Biodiesel In CI Engine Research Articles

Investigation on NOx control of a CI engine through the collective effect of hydrogen and biodiesel blend at modified compression ratio

The main challenges with using biodiesel in CI engines are higher NOx emissions and reduced brake thermal efficiency. These biodiesel-related issues can be handled by concurrently introducing gaseous fuels along with primary fuel into CI engines. This study examines the effects of hydrogen in a dual fuel mode operation with diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blend (B20) at different compression ratios on the engine's performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, variable compression ratio engine operating at 1500 rpm was used for the research. A standard compression ratio (SCR) of 17.5 and a modified compression ratio (MCR) of 15.5 at a constant hydrogen flow rate of 6 L per minute (lpm) were used with diesel and B 20. The addition of hydrogen with diesel and B20 resulted in higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate when compared to pure diesel and B20 operation. This resulted in a shorter delay period (by an average of 9.4 % and 7.1 %) with lower peak pressure than pure diesel and B20 operation. During the dual fuel mode of H2 with B 20 at a modified compression ratio, the maximum heat release rate was decreased and its occurrence was retarded. NOx, UBHC, and CO emissions of the engine were decreased significantly by an average of 20.8% 43.7, %, and 22 % respectively with 37.7 % increase in smoke opacity. The increase in NOx emission with the use of H2 with diesel was reduced by operating H2 with B20 and at a reduced compression ratio. This lower emission was achieved with a compromise of a marginal decrease in engine brake thermal efficiency.

Numerical and experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen enrichment with prosopis juliflora biodiesel in CI engine using RSM and ANN optimization

IC engines need renewable fuel due to environmental degradation and fossil fuel depletion. Biodiesel was a popular alternative fuel. However, hydrogen has zero emissions and a higher auto ignition temperature. This study examines diesel engine operation with hydrogen-enriched juliflora biodiesel/diesel blend (B20). The 4-Stroke, direct injection diesel engine (KIRLOSKAR-AV1) produces 5.2 kW at 1500rpm. A B20 compound was injected into the combustion cylinder via the intake manifold during testing. Hydrogen was supplied through the intake manifold. Diesel (D0), B20, and B20 with hydrogen are tested on 6 lpm, 9 lpm, and 12 lpm respectively. Increase in hydrogen concentration with B20 blend will increased brake thermal efficiency. The mixture B20 at a flow rate of 12 L per minute increased the BTE by 27.51%, which is a 4.88% improvement compared to the original B20. Similarly, this concentration exhibit an 18.75% reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) compared to the B20 combination. CO and HC emissions decreases and increased in NOx emissions while increasing H2 flow. Further, to develop the RSM and ANN predicted model for optimization of CI engine characteristics responses. The RSM model analyzed the lower mean square error (MSE) and actual relative error (ARE) for the engine responses compared to the ANN model.

Production of oxy-hydrogen gas and the impact of its usability on CI engine combustion, performance, and emission behaviors

The greenhouse gases in the environment emitted from emissions of IC engine raises great concern for the survival of human beings, and it has a detrimental effect on the environment. There is a significant requirement to switch the energy source towards renewable as much as possible. From this viewpoint, oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas was produced and tested in a CI engine. The HHO gas was supplied as a secondary fuel into the combustion chamber at the flow rates of 0–6 Litres/min (LPM) in the interval of 1 LPM through the intake manifold with the air along with biodiesel derived from novel feedstock Bauhinia variegate, injected at the blending percentage of 20%. The experiments were conducted at a constant crankshaft speed of 1500 rpm and varying load from 0 to 100% with intervals of 25%. The addition of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel causes a decrease in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and an increase in the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the engine owing to its lower calorific value. This shortcoming has been overcome by inducting HHO gas at the intake manifold, resulting in an improved BTE and BSFC due to its high flame speed and high heating value leading to improved combustion. The result also indicates that the fuel enriched with HHO reduces significant exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon except for NOx. The combustion characterization reveals that mixing HHO gas in biodiesel blends increases the peak in-cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate. The ideal flow rate of HHO was found at 3 LPM for maximum combustion, performance characteristics and minimum emissions characteristics, except NOx which continuously rises with increasing flow rate. The study reveals that the use of bauhinia variegate biodiesel in CI engines worsens the engine characteristics, but the induction of HHO gas can be a very promising renewable fuel to improve the worsening engine characteristics in terms of combustion, performance, and environmental issues.

