Binderless Particleboard Research Articles

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Binderless Particleboard from Rice Straw and Banana Pseudostem

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Binderless Particleboard from Rice Straw and Banana Pseudostem

Suitability of thermally modified wood for binderless particleboard production: Effects of temperature and moisture content in hot pressing

The use of thermally modified wood has grown significantly worldwide over the past 20 years owing to its natural, chemical-free properties, enhanced dimensional stability, and improved biological durability. The binderless particleboard (BP) production process offers an effective way to recycle waste from thermally modified wood. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and modulated temperature technology were employed to investigate the chemical changes in thermally modified wood as a function of temperature. The impact of moisture content (MC) and temperature on the compression characteristics of particleboards was also examined. The resulting particleboards were subjected to tests for thickness swell and structural morphology (SEM) and vertical density profile analyses. The particleboards produced from thermally modified wood with an MC of 20 % and at a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C exhibited superior properties to those produced at 8 % MC and 150 and 190 °C. This superior performance can be attributed to the chemical changes in wood, particle size, and the heat transfer and conductivity of the particleboards at high temperature and MC, which renders them more malleable during hot pressing. The particleboards manufactured at 20 % MC and at a hot-pressing temperature of 170 °C demonstrated an internal bonding (IB) of 0.77 MPa, a thickness swell (TS) of 8.14 %, and a homogeneous density distribution. The study provides valuable insights into the production of particleboards from thermally modified wood by optimising the MC and temperature conditions for hot pressing. This research offers a sustainable approach to reusing thermally modified wood waste and promotes the development of more efficient particleboard production processes. Future research could focus on broadening the application scope and exploring the long-term durability and performance of the particleboards produced under the identified optimal conditions.

Evaluation of the Properties and Reaction-to-Fire Performance of Binderless Particleboards Made from Canary Island Palm Trunks

Repurposing agricultural and forestry by-products not only is beneficial for the environment but also follows the principles of the circular economy. In southeastern Spain, the Canary Island palm tree (Phoenix canariensis W.) is widely used in urban landscapes. Plantations affected by the red weevil, a pest, generate an abundance of plant waste that must be crushed and transferred to authorized landfills. The aim of this study was to manufacture boards using particles from trunks of the Canary Island palm tree without adding any binders in order to obtain an ecological and fire-resistant product. In order to manufacture the boards, three particle sizes (<0.25, 0.25–1, and 1–2 mm), a temperature of 110 °C, a pressure of 2.6 MPa, and a pressing time of 7 min were used. The boards were pressed in a hot plate press for 7 min up to four times (7 min, 7 + 7 min, 7 + 7 + 7 min, and 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 min). The resulting boards showed good thermal performance, and the board´s reaction-to-fire performance was classified as Bd0 (an Fs value of 70.3 mm). This study also showed that boards with a particle size smaller than 0.25 mm that underwent four pressing cycles of 7 min each in the press can be categorized as grade P2 according to the European Standards (MOR of 20 N/mm2, MOE of 2589.8 N/mm2, and IB of 0.74 N/mm2). Therefore, these manufactured particleboards could be used as a flame-retardant material for the interior enclosures of buildings (vertical and horizontal) without the need for coatings.

Sustainable utilization of sugarcane bagasse for wood-based panels: A promising approach for waste management in Egypt

One method to sustainable development is to reduce waste generation and recycle it in a way that contributes to the economic, social, and environmental goals of sustainable development. The study focuses on particle board production from Sugar Cane Bagasse (SCB). Various fiber-matrix combinations were used to create composites using SCB and epoxy resin matrix. Mechanical testing and water absorbance tests were employed to assess the effects of the epoxy content (0–25 wt%). The outcomes demonstrated that the optimal tensile strength of bio composites was attained by the 25 wt% of epoxy with SCB (18.49 Mpa). The water resistance duration property was improved in this study to reach 120 hours by mixing SCB with 25% epoxy. The results show that sugarcane bagasse-epoxy composites demonstrated acceptable mechanical and multifunctional properties. This portrays the effectiveness of Sugarcane bagasse and it a potential competitor to wood-based structural panels. The study uses the open LCA program to conduct a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of binder-less particleboard from sugarcane waste manufacturing. Additionally, the study provided an overview of the cost estimation involved in utilizing bagasse as a substitute for MDF particle boards. Furthermore, the influence of pressing temperature on the properties of the particle boards is investigated.

