Binderless Particleboard Research Articles

Pilot study on low-density binderless bark particleboards manufacture from gelam wood (Melaleuca sp.) bark

The production of low-density binderless bark particleboards (LDBBP) from gelam wood bark (GWB) using a hot pressing method at low temperature (128 °C) and pressure (30 kg × cm-2) was explored by examining their physical properties according to SNI 03-2105-2006 (2006). They were also examined via scanning electron microscope (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) observation. The LDBBPs were manufactured using two types of GWB particles: (1) bark waste that was peeled off of small-diameter trees < 10 cm (A) and, (2) bark that was directly peeled off from a standing tree with an average diameter of 10 cm to 15 cm (B). Results showed that the average values of the physical properties of LDBBP(A) and LDBBP(B) met the SNI 03-2105-2006 (2006) requirements in terms of density, moisture content, and thickness swelling after being immersed for 24 h for particleboard type 24-10 and type 17.5-10.5 with maximum thickness swelling requirement 20%. However, they failed to meet the maximum thickness swelling criterion of 12% for other particleboard types. Subsequent internal morphology observation using SEM indicated the presence of cracks on LDBBP (A), so only LDBBP (B) could be manufactured without delamination. Gelam bark could potentially be used to produce non-adhesive particleboards.

Improvement of Binderless Banana Pseudo-Stem Particleboard Properties via Natural Laminating Materials

In this study, the first objective was to investigate the basic mechanical and physical properties of the binderless banana pseudo-stem particleboard (BBP) at a targeted density of 650 kg/m3. The second objective was to examine the effect of laminates on the properties of BBP. Three types of BBP were produced, that were oil palm veneer laminated BBP, layered banana leaf laminated BBP, and BBP without lamination. No adhesive was used in the production of the BBP, but for lamination process, cold setting polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was used. Three tests were conducted which were internal bonding (IB), static bending, and water absorption resistance tests. According to the results, BBP without lamination had the lowest IB. The lowest modulus of rupture (MOR) and lowest modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending was also recorded by BBP without lamination. The highest IB, MOR and MOE, were of BBP laminated with oil palm veneer. These values were followed by IB, MOR and MOE of BBP with banana leaf lamination. Highest percentage water absorption (WA) was exhibited by BBP without lamination, followed by BBP laminated with oil palm veneer, and then by BBP laminated with layered banana leaves. The types of BBP significantly influence the MOR and MOE, but did not significantly affect the IB and WA. In general, laminating the BBP using natural layered materials has significantly improved the MOR and MOE.

Physical and mechanical properties of soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard as a tissue-equivalent phantom material

Experimental binderless and adhesive-bonded particleboards were made from three different sample sizes, 0 to 103 µm, 104 to 210 µm, and 211 to 500 µm from Rhizophora spp. wood trunk at 1.0 g cm-3. The objective was to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards. The binderless and soy-lignin bonded particleboards were fabricated and studied based on the density, internal bonding, modulus of rupture, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Microstructure study using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis by carbon hydrogen nitrogen (CHN) analyser were also performed. Particleboards with adhesives improved the internal bond strength. Smaller particle sizes also were shown to be able to improve the thickness swelling outcomes, with lower hygroscopic properties. The SEM images showed that smaller particle size allowed better bonding with adhesives and provided superior strength in the fabrication of tissue equivalent phantom material. The CHN ratio demonstrated by soy flour and lignin revealed no major difference when compared with the Rhizophora spp. samples, showing basic chemical composition of natural adhesives, which was crucial in the fabrication of tissue-mimicking phantom. The study revealed the potential of soy flour and lignin as adhesives for the fabrication of Rhizophora spp. particleboard as a tissue equivalent phantom material.

The Influence of Processing and Particle Size on Binderless Particleboards Made from Arundo donax L. Rhizome.

The giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is considered one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species. The main method by which this species propagates is by growth of scattered fragments of rhizome, spreading without control with very strong, deep roots. Agricultural waste consists of lignocellulosic materials that can substitute natural wood and offer a suitable alternative with which to manufacture boards for furniture, packaging and building purposes. The objectives of this work were to obtain binderless particleboards using giant reed rhizome as the raw material, to evaluate their mechanical and physical properties according to the applicable European standards and to assess the self-binding mechanism of the particles in the board. Six types of boards (12 classes) were manufactured with giant reed rhizome biomass. They were manufactured with a temperature of 110 °C, a pressure of 2.5 MPa and pressing times of 7 and 15 min, applying one or two pressing cycles. The results achieved for modulus of rupture (14.2 N/mm2), modulus of elasticity (2052.45 N/mm2) and internal bonding strength (1.12 N/mm2) show that the mechanical properties were improved by using a smaller rhizome particle size and two pressing cycles.

Effect of number of recycling time on physical and mechanical properties of binderless particleboards from jatropha press cake

In this study, the binderless particleboards from jatropha press cake were recycled five times. The effects of number of recycling times on physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards were investigated. This information is important to determine how many times the recycling process is carried out so that the physical and mechanical properties will still meet the standards. The mechanical properties of the produced particleboard (modulus of rupture/MOR and modulus of elasticity/MOE) tended to decrease linearly with the increasing number of recycling process up to the 5th recycle. The produced particleboard had a density of the target of 0.9 g/cm3 with the condition of pressing temperature of 180 °C and the pressing press of 200 kgf/cm2 for 10 min. Thickness swelling, water absorbance, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bonding of the produced particleboard did not meet the standard of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908. Therefore, the protein which serves as a natural adhesive has not maximally functioned in the binding with the particles of the jatropha press cake.

Influence of Rice Straw, Bagasse, and their Combination on the Properties of Binderless Particleboard

In this study, rice straw and bagasse are used as raw materials to produce binderless particleboard (BPB). This study aims to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of BPB. We identify the raw material that would be better for the production of BPB from the viewpoint of their basic properties. The BPBs are made from rice straw, bagasse, and combinations of both in ratios of 50:50 and 40:60, respectively. The modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding (IB) strength, water absorption, and thickness swelling properties of the different BPBs are determined and compared. Results showed that all the properties are significantly influenced by the type of particles or particle combinations in the BPB. BPBs made from bagasse alone have the highest MOR, MOE, and IB mean values, whereas BPBs made from rice straw alone exhibit the lowest MOR, MOE, and IB values. Meanwhile, BPBs made from a combination of rice straw and bagasse at 40:60 ratio by weight have the second highest values for properties such as MOR, MOE, and IB, followed by BPBs made from a combination of rice straw and bagasse at 50:50 ratio by weight.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarium L.) bagasse binderless particleboard: Effect of hot pressing time study

Binderless particleboard panel made from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse was manufactured by using waste product of sugarcane. The target density, pressing temperature, pressing time and pressing pressure used were 0.8 g/cm3, 180 °C, 10–40 min and 12 Mpa respectively. Modulus of rupture, internal bonding strength, thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS A 5908: Particleboards). From this research, the 30 min pressing time panel had the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) values which were 15.16 Mpa and 1710 MPa respectively. Panels made from sugarcane bagasse with hot pressing time of 20, 30 and 40 min met the mechanical properties requirement stated in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). Nevertheless, the sastifactory results were obtained for water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) test ranged from 8% to 25%. Therefore, the binderless particleboard made from sugarcane bagasse waste were successfully manufactured and can be alternative and consideration for building material especially for indoor application.

Mechanical and physical properties of binderless particleboard made from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) with addition of natural binder

Malaysia produces a very high amount of oil palm biomass especially the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) every year. The OPEFB in reality can be converted into value-added panels such as particleboard. The application may vary such as use for furniture, indoor building materials, door, window, floor, office partition and many more. Normally, the commercial particleboard were made from biomass with addition of formaldehyde based resins and it is harmful to the environment due to the formaldehyde released. In this study, the formaldehyde based resins were excluded and the binderless particleboard made from OPEFB with addition of natural binder such as corn, potato, tapioca and wheat starch were evaluated. These panels were manufactured with a target density of 0.8 g/cm3. The hot pressing temperature, hot pressing time, and pressing pressure used were 180 °C, 20 min, and 12 MPa respectively. From the results, the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were found to be the panel with the addition of potato starch as the natural binder (15.33 MPa, 2078 MPa) following by wheat (14.41 MPa, 1823 MPa), tapioca (14.18 MPa, 1771 MPa) and corn starch (12.59 MPa, 1335 MPa) respectively. The highest dimensional stability was also found to be the panel with the addition of potato starch with the lowest water absorption (69%) and thickness swelling (50%) value. Overall results has met the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) for type-8 and type-13 except for water absorption and thickness swelling. Therefore, particleboard made from OPEFB without using any synthetic resin was successfully made with the addition of natural binder such as potato, wheat, tapioca and corn starch and probably can be replace as a substitute for conventional particleboard in future.