Investigation of usage of neat palm biodiesel in CI engine using cerium oxide nanoparticle addition to the fuel

This research focused on using neat palm biodiesel in a diesel engine to facilitate better combustion performances and discharge minimisation. The poor engine performance characteristics of biodiesel due to incomplete combustion were rectified using the test fuel consisting of Cerium Oxide nanoparticles which functioned as a catalyst. The test was conducted by the addition of 30 and 60 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticles with one litre of palm biodiesel and its outcomes were correlated with conventional diesel as well as palm biodiesel. The test results shows that the SFC was reduced by 5.71% and 9.85%, and the BTE improved by 1.06% and 1.61% under the usage of the 30 and 60 ppm CeO2 mixed neat palm biodiesel, respectively. Also, the undesirable emissions inclusive of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were reduced extensively. The NOx was also reduced to a respectable level in the exhaust due to the addition of nanoparticles with the palm biodiesel.

Influence of Simarouba Glauca (Laxmi taru) biodiesel on engine performance and emissions of conventional compression ignition engine

The present paper reports the performance and emission studies for a four stroke single cylinder CI-DI unmodified engine using laxmi taru biodiesel as fuel. Laxmi taru biodiesel has 80% potential of extracting oil from the seeds as compared to other biofuels. The properties of laxmi taru biodiesel fuel nearly match the properties of diesel fuel. In this paper performance and emission tests are conducted for different blends such as S0 (0% laxmi taru + 100% diesel), S5, S10, S20, S40 by volume. At full load conditions (4.9 kW) brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased for S5, S10, S20 and S40 blends by 3.26%, 4.53%, 3.16% and 5.54% respectively as compared to diesel fuel operation because of poor heating value of laxmi taru biodiesel. Presence of oxygen content in the fuel and better combustion leads to decreased carbon monoxide (CO) emission for S5, S10, S20 and S40 blends by 4%, 8%, 12% and 28% as that of diesel. Similarly hydrocarbon (HC) emission reduced by 16.21%, 24.32% and 29.7% in S10, S20 and S40 blends respectively. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission increased by 27.19%, 30.57%, 15.2% and 19.3% for S5, S10, S20 and S40 blends respectively in comparison with diesel fuel, under full load conditions due to high incylinder temperature. Usage of laxmi taru biodiesel in CI engines resulting in drastic reduction in carbon based (CO, HC) emissions without altering the performance of the engine. Therefore laxmi taru biodiesel is better alternate fuel for CI engines.

Performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engine using biodiesels

The introduction of the strict emissions norms is diverting the research for the development of new technologies which leads to the reduction of engine exhaust emissions. The usage of biodiesel in CI engine can enhance air quality index and protects the environment. Biodiesel can do an increment in the life of CI engines because it is clean-burning and a stable fuel when compared to diesel. Moreover, biogas has the potential to decrease both nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions simultaneously. Operating the engine in dual-fuel mode can provide lower emissions and a proper substitute for diesel. In this research, a modified CI Engine with single cylinder is used. Biogas is used as primary fuel and diesel, Mahua oil-diesel blend and Fish oil-diesel blend are used as secondary fuel. The effect of various secondary fuel blends on performance and emission characteristics in dual fuel engine are compared. In light of the performance and emission qualities it is reasoned that, utilization of the dual fuel mode in engine signifies the durability and lessens the harmful emissions from the engine with the exception of hydrocarbon and CO emissions. The excessive viscosity of fish oil and mahua oil prompts inconvenience in siphoning and spray attributes. The incompetent mixing of raw fish oil and raw mahua oil with diesel and biogas including air leads to incomplete combustion.

Experimental studies on the effect of Carbon nanotube additives with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel in CI engine

The rapid depletion of Non-renewable fuel sources coupled with environmental degradation, has led us further into the exploration of alternate energy resources. Biodiesels originating from non-edible feedstocks have garnered much attention in a span of few years. The current study focuses on the addition of Carbon Nanotubes in Tamanu oil biodiesel in a Diesel engine. In this study, parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and NOx emissions have been studied. The performance of these biodiesel-diesel blends were charted and results are compared with diesel. It is noted that the inclusion of nano-additives in dosages of 30 and 60 ppm enhances brake thermal efficiency, the drawback being increased specific fuel consumption. The emissions of HC, NOx and emissions show a favorable trend with addition of CNT but CO2 emissions were observed to be on the higher side. Also graphs were plotted revealing the relevant combustion characteristics of the test fuels. They are further discussed in detail and a comprehensive conclusion was made.

