Binary Frequency Shift Keying Research Articles

Analysis of Error Rate Performance Limit of DBPSK/NCFSK Modulations for OFDM System with MRC Diversity in Correlated Nakagami-m Fading Channels

In this paper, we derive exact and asymptotic bit error rate (BER) formulas of differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) and non-coherent frequency shift keying (NCFSK) modulations for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system employing maximal ratio combining (MRC) receive diversity technique, especially over correlated Nakagami-m fading channels. In particular, exploiting the derived asymptotic BER formulas, asymptotic modulation gain and diversity order can be subsequently achieved, which enable us to easily predict the performance limit of the considered system and channel environments. Based on our asymptotic analysis, we can also analytically demonstrate the asymptotic SNR performance gap between DBPSK and NCFSK.

Performance of a bi-directional relaying system with one full duplex relay

Full duplex communication system has the potential to double the spectral efficiency compared to traditional half duplex communication system. However self interference in full duplex relay is considered as the major concern to the performance of system. In this paper, performance of two way relaying communication system is studied with a full duplex relay. Specifically, the probability density function (PDF) of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is derived. By using the derived PDF, closed form expressions for average bit error rate (BER) is derived for various binary modulation schemes such as, coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK), differential BPSK, coherent binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), and non-coherent BFSK. Moreover, the ergodic capacity of the considered system is also analyzed.

Improvement of Measurement Range via Chaotic Binary Frequency Shift Keying Excitation Sequences for Multichannel Ultrasonic Ranging System

The important indicators of multichannel ultrasonic ranging system are correlation characteristics and energy efficiency. The excitation sequences with good correlation characteristics can help avoid crosstalk among multichannel ultrasonic sensors. High energy efficiency can enhance measurement range. This paper proposes a crosstalk elimination method by using the optimal binary excitation sequences modulated with chaotic codes, which include chaotic binary amplitude shift keying (c-BASK), chaotic binary phase shift keying (c-BPSK) and chaotic binary frequency shift keying (c-BFSK). To obtain the both best correlation characteristics and energy efficiency, the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is applied to optimize the chaotic binary excitation sequences. Real experiments have been conducted using an ultrasonic ranging system that consists of eight-channel SensComp 600 series instrument-grade electrostatic sensors excited with chaotic binary modulation sequences. The experimental results show that the c-BFSK outperforms the c-BASK and c-BPSK in terms of the correlation characteristics and energy efficiency. With 2 ms c-BFSK excitation sequences, the longest measurable distance was 720 cm (i.e., increased 11% and 27% with c-BPSK and c-BASK, respectively) with maximal relative error 2.4%.

New digital demodulator with matched filters and curve segmentation techniques for BFSK demodulation: FPGA implementation and results

<p>The current article addresses digital implementation of new demodulation schemes for Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), and has two main objectives: of the description of the performance of the new processing method and its implementation on FPGA technology. Performance is analyzed by means of the total number of demodulated bits free of errors without noise, and by means of the BER parameter. The proposed method exhibits to have better performance than the solutions reported. Additionally, the solution obtained shows lower complexity than reported methods in regard to the total number of adders and multipliers. The implementation is described for FPGA systems, and the System Generator software is used for testing and simulating the results.</p>

Experimental Estimate of the Noise Immunity of the Communication System with Binary Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) in Case of Concentrated Interference in the Channel with Frequency Multiplication

Experimental Estimate of the Noise Immunity of the Communication System with Binary Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) in Case of Concentrated Interference in the Channel with Frequency Multiplication

Noncoherent Multiple-Symbol Detector of Binary CPFSK in Physical-Layer Network Coding

It is well known that the binary continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) signal is power efficient with constant envelope, because it allows transmission with inexpensive and energy efficient nonlinear amplifiers. Recently, physical-layer network coding (PNC) using the binary CPFSK is considered as a potentially attractive solution to the dual needs of high throughput and high power efficiency in two-way relay wireless network. However, most recent studies on PNC have assumed that the carrier phases of the two transmitted signals arriving at the relay are ideally aligned. In fact, the carrier phase offset between the two node-signals always exists in practice. In this letter, a noncoherent multiple-symbol detector of binary CPFSK signals with unknown carrier phase offset in physical-layer network coding is proposed, which is based on the log-likelihood ratio test. It is shown by simulation that the algorithm with five symbol observation interval achieves 6.7 dB performance gain, compared with only one symbol observation interval.

