Binderless Particleboard Research Articles

Particle Oxidation Time for the Manufacture of Binderless Particleboard

The oxidation treatment using hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate of wood particles can form free radicals of the wood chemical components essentially required in manufacturing binderless particleboard. The oxidation process is expected to have a certain optimal time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between the oxidation time and the characteristic of produced binderless particleboard. Three wood species from community forest, namely, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and mindi (Melia azedarach) were used for treatment. The air-dried wood particles of 10~20 mesh in size were oxidized using 20% hydrogen peroxide based on particle dry-weight and 5% ferrous sulphate based on hydrogen peroxide weight. The oxidized particles were conditioned in room at different periods of time (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) prior to the board production. The oxidized and conditioned particles were then hot-pressed at 180°C for 15 min with a specific pressure of 25 kgf cm-2.Results showed that oxidation treatment for 15 min was sufficient to produce a binderless particleboard with good physical and mechanical properties. The characteristics of the particleboard, such as dimensional stability, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond were equivalent to that of particleboard made of particles with a longer oxidation time. The particle board made of sengon showed excellent thickness swelling (only 5.04%) and modulus of elasticity (37.184 kgf cm-2). This research result indicated that sengon was the most suitable raw material for binderless particleboard production compared to other observed wood species.

Characteristics of Binderless Particleboard Made of Three Species of Sulawesi Bamboos

Binderless particleboards (BP) were produced from three different species of Sulawesi bamboos. Parring bamboo (Gigantochloa ater) was extracted from Tanralili Maros while betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) and tallang bamboo (Schizostacyum barcahycladum) were extracted from Batu Papan Makale Tana Toraja. The bark and nodes were removed, followed by cutting into chips; air drying, and finally converting into fine particles. The particles were oxidized using hydrogen peroxide 15% based on oven dry particle weight and 7.5% ferrous sulfat based on hydrogen peroxide weight. Hot pressing was applied for 12 min at 180ºC. Seven types of bamboo BP were produced based on the raw materials, i.e. the bamboo species namely; parring bamboo, betung bamboo, tallang bamboo, parring-betung bamboo with ratio 1 : 1, parring-tallang bamboo with ratio 1 : 1, betung-tallang bamboo with ratio 1 : 1, and parring-betung-tallang bamboo with ratio 1 : 1 : 1. The results indicated that the characteristics of betung bamboo BP were better than the two other bamboos. The physical and mechanical properties however have not fulfilled JIS A 5908 2003 yet. Differences in BP characteristics were caused by the chemical contents of bamboo, especially lignin that is different from species to species.

Properties of Particleboard Manufactured from Oil Palm Trunk Waste Using Polylactic Acid as a Natural Binder

Particleboard from renewal agricultural residues or waste offers a significant effect toward ecological problem. However, hygroscopic nature of waste material contributes to a lower dimensional stability and lower strength properties in comparison to conventional particleboard. Therefore, the objective of this study was to convert oil palm waste, namely oil palm trunk, into particleboard with the addition of polylactic acid (PLA), a type of biodegradable thermoplastic, as a natural binder. Particleboard of oil palm trunk made with a target density of 0.8 g/cm3, at a pressing temperature of 180 °C, a pressing time of 20 min, and a pressure of 5 MPa was added with 10% of PLA. The PLA was added into different thickness particleboards, namely 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm. The mechanical and physical properties of particleboards with the addition of PLA in comparison to binderless particleboards made from oil palm trunk were then evaluated. Thus, thermal degradation, spectroscopic characterization, crystallinity properties, and morphological properties of such types of boards were also examined. The mechanical properties, such as modulus of rupture and internal bond strength, and physical properties, such as thickness swelling and water absorption, had significantly improved with the addition of PLA compared to binderless particleboard. Particleboard with the addition of PLA exhibited satisfactory mechanical properties based on Japanese Industrial Standard for Particleboard Type 8. The thermal stability, spectroscopic characterization, crystallinity, and morphological results indicated that the addition of PLA improved the basic properties of the particleboards made of oil palm trunk.

Potential Use of Phoenix canariensis Biomass in Binderless Particleboards at Low Temperature and Pressure

Binderless particleboards of Phoenix canariensis were manufactured by hot pressing at a low temperature (120 °C) and low pressure (2.6 MPa). Nine different configurations were analyzed to study different palm tissues. The experimental panels were tested for their mechanical and physical properties according to the procedures defined by the European Union (EN) standards. The microstructure of the raw material was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector for microanalysis (EDXA). The physical and mechanical behavior seemed to be influenced by the amount of parenchymatous tissue. Raw material and particle size have a profound effect on the board properties. The mechanism of self-bonding could have resulted from the high content of sugars, which were partly transformed into furfural. The use of this waste material could be beneficial to the environment because it is a method of carbon fixation, helping to decrease atmospheric CO2.