Exploring the Possibility of Achieving Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion of Biodiesel in Comparison to Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel on a High Compression Ratio Engine

ABSTRACT The combustion characteristics of biodiesel operating in the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) regime, via Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion (PPCI), is relatively unknown. Therefore, this study compares engine performance and emissions of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and waste cooking oil biodiesel through an attempted PPCI methodology. The Fuel Injection Timing (FIT) was gradually altered from conventional combustion timing (12.0° for biodiesel and 12.5° for ULSD) to 35.0° before top dead center. Results indicated that the fuel consumed to maintain the required load condition increased gradually for both ULSD and biodiesel due to the start of combustion shifting further into the compression stroke for each injection advancement. Nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide, and total hydrocarbons were marginally lower for biodiesel compared to ULSD. There was limited success in reducing both NOx and PM emissions simultaneously by varying the FIT alone for both fuels. The high compression ratio of the engine utilized was a major limiting factor in achieving LTC. Importantly, the Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) behavior of biodiesel and its impact on ignition delay was successfully captured. The operating conditions used in this study are closer to a production engine as compared to shock tube and constant volume combustion systems typically used to validate chemical kinetic (CK) models. Moreover, data surrounding NTC and its influence on ignition delay with biodiesel in CI engines is limited in the literature. Thus, the results presented provide valuable data that could be utilized to help validate CK models investigating the behavior of biodiesel fuels.

Performance and combustion analysis of diesel and tallow biodiesel in CI engine

Rapid industrialization has significantly increased the world’s energy usage. It has been visualized that petroleum-reserves will be scanty, and levels of pollution and global warming will be ample. One can solve these problems by using cleaner and renewable energy sources. Biodiesel can be easily prepared by renewable feed stocks. It is biodegradable and non-toxic as well as it can be used in pure state or by blending with diesel in a diesel engine without any major engine modifications.In this study, biodiesel is produced from tallow oil and blended in different ratios (10%, 20% and 30% abbreviated as B10, B20 and B30 respectively) with diesel and used as an engine fuel to compare combustion and performance characteristics e.g. in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, mean gas temperature, heat release rate, brake power, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and torque. The experimental results showed that engine performance parameters support the use of biodiesel and its blends as fuel as the difference between maximum brake power values of diesel and biodiesel blends(B30) is 1.7% which is un-noticeable, considering its other benefits. The similar results obtained for other characteristics. However, specific fuel consumption was higher in the case of biodiesel blends because of its lower heating value relative to diesel. Considering the fact that animal fat is voluminous by-product of meat Industry and it has limited use otherwise, the present investigation illustrates that biodiesel from animal fat can be used with efficacy without modifications in engine design.

Performance analysis of Al2O3 and C18H34O2 with Kappaphycus Alvarezil-Brown algae biodiesel in CI engine

The effect of using an additive based on alumina nanoparticles and oleic acid to reduce the environmentally harmful gas emissions from biodiesel and its blends in diesel. Of all this, the physic-chemical properties of the blended fuels were calculated with the help of correlations of colloidal particles and blending rules, setting additive levels of 10, 20, and 50 ppm. The results showed with the implementation of the specific concentrations of nanoadditives; these were illustrated by improvements in the delay of the ignition times and reduced cylinder temperature, which would be appropriate for proper operation of the engine.

Correction to: Effect of Basil antioxidant additive on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of used cooking oil biodiesel in CI engine

As the demand for fossil fuels has increased tremendously, cooking oil is found to be an effective source of biodiesel, but storage problems and NOX emissions are the major disadvantages. The current study discusses the effect of natural antioxidant additive Basil on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of used cooking oil biodiesel in a diesel engine. The Basil powder prepared has been characterized through scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectrum and CHNS analysis. Thermal analysis of the prepared Basil particles has been carried out by employing thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The addition of ethanol extracts of the antioxidant increased the oxidation stability measured in terms of the induction period of the biodiesel. The DPPH scavenging activity for the Basil extract increased with concentration, which represents the antioxidant characteristics. The composition of fatty acid and fuel properties of the prepared biodiesel have been determined by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antioxidant was added to used cooking oil blend (UCOME20) at a concentration of 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm for which the stability has been determined using zeta potential. The results show that brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific fuel consumption reduced with the addition of antioxidants. NOx emission decreases, whereas hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke emissions increase. Also, maximum cylinder pressure and heat release rate decreased with the addition of Basil antioxidant to UCOME blend when compared to UCOME20.

