protein engineering and inorganic and organic nanoparticle synthesis approaches for the design of self-assembling colloidal systems. We show small 3D DNA origami nanoparticles, which polymerize and depolymerize reversibly to nanotubes of micrometer lengths by applying fuel/antifuel switches. 3D DNA nanocylinders are engineered as a basic building block with different numbers of overhang strands at the open sides to allow for their assembly via fuel strands that bridge both overhangs, resulting in the supracolloidal polymerization. The influence of the multivalent interaction patterns and the length of the bridging fuel strand on efficient polymerization and nanotube length distribution is investigated. The polymerized multivalent nanotubes disassemble through toehold-mediated rehybridization by adding equimolar amounts of antifuel strands. Finally, Förster resonance energy transfer yields in situ insights into the kinetics and reversibility of the nanotube polymerization and depolymerization.

Synthesis of bio nano particles with special reference to gold and silver metal

Synthesis of phytobionanoagents has become one of the most popular technologies applied in all areas of sciences. Metal nanoparticles produced from plant extract have great applications in the biomedical and physiochemical field. These are produced by nanotechnology and at present have received global attention due to their extensive role in antimicrobial activity. Plant extract and their effect on microorganism has been extensively studied as convenient nano-agents for synthesis of metal nanoparticles and recognized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting antimicrobial agent. The development of multidrug resistant microbial strains and the appearance of strains which reduced susceptibility to antibiotics are continuously increasing. The problem of multidrug resistance promotes to search for new antimicrobial substances from various sources like medicinal plants. In present study focused on biological synthesis of phyto gold and silver nanoparticles through plant extract

In Situ Production of Silver Bio Nanoparticles from Marine Biosurfactant Bacteria and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial Activity

The International Scientific Research Organization for Science, Engineering and Technology (ISROSET) is a Non-Profit Organization; The ISROSET is dedicated to improvement in academic sectors of Science (Chemistry, Bio-chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Science, Bioscience, Bioinformatics, Biometrics, Biostatistics, Microbiology, Environmental Management, Medical Science, Forensic Science, Home Science, Library Science, Material Science Military Science, Physical Science, Physical Education Science, Educational Science, Fisheries, seed technology, Agriculture, Forestry Science, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Geology/Earth Science), Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Commerce, Management, Economics Sociology and Social Science.

BIO-NANOPARTICLES: GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES AND ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Objective: The design like bio-nano particles are beneficial over chemical and physical composition due to the eco-friendly and lower-cost synthesis of nanoparticles. The current study was purposed for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and their antioxidant evaluation.&#x0D; Methods: Aqua extract of Muntingia calabura, Linn was applied for the synthesis of GNPs and confirmed by UV visible and ATR-Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscope and Particle Size Analyser were used for the shape zeta potential and determination of size. Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging method.&#x0D; Results: The result showed that UV–vis absorption spectra of H Au Cl4 at 290 nm while absorption spectra of biosynthesis gold nanoparticles at 540 nm. The forming of nanoparticles were spherical, having an average particle size of 88 nm, and the result of zeta potential was 9.5 mV. Analysis of ATR-FTIR revealed the possible involvement of phytochemical constituents in gold nanoparticles of aqua extract. Green synthesized nanoparticles showed enhanced antioxidant properties.&#x0D; Conclusion: Green synthesized GNPs showed enhanced biological activities. Present results also support the benefit of using the biosynthesis method for the production of gold nanoparticles that have the potential of antioxidant and biology activities.

Inhibition of Rumen Methanogens by a Novel Archaeal Lytic Enzyme Displayed on Tailored Bionanoparticles.

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, 25 times more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide. Ruminant methane emissions contribute almost 30% to anthropogenic sources of global atmospheric methane levels and a reduction in methane emissions would significantly contribute to slowing global temperature rises. Here we demonstrate the use of a lytic enyzme, PeiR, from a methanogen virus that infects Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1 as an effective agent inhibiting a range of rumen methanogen strains in pure culture. We determined the substrate specificity of soluble PeiR and demonstrated that the enzyme is capable of hydrolysing the pseudomurein cell walls of methanogens. Subsequently, peiR was fused to the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase gene phaC and displayed on the surface of PHA bionanoparticles (BNPs) expressed in Eschericia coli via one-step biosynthesis. These tailored BNPs were capable of lysing not only the original methanogen host strain, but a wide range of other rumen methanogen strains in vitro. Methane production was reduced by up to 97% for 5 days post-inoculation in the in vitro assay. We propose that tailored BNPs carrying anti-methanogen enzymes represent a new class of methane inhibitors. Tailored BNPs can be rapidly developed and may be able to modulate the methanogen community in vivo with the aim to lower ruminant methane emissions without impacting animal productivity.

Emission analysis of Azolla methyl ester with BaO nano additives for IC engine

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to decrease emissions in diesel engines fueled with diesel and algae biodiesel blends and also addition of BiO nanoparticles. Azolla algae can be used to produce biodiesel, because of high oil content. The biodiesel was prepared by using Azolla algae non-edible oil through transesterification process. In the present study, the BaO nano additives into the algae oil-based methyl ester blend and its diesel blends are analyzed the emission characteristic at different load. Addition of BaO nanoparticle was a strategy to reduce emission (CO, HC, and O2) of the biodiesel.