Dosimetric evaluation of Rhizophora spp. binderless particleboard phantom for diagnostic X-ray energy

This research aims to evaluate the suitability of using binderless particleboard made from Rhizophora spp. mangrove wood as a dosimetric phantom for X-ray in the diagnostic energy regions. Comparative measurements of percentage depth and surface doses in Rhizophora spp. binderless particleboard phantom and similarly shaped Perspex and water phantoms were performed. Measurements were conducted in the diagnostic X-ray energy range of 50kVp to 90kVp. Results showed that the binderless particleboard phantom can be used for dosimetric measurements. For the X-ray beam at 90kVp, the binderless particleboard and water phantom showed data agreement of 1.6%, 2.7%, and 4.3% at depths of 1, 2, and 4cm, respectively, whereas the measurements in water and Perspex were 1.8%, 2.7%, and 4.4%. The surface dose differences were due to difference in the backscattering material. The doses measured at the surface were within 0.4% for binderless particleboard and water and within 0.9% for Perspex and water.

Investigation of the Structural Characteristics of Corn Stalk during Hot-Pressing

Corn stalk is one of the most abundant agricultural residues in China. In this experiment, corn stalks were hot-pressed to prepare formalin-free particleboard. Milled wood lignin (MWL) samples were isolated from original and hot-pressed corn stalks. To illuminate the self-bonding mechanism of binderless particleboard, the structural characteristics of original corn stalk, hot-pressed corn stalk, and MWL samples were thoroughly investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), solid-state cross-polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP-MAS 13C-NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR) and gel permeation chromatography(GPC). The degradation of hemicellulose and a portion of amorphous cellulose occurred during hot-pressing. Hot-pressing increased the crystallinity and crystallite size of cellulose in treated corn stalk. The analysis of MWL showed that hot-pressing resulted in corn stalk lignin depolymerization through cleavage of a substantial portion of the β-O-4 linkages in lignin, as well as the decrease of molecular weight of lignin in corn stalk. In addition, acid-catalyzed condensation occurred between lignin and xylose when liberated from hemicellulose. These results demonstrated that condensation between lignin and xylose may contribute to the self-bonding mechanism and improve board properties.

Proposal of manufacturing and characterization test of binderless hemp shive composite

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in producing an alternative environmentally friendly composite instead of the non-biodegradable (plastic) or formaldehyde emission composites. With this goal, composites of 100% hemp waste were converted through the one-step thermoforming process to obtain ecological binderless particleboard. In this study, the effects of the particle sizes, the moisture content and the heating temperatures under fixed pressure and time were studied to investigate the physical, thermal and mechanical properties of these composites. We observed that the composites of fine particles always had the better properties, at an optimum temperature of 170 °C. Interestingly, this composite had a maximum flexural strength of 27 ∓ 11 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 3122 ∓ 763 MPa. This resistance satisfied the requirements of (NF EN 312:P6) for particleboards. On the contrary, these composites were very sensitive to water; they completely collapsed within 5 min of direct water contact. This behavior is preferable from the point of view of the biodegradability. Actually, after the end of service life of this lignocellulosic composite, the fermentation process can be achieved to generate ligninolytic fungi and enzymes which are involved in the degradation of the complex and recalcitrant polymer lignin.

Simultaneous solvent extraction and transesterification of jatropha oil for biodiesel production, and potential application of the obtained cakes for binderless particleboard

This study investigated biodiesel production from jatropha seeds in a single step, i.e. by simultaneous solvent extraction and transesterification of jatropha oil, and possibility to transform the obtained cakes into binderless particleboards. n-Hexane was used as extracting solvent. The best operating conditions were identified to obtain optimal biodiesel yield and quality, and optimal physical and mechanical properties for binderless particleboards. Biodiesel yield was usually influenced by operating conditions, and the influences of both n-hexane to seed and methanol to oil ratios were most significant. An increase in n-hexane to seed ratio (from 1:1 to 3:1) combined with the decrease in methanol to oil ratio (from 13.3:1 to 8.0:1) led to an improvement in biodiesel yield. The best biodiesel yield (92% with a fatty acid methyl ester purity >98%) was obtained from 2:1 n-hexane to seed ratio, 10.6:1 methanol to oil ratio, 200–600rpm stirring speed, 50°C temperature and 6h reaction time. Operating conditions had no significant effect on the biodiesel quality, except the n-hexane to seed ratio. Moreover, cohesive particleboards were produced from the obtained cakes, proteins and fibers acting respectively as binder and reinforcing fillers. An increase in the cake moisture content significantly improved the particleboard properties. The most promising binderless particleboard was manufactured from cake B under 20% cake moisture content and 160°C pressing temperature. Its properties were 0.87g/cm3 density, 8.4% moisture content, 7.2MPa modulus of rupture, 10.4GPa modulus of elasticity, 0.14MPa internal bonding strength, 52% water absorption and 20% thickness swelling after 24h immersion in water.