LOW POWER FSK DEMODULATOR

Frequency shift keying (FSK) is the most common form of digital modulation in the high-frequency radio spectrum. The demodulation of Binary FSK involves complex operations on the modulated signal like reconstruction of carrier signal and multiplication of carrier signal with the modulated signal. In this paper, BFSK is realized as two separate ASKs and a much simpler incoherent method is proposed for demodulation of BFSK modulated signal. Since power consumption is one of the main factors in electronic devices, low power devices are always demanding. Power Consumption could be minimized by reducing the actual block diagram of the system by opting an alternative approach to achieve the same output signal. The same BFSK demodulator can be used to demodulate an ASK modulated signal if it follow certain criteria’s.

New digital demodulator with matched filters and curve segmentation techniques for BFSK demodulation: Analytical description

<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent">The present article relates in general to digital demodulation of Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK). The objective of the present research is to obtain a new processing method for demodulating BFSK-signals in order to reduce hardware complexity in comparison with other methods reported. The solution proposed here makes use of the matched filter theory and curve segmentation algorithms. This paper describes the integration and configuration of a Sampler Correlator and curve segmentation blocks in order to obtain a digital receiver for a proper demodulation of the received signal. The proposed solution is shown to strongly reduce hardware complexity. In this part a presentation of the proposed solution regarding the analytical expressions is addressed. The paper covers in detail the elements needed for properly configuring the system. In a second part it is presented the implementation of the system for FPGA technology and the simulation results in order to validate the overall performance.</p><br /><div id="__if72ru4sdfsdfruh7fewui_once" style="display: none;"> </div><div id="__hggasdgjhsagd_once" style="display: none;"> </div>

An Ultra-Lightweight Transmitter for Contactless Rapid Identification of Embedded IP in FPGA

This letter presents the first ultra-lightweight transmitter based on electromagnetic emanation to send embedded intellectual properties (IP) identity (ID) quickly and discreetly. The proposed solution is based on a binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) transmitter that ensures an exceptionally high data rate. In addition, we present a coherent demodulation method using slippery window spectral analysis to recover data outside the device. The hardware resources occupied by the transmitter represent less than 0.022% of a 130 nm Microsemi Fusion FPGA. The experimental bitrate of the data transmission is around 500 times higher than the bitrate available for other state of the art spy circuitry using power consumption. In comparison with other works, our proposal goes clearly towards using a spy circuit in an industrial context for IP protection.

BER performance and data throughput of body sensor networks for reliable biological signal transmission over the human body

According to the IEEE 802.15 task group 6, human body communication (HBC) is a wireless body area network (WBAN) that operates at frequency band 5–50 MHz. In particular, communication between nodes is through body surface to body surface, and the human body acts as the transmission channel. This paper designs the link budget signaling parameters required for reliable transmission of biological signals over the IEEE 802.15.6a HBC channel model, and investigates the bit-error-rate (BER) and data throughput performances of different modulation schemes. These modulation schemes include non-coherent binary frequency shift keying (NcBFSK) with non-coherent detection, in addition to the commonly used schemes for HBC communications, namely coherent binary phase shift keying (CBPSK), coherent binary frequency shift keying (CBFSK), and on-off keying (OOK). According to the numerical results based on theoretical analysis, experimental results, as well as Monte-Carlo simulations, NcBFSK with non-coherent detection and bandwidth-integration window product , CBPSK, CBFSK, and OOK, represent appropriate solutions for the reliable transmission of biological signals over HBC-based WBANs. The results are based on and 1 Mbps data rate for low data rate applications, and and data rate = 10 Mbps for high data rate applications.

A Digital Frequency Multiplication Technique for Energy Efficient Transmitters

A logic gate-based digital frequency multiplication technique for low-power frequency synthesis is presented. The proposed digital edge combining approach offers broadband operation with low-power and low-area advantages and is a promising candidate for low-power frequency synthesis in deep submicrometer CMOS technologies. Chip prototype of the proposed frequency multiplication-based 2.4-GHz binary frequency-shift-keying (BFSK)/amplitude shift keying (ASK) transmitter (TX) was fabricated in 0.13-μm CMOS technology. The TX achieves maximum data rates of 3 and 20 Mb/s for BFSK and ASK modulations, respectively, consuming a 14-mA current from 1.3 V supply voltage. The corresponding energy efficiencies of the TX are 3.6 nJ/bit for BFSK and 0.91 nJ/bit for ASK modulations.