Binderless particleboards obtained 100% from winery by-products for the packaging industry

Binderless particleboards obtained 100% from winery by-products for the packaging industry

Development of a Binderless Particleboard from Brown Seaweed Sargassum spp.

Since 2010, huge quantities of Sargassum spp. algae have been proliferating in the Atlantic Ocean and stranding on Caribbean beaches, causing major economic, environmental, and health problems. In this study, an innovative high-density binderless particleboard was developed using uniaxial thermo-compression coupled with a cooling system. The raw material consisted of ground Sargassum seaweeds pre-treated by twin-screw extrusion with water to remove sea salt. The raw material and the particleboards were produced by using various analytical techniques such as Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), or Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The experimental conditions for thermo-compression (temperature, pressure, time) were evaluated. The best thermo-compression conditions tested were 200 °C, 40 MPa pressure for 7.5 min. This resulted in a particleboard with high density (up to 1.63 ± 0.02 g/cm3) and high flexural strength/modulus (up to 32.3 ± 1.8 MPa/6.8 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively), but a low water contact angle of 38.9° ± 3.5°. Thermal analyses revealed the effect of alginates on the mechanical properties of particleboards. This work opens the door to a new way of adding value to Sargassum seaweed, using the whole algae with minimal pre-treatment.

Study on preparation of high-performance binderless board from Broussonetia papyrifera

Binderless particleboards were prepared without any resin adhesives from Broussonetia papyrifera trunk by hot pressing. The effects of particle size, pressing time, pressing temperature and board density on the physical and mechanical properties of binderless boards were investigated. The effects of chemical changes in Broussonetia papyrifera binderless particleboards on the board properties were investigated by chemical, spectroscopic and cellulose crystallinity analyses. The bonding performance of the latex of Broussonetia papyrifera was discussed. The results showed: (1) the smaller size of the particle, the higher internal bonding (IB) strength and lower thickness swelling (TS) of the binderless board had. The modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the IB values of the boards increased with the increase of board density. Within a certain range, the binderless boards manufactured at higher temperature and longer pressing time had better properties. Under the optimum board manufacturing condition of 220 ℃/30 min/1.0 g/cm3, the Broussonetia papyrifera binderless board recorded a MOR 28 MPa, MOE 5.3 GPa, IB 2.74 MPa and 24 h TS of 7.4%, which met the performance requirements of Chinese national standard for heavy-duty particleboard. (2) The degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose during hot pressing resulted in decrease of cellulose and hemicellulose content and increase of extractives. Some of the degradation products form new bonding to increase the bonding strength and dimensional stability of the binderless boards. (3) The formation of pseudo-lignin and increased C–O–C and cellulose crystallinity of the boards during hot pressing contributed to high quality of the binderless boards. (4) The poplar veneers bonded with the latex of Broussonetia papyrifera had a certain bonding strength (0.6 MPa), indicating the latex played a positive role in self-bonding of the Broussonetia papyrifera particleboard.