Characteristics of binderless particleboard made from jabon wood using several oxidation pretreatments

The aims of this study were to evaluate the characteristics of the binderless particleboard made from jabon wood, using several combinations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) in an oxidation process. Jabon wood obtained from a community forest was chipped into particles. The particles were then dried to about 10% moisture content. Binderless particleboards with a target density of 0.75 g cm−3 were manufactured using H2O2 and FeSO4 to activate the wood particles. Eight combinations of H2O2 (H) and FeSO4 (F) were used: H5:F5, H10:F5, H15:F5, H20:F5, H5:F7.5, H10:F7.5, H15:F7.5, and H20:F7.5, where the numerical values indicated the percentage of each. The boards were then tested based on Japan Industrial Standard A 5908-2003. The results showed that the binderless particleboard made with FeSO4 at 5% and H2O2 at 20% exhibits best, with the physical and mechanical properties meeting the requirements of the standard.

High-performance binderless particleboard from the inner part of oil palm trunk by addition of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate

The inner part (i.e., two-thirds of the diameter) of oil palm trunk (OPT) generally becomes waste because of its insufficient properties (e.g., low strength, low durability). Herein we attempted to use the inner part of OPT as a raw material of binderless particleboard in order to change this waste into an environmentally friendly value-added product. In this study, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was used as an additive, and the effect of ADP additions on the properties of particleboard manufacturing using the inner part of OPT was investigated. The ADP additions were varied from 0 to 40 wt%. First, thermal analyses were conducted to clarify the effect of ADP addition on the thermal properties of the OPT, and it was observed that the thermal properties of the OPT were significantly lowered with the increase in ADP additions. Based on these results, particleboards with a target density of 0.8 g/cm3 were manufactured under the pressing condition of 180 °C for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards were improved with the addition of ADP until 10 wt%. The water resistance was also significantly improved. It was suggested that part of the water-soluble components of OPT particles would change to water-insoluble components by the addition of ADP. Our findings demonstrate that the addition of ADP was effective for improving the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard using the inner part of OPT.

The Characteristic of Binderless Com-Ply Made from Paraserianthes falcataria

Oxidation treatment to activate the chemical components of wood to be able to produce bond formation between the particles have been successfully applied in the manufacture of binderless particleboard. Produced particleboard has a high internal bond strength, however, it has a low modulus of rupture. To improve the bending strength, addition of veneer layers on both surfaces are needed. This product is called as com-ply. Because of low accessibility of chemical component of veneer layer compared to particles, then the possibility activation of the chemical components of veneer is still questioned. This study was aimed to investigate the possibility application of oxidation treatment to produce com-ply and to determine the optimum oxidant proportion between particles as the core layer and veneer as surfaces layers. Wood species that used to produce both of particle and veneer were sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria). Oxidant levels proportion that used were; 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 4, 1 : 5, 1 : 6, 1 : 7, and 1 : 0 w/w (veneer : particle). The results showed that the manufacturing of binderless com-ply using oxidation treatment was possible to be applied. Optimum oxidant level proportion between veneer and particle was 1 : 6 w/w. The produced com-ply fulfill the JIS A 5908 2003.