Characteristics of Poultry Litter Biodiesel with Magnalium and Cobalt Oxide as a Additives

The importance of bio diesel in CI engine has substantiated, the recent research has been motivated on the use of different Nano materials as additives in diesel engines. The present investigation is to study the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection CI engine using transesterified Poultry litter(PL) biodiesel blend with and without Cobalt oxide and Magnalium nanoparticles as additives. This biodiesel blends with diesel, and biodiesel-diesel-nanoparticles with each and both the nano additives are tested in CI engine with constant speed of 1600 rpm with variation loads low to high. The performance parameters like Brake power, Brake specific energy consumption, Brake specific fuel consumption and efficiency of both Mechanical and volumetric are measured by VCR engine setup, emission characteristics like NO2 , CO, UBHC are measured by GAS ANALYSER these results are compared with pure diesel or neat diesel. The NO emissions gradually reduced for B20 Co3O4 Al-mg test fuel with percentage of 7.5% to the diesel and B20 to 11% for the diesel. Under maximum load of 10%, observed that there is improvement in Brake thermal efficiency for B20Al-Mg 30ppm Co3O4 30ppm and followed by 9% improvement in Brake thermal efficiency for B20 Co3O4 30ppm and followed by 4% increase in biodiesel test fuel, compared to diesel.

Effect of Basil antioxidant additive on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of used cooking oil biodiesel in CI engine

Effect of Basil antioxidant additive on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of used cooking oil biodiesel in CI engine

Performance Optimization of HCCI Engine Fueled with Tamanu Methyl Ether

The energy crisis is increasing every day. The energy source for the automobile is from petroleum, which is a non-renewable form of energy source. The use of biodiesel in CI engine is not a novel research work, and it has certain advantages and disadvantages. The main disadvantages were higher smoke and NOx emission. The simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx emissions is a challenging job because NOx increases with an increase in combustion temperature while smoke emission decreases with the increase of the same. The usage of Tamanu methyl ester (TME) in the HCCI engine has dual advantages such that there is a reduction not only in the dependency of non-renewable fuel but also in pollution. In this research, performance analysis of HCCI is done with TME fuel. Furthermore, to improve the performance and emission characteristics, the engine is operated at various operating conditions such as inlet air temperature (IAT) and injection pressure (IP) varying within the range from 100°C to 140°C and from 10 bar to 14 bar, respectively. From the results, it was found that the optimum IAT and IP are 120°C and 12bar, respectively. While optimizing the IP and IAT of HCCI engine, it produced a BTE which is almost equal to that of the conventional engine, and the emission of NOx and smoke was found to be lesser.

Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of karanja blended biodiesel in CI engine: effect of CR

This research presents the Karanja biodiesel blends as fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics were carried out on a single cylinder with water cooled by four stroke diesel engine coupled with multigas analyzer. The suitability of biodiesel blends for combustion analysis were done by using fuel characterisation. Fuel properties such as density, calorific value kinematic viscosity, flash and fire points of the blends were evaluated according to ASTM standards. Based on fuel properties, Karanja biodiesel blends B20, B40 and B60 were selected for the study along with diesel fuel at different compression ratios 14, 16 and 18. From the observation, it shows that at 42% load, 1500rpm engine speed and CR-18, Karanja blended biodiesel B60 indicated shorter ignition delay, maximum cylinder pressure (Pmax), higher CHRR, higher BTE and reduced CO, HC emissions compared with the diesel fuel.

Effect of Dominant Fatty Acid Esters on Emission Characteristics of Waste Animal Fat Biodiesel in CI Engine

This present study aims in understanding the influence of dominant fatty acid esters of waste animal fat biodiesel on its emission characteristics in CI engine. Biodiesel was produced from waste animal fat by means of base catalysed transesterification; and Ethyl oleate (40.21%), ethyl palmitate (25.36%) and ethyl stearate (16.87%) were characterized as dominant fatty acid esters using GC spectra. Test samples were prepared for these ester molecules based on their availability, in addition to biodiesel blend and plain diesel and were tested for their emission levels in single cylinder four stroke CI engine using flue gas analyser. High exhaust gas temperature was contributed by Ethyl oleate (1.15% lesser than biodiesel), as a result of low cetane number due to unsaturation and high viscosity. Likewise, the increased carbon chain length and unsaturation of ethyl oleate (2.55% lesser than biodiesel) resulted in high concentration of CO emission for biodiesel whereas high CO2 emission concentration was because of ester molecules with increased carbon chain length (stearate and Oleate esters). Reduced NOX emission for biodiesel was as a result of higher cetane number from ethyl stearate (CN=86.83) and ethyl palmitate (CN=86.55), which reduced its ignition delay thereby moderating the heat release rate. In addition, long carbon chained ester molecules (oleate and stearate esters) in biodiesel consumed more oxygen content for improving overall rate of combustion while increased HC emission was explained by unsaturation in biodiesel because of ethyl oleate (on average ,50 PPM).