Characterization of Rattan Waste for Binderless Particleboard (BPB) Production

The manufacturing of furniture using rattan is becoming common nowadays, and creates high amount of waste that can be value-added into binderless particleboards (BPB). In order to determine the suitability of the rattan waste for production of BPB, characterization of rattan waste is executed and reported in this paper. The physical properties such as density and moisture content of the rattan waste, together with its morphological study and thermal analysis as well as lignin content are evaluated. It is observed that density and moisture content for rattan waste are in the range of 0.64g/cm3, and 11.3% respectively. On the other hand, the morphology of rattan stem showed that rattan waste has various diameters of vascular bundles along with wide metaxylem vessels as well as thin-walled fibres. Thermal analysis of rattan waste explicated that rattan waste went through endothermic process with peak melting point of 177.80 °C during heating. The greatest weight loss occurred at 257.03 °C. Rattan waste has high lignin content of 21.2% that obtained through Klason lignin test. These promising preliminary results show that the rattan waste is appropriate to be used as raw materials in producing BPB.

Binderless Particleboard from Castor Seed Cake: Effect of Pressing Temperature on Physical and Mechanical Properties

Binderless Particleboard from Castor Seed Cake: Effect of Pressing Temperature on Physical and Mechanical Properties

Optimization of press temperature and time for binderless particleboard manufactured from oil palm trunk biomass at different thickness levels

The objective of this study was to optimize the press temperature and time of binderless particleboard manufactured from oil palm trunk biomass with different thicknesses using rotatable central composite design of response surface methodology. A set of experiments was designed with two numerical factors including press temperature and time ranging from 160 to 200°C and from 20 to 30min, respectively at three target thicknesses, namely 5, 10 and 15mm. Based on the findings in this work internal bond strength, thickness swelling and water absorption of the panels improved with reduction of the panel thickness. However panels made with 15mm thickness had higher modulus of rupture values. The optimum press temperatures were found 191°C, 196°C and 195°C, for corresponding press times of 23min, 24min and 30min for 5, 10 and 15mm board thickness levels, respectively.

Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Binderless and Polylactic Acid Added Oil Palm Trunk Particleboard in the Diagnostic Energy Range

Two types of oil palm trunk particleboards namely binderless and polylactic acid (PLA) added board were manufactured with a target density of 1.0 g/cm 3 . The mass attenuation coefficients of the binderless and PLA added particleboards were determined by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) photons emanating from high purity metal plates. The energies of the XRF emitted from those metal plates were in the range of 16.59 keV– 25.26 keV. The experimental values of the mass attenuation coefficients of the binderless particleboards and the XCOM calculated values for water are comparable. These results suggest that binderless particleboards have the potential to be a phantom material at diagnostic photon energies.

Determining the mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, and electron density of raw wood and binderless particleboards of Rhizophora spp. by using Monte Carlo simulation

Rhizophora spp. wood has the potential to serve as a solid water or tissue equivalent phantom for photon and electron beam dosimetry. In this study, the effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (Neff) of raw wood and binderless Rhizophora spp. particleboards in four different particle sizes were determined in the 10–60keV energy region. The mass attenuation coefficients used in the calculations were obtained using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP5) simulation code. The MCNP5 calculations of the attenuation parameters for the Rhizophora spp. samples were plotted graphically against photon energy and discussed in terms of their relative differences compared with those of water and breast tissue. Moreover, the validity of the MCNP5 code was examined by comparing the calculated attenuation parameters with the theoretical values obtained by the XCOM program based on the mixture rule. The results indicated that the MCNP5 process can be followed to determine the attenuation of gamma rays with several photon energies in other materials.

Fabrication and characterization of gum Arabic bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboards

Gum Arabic (GA) was used as a binder for the fabrication of Rhizophora spp. particleboards. The physical and mechanical properties of the bioadhesive bonded particleboards, including moisture content, internal bond (IB) strength, thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterize the manufactured particleboards. Three different particle sizes of the Rhizophora spp. with four adhesive levels were utilized. Results revealed that the addition of GA into the particleboards noticeably improved panel overall properties. The GA bonded particleboards resulted in smoother surfaces, more rigid texture and better internal bonding strength compared to binderless particleboards made without using any adhesive. All specimens had internal bond strength of more than the minimum requirement of the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A-5908 Type-8 of 0.15N/mm2 and were noticed to increase by increasing the adhesive level. However the GA bonded particleboards had higher percentage of WA and the TS compared with the binderless boards. Microscopic study also revealed that particleboards bonded with the gum had better contact compared to the binderless boards. Based on these results, it could be concluded that gum Arabic is an effective natural substance that could be added to manufacture particleboards to improve some of panels’ physical and mechanical properties.