Mechanical properties and dimensional stability of particleboard fabricated from steam pre-treated banana trunk waste particles

This study investigated the mechanical strength and dimensional stability of steam pre-treated banana trunk waste trunck waste binderless (free from synthetic adhesive) particleboards. The dried banana trunk wastes particles were subjected to steam pre-treatment for 15 min at chosen temperatures of 111 °C, 121 °C, and 131 °C, respectively. The targeted density of the particle board was fixed around 0.7 g/cm3, to achieve this density of binderless particleboard the steamed banana particles were hot pressed at a temperature of 180 °C for 40 min. The obtained particleboard was tested for standard mechanical and physicochemical properties. The test results indicated that banana trunk waste particle after steam treated at 121 °C temperature resulting particleboard was having optimum modulus of rupture (MOR, 4.57 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (MOE, 662.33 MPa) compared to without steam treated banana trunk waste binderless particleboard (MOR, 1.54 MPa; MOE, 296.74 MPa) and other temperature steam treated banana trunk waste particleboard. The dimensional stability of steam pre-treated banana trunk waste particleboard was found to be improved due to a reduction in thickness swelling and water absorption properties. The physical and mechanical property of steam pre-treated banana trunk waste particleboard was found to be comparable with the standard particleboard properties issued by the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5908:2003. The finding of this study shows that the banana trunk waste has potential to be used as raw material for the manufacture of binderless particleboard, which can be used in green buildings.

Influence of Press Temperature on The Properties of Binderless Particleboard

All experimental binderless particleboard were manufactured using coffee husk. In this case, we apply a method so called an oxidation method that uses 15% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a Ferro-sulphate (FeSO4) 7.5% catalyst. The methods refer to JIS A 5908-2003 standard. In this paper, through the test, we evaluate some properties of the panel including density, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond strength (IB), thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA). The panel is made with a target density of 0.75 g / cm3 using pressing temperatures of 150,160,170,180 and 1900C. The result shows that, by increasing pressing temperatures, some parameters such as the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding of the particleboards tend to increase while their water absorption and thickness swelling decreased. The best physical and mechanical properties of binderless particleboard from coffee husk were obtained in pressing temperature of 1800C. Microscopic study using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that panels made with pressing temperature of 1800C have bond characteristics that support the improvement of panel properties. Thus, this study addressed that the mechanical and physical properties of the panel were influenced by pressing temperature.

Clustering technique to determinate signal-to-noise ratio of Rhizophora spp. binderless and araldite resin particleboard as phantom material on computed tomography images

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is an important measure of the quality of computed tomography (CT) images. In this study, a new clustering method is proposed to calculate the SNR ratio of CT image. Multi- Objective Simulated Annealing clustering is used for the comparison based on segmentation parameters such as SNR ratio. Two samples are used in this study as phantom materials, namely, Rhizophora Spp. binderless and araldite resin particleboard, with dimension of 20 cm x 20 cm. For each scanned datum, ImageJ software is utilised as the combination method to analyse CT images. Results shows that the automatic clustering algorithm improves the SNR results of the sample images. In addition, the SNR value of images using MOSA clustering is higher than that of normal CT images.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Binderless Particleboard Made from Steam-Pretreated Oil Palm Trunk Particles

Formaldehyde emissions from conventional particleboards raise issues of health and safety. One of the potential solutions is binderless particleboards made without using synthetic adhesives. However, the physical and mechanical properties of untreated binderless particleboards are relatively poor compared to conventional particleboards. This research aims to reveal the potential of using steam pretreatment to improve binderless particleboard properties made from oil palm trunk. The oil palm trunk particles were treated with steam pretreatment for different durations of time (20, 40, 60 min). The chemical constituents of the treated and untreated particles were evaluated. The binderless particleboards were made from treated and untreated particles. In addition, panels using untreated oil palm trunk particles with 10% urea–formaldehyde resin were made and used as a comparison. The boards were evaluated according to European Standards. The results indicated that the hemicellulose and starch content gradually reduced with the progression of steam pretreatment. The physical and mechanical properties were improved by increasing steam pretreatment duration. The steam pretreatment was able to improve the properties of binderless particleboards made from oil palm trunk. However, the performance of steam-pretreated binderless particleboard in this study is not compatible with the particleboards made using 10% urea–formaldehyde.