Blind Hopping Phase Estimator in Frequency-Hopped FM and BFSK Systems

A blind hopping phase estimator is proposed for the demodulation of received signals in frequency-hopping spread spectrum systems. The received signals are assumed to be bandwidth limited with a shaping filter, modulated as frequency modulation (FM) or binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), and hopped by predetermined random frequency sequences. In the demodulation procedure in this paper, the hopping frequency tracking is accomplished by choosing a frequency component with maximum amplitude after taking a discrete Fourier transform, and the hopping phase estimator performs the conjugated product of two consecutive signals and moving-average filtering. The probability density function and Cramer-Rao low bound (CRLB) of the proposed estimator are evaluated. The proposed scheme not only is very simple to implement but also performs close to the CRLB in demodulating hopped FM/BFSK signals.

Comparative Study and Analysis of Performances among RNS, DBNS, TBNS and MNS for DSP Applications

This paper presents a comparative study of the performances of arithmetic units, based on different number systems like Residue Number System (RNS), Double Base Number System (DBNS), Triple Base Number System (TBNS) and Mixed Number System (MNS) for DSP applications. The performance analysis is carried out in terms of the hardware utilization, timing complexity and efficiency. The arithmetic units based on these number systems were employed in designing various modulation schemes like Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) modulator/demodulator. The analysis of the performance of the proposed modulator on above mentioned number systems indicates the superiority of other number systems over binary number system.

Bit error rate of RS coded BFSK in broadband powerline channels with background Nakagami and impulsive noise

Power line communication (PLC) systems are being standardized over the globe and some of these standards recommended frequency shift keying (FSK) as their modulation choice. Broadband transmission over a PLC channel is mainly affected by the ever-present background noise and the occasional high-amplitude impulses. It has been recently found that the background noise in PLC can be suitably modelled with Nakagami-m distribution while a standard model for characterizing impulses is to assume Gaussian distributed amplitude and Poisson distributed arrivals. Considering such a model, at first, simple analytical bit error rate (BER) expressions of uncoded binary FSK (BFSK) signals are derived in the paper. The derived expressions are simple, involve only elementary functions, and the analytical BER values match perfectly with computer simulations. Next, a unified analytical framework is presented for evaluating BER when a Reed Solomon (RS) code is used to mitigate the noise effects. The results reveal that when the signal to background noise ratio (SBNR) is low, there is a clear impact of the noise parameter m and the choice of demodulation method (coherent/ non-coherent) on the error performance of the coded system. On the contrary, at higher SBNR, impulsive noise dominates over background noise, and these effects vanish as the BER curves become flat. Numerical evaluations dictated that by allowing a lower code rate (0.7) this error floor may be reduced significantly (up to 10−15). Further, the code gain of the system was found to be an inverse function of the code rate and codeword length.

Exact BER Performance Analysis of Link Adaptive Relaying with Noncoherent BFSK Modulation

Link adaptive relaying (LAR) is one of the most popular techniques developed for mitigating error propagation in decode and forward (DF) based cooperative wireless networks which employs soft power scaling approaches at the relay nodes. On the other side, frequency shift keying (FSK) is a prominent technique for eliminating the need for channel estimation by training sequences which increases complexity of the system and causes reduction in the transmission rate in proportional to the number of users involved in the network. In this paper, performance of an LAR scheme with noncoherent binary FSK (BFSK) signaling is investigated by deriving exact closed form bit error rate expressions in Rayleigh fading channels.

Noncoherent Receiver for Decode-and-Forward Cooperative Systems with Multi-Antenna Equipped Destination

This paper studies a maximum energy selection receiver for an adaptive decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative wireless system with multiple-antenna equipped destination. In particular, the destination selects the maximum output from all the outputs of the square-law detectors to perform the detection of the transmitted information. A close-form expression for the bit-error-rate (BER) is analytically derived when the system is deployed with binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) modulation. The thresholds used at the relays to address the issue of error propagation are optimized to minimize the BER. While finding the optimal thresholds requires information on the average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of all the transmission links in the system, the approximate thresholds at each relay that require only information on the average SNR of the source-corresponding relay are investigated. It is also derived that the system achieves a full diversity order with the approximate thresholds. Finally, both analytical and simulation results are provided to verify our analysis.