Optimised fermentation of bamboo waste using three types lactic acid bacteria and forming mechanism of binderless particleboard

In this study, to improve the performance of bamboo binderless particleboard, the fermentation process of bamboo waste using three kinds of lactic acid bacteria was optimised. The effects of the ratio of mixed lactic acid bacteria and fermentation time on the performance of bamboo particles were investigated. The basic physical and mechanical properties of bamboo binderless particleboards was tested. The forming mechanism of the bamboo binderless particleboard was investigated. The results indicate that lactic acid bacterial fermentation caused in the degradation of bamboo components and the increase of lignin content. With the extension of fermentation time, pH of bamboo particles first decreased and then increased, and reached the lowest on the eight day of fermentation; the aerobic stability was greatly improved. Fermentation can also improve the strength and waterproofing performance of bamboo binderless particleboard. Lactobacillus buchneri has relatively good fermentation efficiency. Mixed lactic acid bacterial fermentation has a higher decomposition rate than single lactic acid bacterial fermentation. Improved physical and mechanical properties of bamboo binderless particleboard was obtained when the mixing ratio of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus plantarum was 1:2:1 and fermentation was carried out for eight days. Fermentation with lactic acid bacterial caused the degradation of bamboo components and the production of short-chain sugars, and promoted the formation of hydrogen bond and furfural during hot pressing, which contributed to the bonding of bamboo binderless particleboard.

Evaluation of the use of vineyard pruning biomass (bobal variety) in constructive bioproducts

The use of by-products from agricultural and forestry activity, apart from many other environmental benefits, constitutes an alternative source of income, cost reduction, and support for the principles of the circular economy. The bobal grape is a variety of red grape that is cultivated on 65 thousand hectares only in Spain. Periodic maintenance of the crop must be carried out through winter pruning from December to March. The pruning biomass is burned or crushed and incorporated into the soil, producing environmental contamination and disease transmission. The objective of this work was to use the biomass from vineyard residues in the production of binderless particleboards without using any adhesives, thereby obtaining an ecological product that would benefit the environment. In the manufacturing process, the press temperature (130 °C) and pressure (2.6 MPa) were fixed, varying the particle size (<0.25, 0.25 to 1.00, and 1.00 to 2.00), and the pressing time (15, 30, and 45 min). The results showed that by using particles smaller than 0.25 mm and applying 45 min in the hot press, panels were manufactured that are suitable for general use in a dry environment and for the manufacture of furniture according to European standards.

Properties of binderless bamboo particleboards derived from biologically fermented bamboo green residues

In this study, a new type of binderless particleboard was prepared from bamboo green residues processed by biological fermentation. Bamboo green residues were fermented using lactic acid bacteria microorganisms, and binderless bamboo particleboards were prepared by hot pressing. The effects of the fermentation time on the morphological characteristics and chemical components of the residues were investigated. Further, the vertical density profile, internal bonding, and other physical and mechanical properties of the binderless bamboo particleboard were examined. The results revealed that the slenderness ratio of flakes decreased at first and then increased with an increase in the fermentation time (in days), and the chemical components of the bamboo green residues degraded with time. The features of the fermented flakes affect the performance of the prepared particleboard. The physical and mechanical properties of the binderless bamboo particleboards prepared from fine residues obtained after 7 days of fermentation were better than those prepared using the coarse and mixed groups, and met the requirements of the chinese standard GB/T4897-2015. This novel preparation method of binderless bamboo particleboard is helpful to develop a new eco-friendly building material.

Influence of the Density in Binderless Particleboards Made from Sorghum

In order to fight climate change and decouple economic growth from material use, valorization of waste will be fundamental. Sorghum is one of the most important summer crops in the world. The non-edible parts of the plant, the stalks and leaves are left over and must be disposed of. This work proposes to use sorghum waste particles as a raw material to manufacture boards and analyze the influence of its density. Particles were sprayed with 10% wt of water and placed in a hot press at 2.1 MPa and 110 °C for 30 min. Eight types of panels were produced with densities ranging from 950 kg/m3 to 1250 kg/m3. The results indicated that the water absorption (WA), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bounding strength (IB) depended on the density. With higher densities, the particleboards showed better physical and mechanical behavior. This study demonstrates that it is technically possible to manufacture adhesive-free particleboards from sorghum residues that comply with European standards and can be used as boards for general applications. The use of these particleboards could be beneficial in fighting climate change and in minimizing the use of natural wood.