Experimental Explorations of Dual Fuel CI Engine Operating with Guizotia abyssinica Methyl Ester–Diesel Blend (B20) and Hydrogen at Different Compression Ratios

The foremost difficulties related to the use of biodiesel in CI engine are lower BTE and insignificant smoke emissions. These difficulties related to using biodiesel can be resolved by inducting gaseous fuels simultaneously along with primary fuel in CI engine. This paper confers the effect of the compression ratio on the engine on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of Niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica) oil methyl ester blend (B20) with simultaneous injection of hydrogen (gaseous fuel) at different flow rates. The studies were carried out on a variable-compression-ratio single-cylinder 4-stroke CI engine at 1500 rpm with three different compression ratios of 16, 17.5, and 18.5 and at three different hydrogen flow rates of 5 lpm, 10 lpm, and 15 lpm. The injection of hydrogen notably increased the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with a significant reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The combustion characteristics cylinder pressure (CP), net heat release rate (NHRR), and rate of pressure rise (RoPR) also increased drastically. Also, the emission of CO, UHC, and smoke opacity were reduced significantly with spike in NOx emissions. The comparable trends were followed at all the three compression ratios, and the CR 18.5 has shown improved results at a flow rate of 15 lpm. At 15 lpm and CR 18.5, the BTE, CP, NHRR, RoPR, and NOx values were increased by 7.3%, 7.68%, 12.36%, 21.08%, and 56.8%, respectively. Further, the BSFC, CO, UHC, and smoke opacity were reduced by 9.15%, 84.95%, 69.9%, and 59.78% respectively.

Performance test and emission characteristics of diesel engine with alternate fuel blends and nano additives

ABSTRACT Nowadays, the use of petroleum products in vehicles is both costly and hazardous to the environment. The world is looking for alternate fuels to fulfil their transportation needs. In this project, usage of jatropha biodiesel in CI engine is investigated. A blend consisting of biodiesel and silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag-TiO2) is prepared. After preparing the blend, the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with the blend were compared. Addition of the additives leads to complete combustion which leads to lower brake-specific fuel consumption and lower carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emission. However, there was higher NOx emission in all cases. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of nano additives leads to improved performance and emission of biodiesels compared to generic biodiesel.

Effects of nano-copper additive on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in CI engine

Depletion of non-renewable energy sources are at elevated manner due to the rapid growth of industrialization and transportation sector in last few decades and leads to further energy demand. Biodiesels especially second-generation fuels from non-edible oil resources are alternate sources for replacement of diesel fuel in CI engines due to their considerable environmental benefits. In the present work, non-edible feedstock of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (tamanu oil) is used for biodiesel production. Transesterification method is used for preparation of biodiesel in the existence of methanol with NaOH as catalyst. The copper nanoparticles are synthesized by electrochemical method, and it is characterized by using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD and SEM results confirm the presence of copper nanoparticle and size of around 30 nm. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the copper additive nanoparticles with biodiesel blends on the engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics of single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine and compared that with diesel fuel. The results showed that the addition of nano-additives enhances brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption compared to biodiesel blends but slightly lower than diesel. Combustion characteristics also are enhanced by improved oxidation reaction inside the combustion chamber which resulted in higher heat release rate. The emissions of HC, NOx and O2 are significantly reduced for nano-additive blends compared to diesel but increased CO2 emission was observed. It is noticed that higher CO2 emission and substantial reduction of unused O2 emissions from engine fueled with nano-additive are evident for enhanced oxidation and better combustion. Energy and exergy analysis of the diesel engine is carried out to estimate the effect of using nanoparticle additive with biodiesel.

Comparative analysis on the effect of zinc oxide and ethanox as additives with biodiesel in CI engine

In the present experimental study, CI engine is made to run on 100% Calophyllum Inophyllum Methly Ester (CIME) biodiesel and the same dozed with fuel additives. The study mainly focuses on the influence of two types of fuel additives namely Zinc oxide (ZnO) which is a metal oxide nanoparticle and Ethanox which is an antioxidant. ZnO was added to CIME in the form of nanofluid at different constituent levels of 50 ppm and 10 ppm while Ethanox was added at concentration levels of 200 ppm and 500 ppm. Addition of 100 ppm of ZnO improves the efficiency by 4.7% and 12.6% reduction of NOx at full load. These improvements arise due to the catalytic effect of nanoparticle and micro explosion of water molecules present in the fuel. Antioxidants inhibit the formation of free radicals, Ethanox was found to be better fuel additives in terms of NOx reduction and 500 ppm of Ethanox results in maximum decrease of 17.8%. But this improvement was found to be achieved at the expense of HC and CO. A slight improvement achieved in efficiency for fuel samples containing antioxidant can be attributed to the volumetric effect which arises due to unmodified injection rate and increase in density of the fuel.