Chaotic Binary Modulation Excitation Sequences for Multichannel Ultrasonic Ranging System

A crosstalk elimination method by using the optimal binary excitation sequences modulated with chaotic codes, which includes chaotic binary amplitude shift keying (c-BASK), chaotic binary phase shift keying (c-BPSK) and chaotic binary frequency shift keying (c-BFSK), is proposed in this paper. The selection of the optimal chaotic initial values with the best echo correlation characteristics is realized by adopting a genetic algorithm. A square wave is used as the carrier of the chaotic binary modulation methods in order to reduce hardware cost. However, it could suffer from the decreased energy efficiency caused by mismatching spectrum with ultrasonic ranging system. The parameters of the chaotic binary modulation methods are configured to make their central frequency and bandwidth matched with that of the ultrasonic ranging system very well. Experiments have been conducted using an ultrasonic ranging system that consists of eight-channel SensComp 600 series instrument-grade electrostatic sensors excited with chaotic binary sequences. Experimental results show that the c-BFSK outperforms the c-BASK and c-BPSK in terms of the energy efficiency, e.g., 0.3508 vs. 0.3365 and 0.3279 , respectively. And the optimized c-BFSK sequence also has the best echo correlation characteristics among the chaotic binary modulation sequences. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i12.4640

Simple timing recovery algorithm for binary CPFSK based on phase unwrapping

A reduced-complexity timing recovery method for binary continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) is presented. The proposed algorithm is based on phase unwrapping and is easy to implement. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation both show that the new algorithm is able to perform close to the theoretical limit given by the modified Cramer–Rao bound (MCRB).

An Ultra Low Energy FSK Receiver With In-Band Interference Robustness Exploiting a Three-Phase Chirped LO

An ultra-low-energy Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) receiver is proposed. It features improved in-band interference tolerance by chirping the transmission frequency. To reduce the receiver power consumption, a novel three-phase passive mixer along with a three stage digitally controlled ring oscillator is proposed, while still allowing quadrature detection. A mixer-first direct conversion receiver architecture moves the required gain to lowest frequency and lowest bandwidth to reduce power consumption. A low power flip-flop based BFSK demodulator is proposed that reduces the baseband power further. The receiver is designed and fabricated in a 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. It consumes 219 μW from 1.2 V power supply, while having a sensitivity of -70 dBm for a bit error rate of 0.1% at 2.4 GHz. Except the off-chip 64 MHz clock generation, the total receiver requires 27 pJ/bit. Using a chirped clock spreading of 360 MHz and chirp repetition rate of 1 MHz, it can tolerate up to -8 dB signal to interference ratio for all interferer frequencies. This is 13.5 dB better than previously reported in literature and 12 dB better than ideal noncoherent BFSK receiver interference robustness.

Design and implementation of intrabody communication hub/alarm unit in IBC platform for fall prevention system

ABSTRACTWe report a high‐performance intrabody communication (IBC) hub/alarm unit in IBC platform for fall prevention system. The IBC hub/alarm unit consists of a binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) receiver, an on–off keying (OOK) transmitter, an audio digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC), an audio power amplifier (PA), and a microcontrol unit (MCU). The BFSK receiver receives the biomedical signals from the IBC sensor node biomedical system‐on‐a‐chips (SOC) through human body, and then transmits them to PDA/cell phone or earphone alarm terminal through the MCU. The OOK transmitter takes commands from PDA/cell phone, and then transmits them to the IBC sensor node biomedical SOC through human body. The audio DAC and PA send an alarm message to the earphone in case of anomaly based on the biomedical signals received by the BFSK receiver. Such kind of transmission methodology in conjunction with our proposed IBC platform is much more power‐efficient than wireless communication. Moreover, since no antenna is required, small chip size is achieved. At supply voltage of 0.7 V, the BFSK receiver consumes 520 µW (0.17 nJ/b) and achieves sensitivity of −80 dBm at data rate of 3 Mbps, better than previous work in the literature. The excellent results indicate the IBC hub/alarm unit is suitable for IBC platform for fall prevention system. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2345–2351, 2014