Trace analysis of nitrite ions in environmental samples by using in-situ synthesized Zein biopolymeric nanoparticles as the novel green solid phase extractor

For the first time, a novel green method using Zein biopolymeric nanoparticles as a green dispersive solid-phase extractor is reported for the separation and preconcentration of trace amount of nitrite (NO2-) ions in ppb levels. The Zein protein is a biodegradable hydrophobic plant protein that is obtained from corn and is composed of a number of hydrophobic amino acids. Zein bionanoparticles were synthesized in an anti-solvent process and used as a new biosorbent in the extraction technique. In the proposed technique, by using a standard method at first, a mixture of 1-naphthylamine and sulphanilic acid as selective regents was added to the samples, and in the presence of the nitrite ion, a red azo product was formed. After that, the ethanolic Zein solution (equal to 15mg) was injected rapidly into the sample, based on the anti-solvent process. Zein bionanoparticles (BNPs) were produced, the adsorbed colour product was separated by centrifugation, and finally samples were analysed with the spectrophotometric method. The influence of different variables such as pH, buffer and amount of buffer, amount of adsorbent and effect of time on extraction were investigated and Zein BNPs were characterized by TEM, SEM, and FT-IR techniques. The main advantages of Zein as a new solid-phase extractor are that this biopolymer is non-toxic, stable, widely available, biodegradable, very hydrophobic, and can be fabricated easily. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.9972 at the concentration range of 5.0–1000ngmL−1. The limit of detection was 2.3ngmL−1 (0.05μM). This method was applied successfully for the analysis of sea and river waters as well as industrial wastewater samples. Finally, this method follows the US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) and WHO (World Health Organization) international standards for nitrite analysis. In addition, it has several advantages to warrant its applicability in the near future in separation science as a green biosorbent in both dispersive and normal solid-phase extraction.

Surface chemistry and morphology in single particle optical imaging

AbstractBiological nanoparticles such as viruses and exosomes are important biomarkers for a range of medical conditions, from infectious diseases to cancer. Biological sensors that detect whole viruses and exosomes with high specificity, yet without additional labeling, are promising because they reduce the complexity of sample preparation and may improve measurement quality by retaining information about nanoscale physical structure of the bio-nanoparticle (BNP). Towards this end, a variety of BNP biosensor technologies have been developed, several of which are capable of enumerating the precise number of detected viruses or exosomes and analyzing physical properties of each individual particle. Optical imaging techniques are promising candidates among broad range of label-free nanoparticle detectors. These imaging BNP sensors detect the binding of single nanoparticles on a flat surface functionalized with a specific capture molecule or an array of multiplexed capture probes. The functionalization step confers all molecular specificity for the sensor’s target but can introduce an unforeseen problem; a rough and inhomogeneous surface coating can be a source of noise, as these sensors detect small local changes in optical refractive index. In this paper, we review several optical technologies for label-free BNP detectors with a focus on imaging systems. We compare the surface-imaging methods including dark-field, surface plasmon resonance imaging and interference reflectance imaging. We discuss the importance of ensuring consistently uniform and smooth surface coatings of capture molecules for these types of biosensors and finally summarize several methods that have been developed towards addressing this challenge.

Quantification of the Healing Effect in Hepatic Fibrosis Induced by Chitosan Nano-Encapsulated Green Tea in Rat Model.

Green tea extract exhibits several beneficial activities for the human body. In the present work, we explored the healing effect of a novel bio-nano particle named 'Chitosan nano-encapsulated green tea extract' at the ultrastructural level by performing experiments on rat hepatocytes. A fixed volume of Chitosan nano-encapsulated green tea extract solution was administered orally to a group of adult rats for 25 days, after being treated with carbon-tetrachloride and ethanol doses for 3 weeks. Images of ultra-thin sections of liver samples from these rats were recorded in a transmission electron microscope. Using computational analysis, we probed the images quantitatively and found that Chitosan nano-encapsulated green tea extract heals nearly 25% of the sub-cellular area infected with hepatic fibrosis, suggesting its high medicinal value. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to study the topographical changes of cell surface as well as the extracellular matrix network between the hepatocytes, which further confirmed the healing effect.

A Spike-Like Ionic Current Behavior via Graphene Nanopore

Ionic current characterization is critical for the application of nanopores with sub 5 nm as bio medical sensors and devices. Here, we demonstrate an eccentric ionic current behavior in graphene nanopore fabricated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). A spike-like current enhancement is shown in the absence of any bio molecule or nanoparticle in the LaCl3and KCl solution. By tuning the hydrophobicity of the graphene surface, the spikes diminish in the current recordings acquired in graphene nanopore after 20 seconds plasma etching. We consider that the hydrophocity-induced nanobubble is present in the nanopore area, leading to the currents change as the bubbles deformation due to the voltage driven electrostatic forces on the transported ions surrounding the bubble surface.