Improving the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly Composite Made from Bamboo

This research focused on physical and mechanical properties of biocomposite made from bamboo and citric acid as natural binder. Bamboo particles was mixed with citric acid at 0 – 40 wt% resin content based on air-dried particles and each mixture was hot pressed at 180 °C for 10 min. The result showed that addition of citric acid could improve significantly the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The thickness swelling was 50 % for bamboo binderless particleboard (0 wt%), whereas it decreased to 7 % under a resin content of 10 wt%. The optimum resin content in this study was 30 wt%, while the modulus of rupture dan the modulus of elasticity were 14 MPa and 4.5 GPa, respectively. The ester linkages were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, indicating that carboxyl groups from citric acid reacted with hydroxyl groups from bamboo to produce better properties of particleboard, especially its dimensional stability. Based on these results, it was concluded that citric acid could be as a potential natural binder for bamboo particleboard.

Measurement of some properties of binderless particleboards made from young and old oil palm trunks

The objective of this study was to evaluate variation of mechanical and physical properties of binderless particleboard panels manufactured from raw material of young and old oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunks. Results revealed that such experimental panels made from particles of young oil palm trunks had higher mechanical characteristics than those of made from old trunks. Addition of sugar compounds in the samples produced having particles from young trunks with and without extracted material enhanced their bending and internal bond strength values. Overall dimensional stability in the form of thickness swelling and water absorption those panels made from young trunks was adversely influenced. However adding sugars in the samples improved their thickness swelling and water absorption in both cases of with and without applying of extraction process.

Properties of steam treated binderless particleboard made from oil palm trunks

The objective of this study was to evaluate both physical and mechanical properties of particleboard panels manufactured from steamed material of oil palm trunks without using any adhesives. Experimental panels from fine particles and vascular strands of oil palm were manufactured. Modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of the samples were tested based on Japanese Industrial Standards. Bonding quality of such binderless samples was also evaluated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the findings on this work steaming of the raw material enhanced overall mechanical and physical characteristic of the samples. The highest MOR values of 8.12MPa and 25.84MPa were found for the samples made from fine particles and strands steamed at a temperature of 130°C for 30min, respectively. It appears that mechanical properties of the panels reduced when they exposed to beyond 30min steaming time.

Influence of processing parameters on some properties of oil palm trunk binderless particleboard

The objective of the study was to evaluate some properties of experimental binderless particleboards produced from various processing parameters. Three different temperatures (160, 180, 200 °C), two different hot pressing times (15, 20 min) and two different pressures (5, 10 MPa) were applied in manufacturing the binderless particleboard. Three replications of each of the 12 different types of boards with a target density of 0.60 g cm−3 were produced. The thickness swelling, dimensional changes associated with changes in relative humidity, bending strength, internal bonding strength, and soil burial decay test were evaluated. Increase of temperature, duration of hot pressing and pressure increased the properties of specimens. Thickness swelling nearly met the requirement of European Standard for use in humid condition. Some of the specimens showed promising mechanical properties and met the requirement of European Standard.

Influence of Chemical Components of Oil Palm on Properties of Binderless Particleboard

The influence of chemical components of oil palm on properties of binderless particleboard were evaluated through a series of mechanical, physical, and chemical analyses in order to assess the self-bonding mechanism. Binderless particleboards were evaluated by relating the physical and mechanical properties to the chemical components. Results revealed that the addition of glucose and sucrose onto the board with and without extraction increased the modulus of rupture and internal bond strength. Glucose and sucrose also reduced the thickness swelling and water absorption of the board. The addition of starch onto the board enhanced the strength of the board, though sugar addition enhanced the board strength more than starch. Adding the sugar also lowered the xylose/ arabinose ratio, indicating that the boards consist of short-chain polymers with a large amount of branching with other monosaccharides. This implies that sugar content present in oil palm trunk plays a major role in the bonding of binderless boards.

Utilization of Oil Palm Trunk Waste for Manufacturing of Binderless Particleboard: Optimization Study

Utilization of oil palm trunk waste for production of environmental friendly binderless particleboard was studied. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the manufacturing conditions. The steaming temperature (100 to 120 ºC), steaming time (25 to 50 min), hot pressing temperature (180 to 220 ºC), and hot pressing time (15 to 30 min) were optimized in the ranges shown. The optimum conditions for making the particleboard were found to involve steaming for 46 min at a temperature of 120 ºC before it was compressed using a pressure of 12 MPa, at a temperature 215 ºC for 29 min. The internal bond (IB) strength, modulus of rupture (MOR), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA) were 0.54 MPa, 8.18 MPa, 22%, and 51%, respectively. The residual values of actual and model-based calculated IB, MOR, TS, and WA were found to be 0.1 MPa, 0.23 MPa, 2%, and 4%, respectively, which shows the significance of the study.