Properties of jute stick binderless particleboard reinforced with bagasse pith

Properties of jute stick binderless particleboard reinforced with bagasse pith

Monte Carlo simulation of the mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number of the Eremurus-Rhizophora ssp. particleboard phantom at the mammography energy range

The earlier investigations proved the potential of the Rhizophora spp. as a phantom material. In this study, the mass attenuation coefficients and empirical and theoretical effective atomic numbers of Eremurus-Rhizophora spp. particleboards in three particle sizes and two adhesive treatment levels were evaluated in 16.63–60 keV photon energy range, using theoretical (XCOM: NIST Photon Cross Sections Database Code), simulation (MCNPX: Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended Code), and experimental methods. The findings of this study were discussed in terms of the various calculating approaches, and also comparing them with raw wood, binderless particleboard, water, and different breast tissues. The mass attenuation coefficients of Eremurus-Rhizophora spp. samples were seriously agreed with young age breast tissue in three determination methods. Although the empirical effective atomic number (Zeff) is independent of photon energy and the theoretical Zeff is affected by it, the empirical and theoretical effective atomic numbers of the Eremurus-Rhizophora spp. particleboards are in good agreement in the mammography photon energy range. Moreover, the results of this study showed that the radiation features of Rhizophora spp. particleboard can be significantly improved by adding the Eremurus spp. root. The results prove the validity of the MCNP method as an alternative to the XCOM and experimental methods for evaluating the attenuation features and effective atomic numbers of the bio-composites.

Analysis of the influence of the relative humidity in the manufacturing of binderless particleboards from Vitis vinifera monastrell variety

Analysis of the influence of the relative humidity in the manufacturing of binderless particleboards from Vitis vinifera monastrell variety

Effects of adding ammonium dihydrogen phosphate to a water-soluble extract of the inner part of oil palm trunk on binderless particleboard

This study investigated the effects of adding ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) on the physical and chemical changes of a water-soluble extract of the inner part of oil palm trunk (OPT) to clarify the bonding mechanism of the binderless particleboard. The extract’s effect on ADP-added binderless particleboard was also investigated. OPT particles were treated by hot water at 60 °C for 6 h. Water-soluble extract and treated OPT particles were obtained. ADP was added to the water-soluble extract at 0, 10, and 40 wt%, and the mixtures were heated at 180 °C for 10 min. Furthermore, binderless particleboards using the treated particles were manufactured with similar condition. The 10 wt% ADP mixture changed the water-soluble extract to an insoluble substance, which was twice that of with 0 wt.% ADP addition. Infrared spectroscopy revealed peaks of furan and carbonyl in the insoluble substance. This indicated that the free sugar content in the water-soluble extract would change to furan compounds. Thermal analysis revealed that the resulting insoluble substance had good thermal stability, suggesting a high-molecular-weight substance. The insoluble substance would contribute to bonding of the binderless particleboards. In particular, a significant contribution to the water resistance was observed.

A Study of Photon Interaction with Phantom Material Made of Rhizophora Spp. Binderless Particleboard in the Energy Range 59.54–356 keV

Abstract The linear and mass attenuation coefficients of raw Rhizophora spp. wood, binderless particleboard, and Perspex were measured at gamma ray energies of 59.54, 88.0, and 356 keV. Americium-241, cadmium-109, and barium-133 point sources were used to produce gamma rays in this work. Results were compared with the theoretical values of water calculated using the XCOM program. The mass attenuation coefficients of binderless particleboard and water showed good agreement, with discrepancies of approximately 0.1, 0.6, and 0.1% at 59.54, 88.0, and 356 keV, respectively. The measurements of raw Rhizophora spp. wood and water had discrepancies of 0.7, 0.9, and 0.8% at 59.54, 88.0, and 356 keV, respectively, and those of Perspex and water had discrepancies of 0.3, 0.9, and 0.2% at the same photon energies. Moreover, Rhizophora spp. binderless particleboard was compared with water in terms of effective atomic number (Zeff), and a close match was noticed. In addition, the half-value layers of the experimental samples were measured at 59.54, 88.0, and 356 keV. The calculated values of water and the experimental results of binderless particleboard were in good agreement, indicating that binderless particleboard can be used as a phantom material in the range of photon energy 59.54–356 keV.