Surface measurement of binderless bio-composite particleboard through contact angle and fractal surfaces

Contact angles quantify the wettability of the rough or smooth surfaces of board materials. The aim of this study was to experimentally verify the Wenzel and Cassie theory and evaluate the essential properties of the binderless bio-composite particleboard fabricated from oil palm trunk and Acacia mangium wood. The particleboard properties were explored through contact angle surface morphology, fractal dimension, and surface roughness measurement. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic natures of the particleboard surface were established through Wenzel and Cassie theory. The contact angle and fractal dimensions showed that particleboards with a high proportion of oil palm trunk (OPT) followed the Wenzel theory and hydrophilic in nature. The increase of Acacia mangium wood (AM) proportion in the particleboard increased the fractal dimension and consequently hydrophilicity decreased. These results are well supported by the reduced percentage thickness swelling and water absorption properties of the binderless particleboard.

Steam Injection-pressing Preparation and Forming Mechanism of Binderless Ramie Stem Particleboard for Modern Furniture

Binderless ramie stem particleboard was prepared by steam injection pressing in this paper. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), high performance liquid chromatography analysis (HPLC) and specific surface area (BET) were used to analyze the forming mechanism. The results show that the number of active hydroxyl in cellulose molecule was increased by the synergistic effect of the water and heat, which could form hydrogen bonds (O-H…H), Van der Waals forces to enhance mechanical properties of resulting board. In addition, part of hemicellulose in ramie stem particles were hydrolyzed by the synergistic effect of the water and heat, and the hydrolysate could be subjected to polycondensation reaction to generate polycondensation furan resin which was similar to adhesives. The hydrolysate also could be subjected to polycondensation reaction with the lignin having a phenolic hydroxyl structure to generate a kind of condensation compound which was similar to phenolic resin adhesive. Moreover, the lignin in ramie stem particles were fully expanded and part of lignin was evenly distributed by the synergistic effect of the water and heat, which could improve the physical and mechanical properties of binderless particleboard to some extent.

Characterization a binderless particleboard of coffee husk using Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO4)

Binderless particleboard is particleboard that can be made of a lignocellulose material which is formed into a board only by heat pressing without the addition of adhesive or resin. The particleboard in this study was made from coffee husk (endocarp) using H2O2 and FeSO4 catalyst to activate lignin coffee husk component by oxidation method. Initial treatment of coffee husk is the variation of steam then Oxidation (S + O) and Oxidation without steaming (O). In this study H2O2 and FeSO4 catalysts were varied, including H2O2 levels of 10,20,30 wt% based on particle dry weight and FeSO4 is 5 and 7.5 wt% based on H2O2 weight. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the coffee husk particleboard whose raw material is treated oxidation without steam can improve the physical properties of binderless particleboard. Increased wt% of H2O2 and FeSO4 catalysts in the oxidation process of coffee husk particles produce binderless particleboard with good physical characteristics such as density, water content, water absorption and swelling thickness. Therefore, considering the efficient aspects of the use of chemicals, the combination of H2O2 and FeSO4 catalysts that can be made according to JIS A 5908 2003 standard are 20% H2O2 and 7.5% FeSO4. The ester linkages were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, indicated that cross-link due to the incorporation of phenoxyl radicals.

Properties of Binderless Particleboard and Particleboard with Addition of Urea Formaldehyde Made from Oil Palm Trunk Waste

Properties of Binderless Particleboard and Particleboard with Addition of Urea Formaldehyde Made from Oil Palm Trunk Waste

Fire-resistance, physical, and mechanical characterization of binderless rice straw particleboards

Binderless rice straw particleboards were successfully manufactured by hot pressing at low temperatures (110 °C) while under pressure (2.6 MPa) using a three-step process. Two particle sizes were used: 0.25 to 1.00 mm and 0.00 to 0.25 mm. Three pressing times (15 min, 30 min, and 60 min) were studied. Eighteen types of boards were made. The physical and mechanical properties were assessed in accordance with the European Standards for wood-based particleboards, namely density, thickness swelling, water absorption, thermal conductivity, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding strength, and reaction to fire. Two panels exceeded the requirements for general uses. The panels had a low thermal conductivity (0.076 W/mK to 0.091 W/mK). The panels were classified in the same class as the fire retardants (class Bd0, according to EN ISO 11925-2:2002).