Binderless bark particleboard made from gelam (Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.) bark waste: The effect of the pressing temperature on its mechanical and physical properties

This study investigated the effects of the pressing temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of binderless bark particleboard made from Gelam bark waste and the improvement of those properties. In addition, the thermal insulation properties of the particleboard were determined. Four different temperatures (140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C) were used to make single-layer binderless bark particleboard with a target density of less than or equal to 0.59 g/cm3. Results revealed that the pressing temperature affected the mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength perpendicular to panel surface), which increased as the temperature increased, and the physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption), which decreased as the temperature increased. Based on the Tukey test, increasing the temperature from 180 to 200 °C did not significantly affect the mechanical or physical properties, except for the tensile strength perpendicular to panel surface. None of the mechanical properties met SNI standard 03-2105-2006 (2006); however, the 12% maximum thickness swelling requirement was met for binderless bark particleboard hot-pressed at 200 °C. Binderless bark particleboard hot-pressed at 200 °C had high water resistance, regardless of its low strength, and a thermal conductivity value of 0.14 W/m∙K.

Characterization of soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard as substitute phantom material for radiation dosimetric studies – Investigation of CT number, mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number

Experimental particleboards are made from Rhizophora spp. wood trunk with three different percentages of lignin and soy flour (0%, 6% and 12%) as adhesives. The objective was to investigate the equivalence of Rhizophora spp. particleboard as phantom material with human soft tissue using Computed Tomography (CT) number. The linear and mass attenuation coefficient of Rhizophora spp. particleboard at low energy range was also explored using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) configuration technique. Further characterization of the particleboard was performed to determine the effective atomic number, Zeff using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) method. Adhesive-bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard showed close similarities with water, based on the average CT numbers, electron density calibration curve and the analysis of CT density profile, compared to the binderless particleboard. The effective atomic number obtained from the study indicated that the attenuation properties of all the particleboards at different percentages of adhesives were almost similar to water. The mass attenuation coefficient calculated from XRF configuration technique showed good agreement with water from XCOM database, suggesting its potential as phantom material for radiation study.

Optimization of processing parameters for the manufacturing of jute stick binderless particleboard

This study investigated the effects of processing parameters, namely particle mixing ratios, press temperatures, and time for the manufacturing of jute stick binderless particleboard (JBPB). Different ratios of fine and coarse particles, press temperature (160 to 240 °C) and press time (4 to 10 min) were used for JBPB fabrication with a target density of 0.9 g/cm3. The dimensional stability and mechanical properties of JBPB were determined according to Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908 (2003). The result shows that the most favorable pressing conditions in the manufacturing process were press temperature of 220 °C for 6 min with a mixing ratio of 50:50 (fine: coarse). The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding (IB) of JBPB was 16.35 N/mm2, 3872.99 N/mm2, and 1.07 N/mm2, respectively, which met the minimum requirement for type-18 of particleboard JIS A 5908 (2003) except for the value of MOR. The bonding mechanism was analyzed by the chemical changes in the raw materials after the fabrication of JBPBs. The pentosans present in the raw material decreased with the increased press temperatures. In this study, the hemicellulose was decomposed which may accelerate the self-bonding of the JBPB at high temperatures. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the JBPB showed good thermal stability with the increase of press temperatures. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that the removal of hydroxyl groups which increased the dimensional stability of JBPBs. Hence, it could be concluded that by controlling particle mixing ratio (50:50) at high press temperature with proper press time, high-performance jute stick binderless particleboard could be successfully developed which has a variety of applications.

Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and Rubberwood Sawdust (RWS) Binderless Particleboards

Structural, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) and Rubberwood Sawdust (RWS) Binderless Particleboards