Binary Addition Research Articles

Effects of binary sintering additives (SmF3-Sm2O3) and sintering temperature on β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials

β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials were fabricated via spark plasma sintering using binary sintering additives (SmF3-Sm2O3). The effects of SmF3 addition and sintering temperature on the densification, phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Furthermore, the corrosion behavior of β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials due to excessive SmF3 at high sintering temperatures (≥1700 °C) was revealed. The results indicated that SmF3 could promote the densification and generation of β-SiAlON. Higher SmF3 content and sintering temperature increased the aspect ratio and average grain size of β-SiAlON, which made fracture toughness increase and Vickers hardness decrease. The best density, fracture toughness and hardness of β-SiAlON ceramic tool materials were 3.204 g/cm3, 6.45 ± 0.07 MPa m1/2 and 16.72 ± 0.09 GPa. However, β-SiAlON was corroded by excessive SmF3 during high temperature sintering, resulting in deterioration in densification and properties.

Autogenous shrinkage prediction models and microstructure of UHPC with single or binary addition of an expansive agent and steel fibers

The low water/binder ratio of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) often results in its high autogenous shrinkage. Our study explored the effect of the single or binary addition of a CaO-based expansive agent (CEA) and steel fibers on flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength, microstructure, and autogenous shrinkage of UHPC. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were applied to reveal the effects of CEA and steel fibers on hydration products and microstructure characteristics of UHPC. Experimental results show that the autogenous shrinkage of UHPC decreased markedly with the single or binary addition of CEA and steel fibers. Relative to the control group, autogenous shrinkage of UHPC with 2.5% dosage of single steel fibers, 6% dosage of single CEA, and binary addition of 2.5% steel fibers and 6% CEA decreased 17.8%, 10.9%, and 30.8% at 180 days, respectively. Steel fibers could enhance the mechanical performance of UHPC; nevertheless, they would decrease the flowability of UHPC. Meanwhile, the addition of CEA in the UHPC mixture not only maintained the mechanical properties and flowability but also decreased the autogenous shrinkage. Diffraction peak intensity and endothermic peak of Ca(OH)2 and the pore volume of 10–50 nm diminished with the content of CEA; however, that of C-S-H gel and ettringite increased. The prediction accuracy of nine shrinkage models (FHWA model, Lee model, Yoo model, JSCE model, B4 model, JonassonH model, Eurocode 2 model, CEB model, and DilgerW model) is analyzed with RE, Rnew2, and autogenous shrinkage of UHPC in this paper.

Piezoelectric Properties of As-Spun Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (PVDF/MWCNT/ZnO) Nanofibrous Films.

Conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as well as piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are frequently used as a single additive and dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solutions for the fabrication of piezoelectric composite films. In this study, MWCNT/ZnO binary dispersions are used as spinning liquids to fabricate composite nanofibrous films by electrospinning. Binary additives are conducive to increasing the crystallinity, piezoelectric voltage coefficient, and consequent piezoelectricity of as-spun films owing to the stretch-enhanced polarization of the electrospinning process under an applied electric field. PCZ-1.5 film (10 wt. % PVDF/0.1 wt. % MWCNTs/1.5 wt. % ZnO nanoparticles) contains the maximum β-phase content of 79.0% and the highest crystallinity of 87.9% in nanofibers. A sensor using a PCZ-1.5 film as a functional layer generates an open-circuit voltage of 10 V as it is subjected to impact loads with an amplitude of 6 mm at 10 Hz. The piezoelectric sensor reaches a power density of 0.33 μW/cm2 and a force sensitivity of 582 mV/N. In addition, the sensor is successfully applied to test irregular motions of a bending finger and stepping foot. The result indicates that electrospun PVDF/MWCNT/ZnO nanofibrous films are suitable for wearable devices.

Effects of novel halogen-free flame-retardant binary additives on thermal stability, degradation kinetics and flame retardancy of cotton cellulose biomacromolecule

The principal component of cotton fibers is the cellulose biological macromolecule. However, its highly flammable nature has significantly constrained its utilization in fields where flame retardancy is essential. Herein, in this work, a highly effective binary composite flame retardant coating (APP/MEL-SWCNHs) with ammonium polyphosphate and modified single-walled carbon nanohorns (MEL-SWCNHs) was chemically attached to cotton fabric. With the add-on of 11.3 %, the treated cotton fabric (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 exhibited remarkable flame-retardant and self-extinguishing properties. Its LOI value increased to 23.7 ± 0.1 %, and the damage length was significantly reduced from 30.0 ± 0.1 % cm to 7.9 ± 0.1 % cm compared to the pristine cotton fabric. Despite partial carbonization, (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 preserved its original structure. Importantly, in the cone calorimeter test, both the pHRR and THR of (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 were drastically decreased by 71.8 % and 35.8 %, respectively. The APP/MEL-SWCNHs coating functioned as a flame retardant by inhibiting the emission of flammable volatiles, releasing non-flammable gases, and encouraging the formation of char layer during combustion. Significantly, thermal degradation kinetic analysis revealed that the third-order kinetic equation (O3) was found to have the strongest correlation with (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 in both air and N2 atmospheres. The higher activation energy (E) for (APP/MEL-SWCNHs)4 confirmed that incorporating MEL-SWCNHs improved the thermal stability of the char layer.

PERMANENT AND DOMINANT OF MATRIX OVER INTERVAL MIN-PLUS ALGEBRA

A min-plus algebra is a set , where is the set of all real numbers equipped with two binary operations, namely minimum and addition . Every square matrix in min-plus algebra can always be calculated as a permanent and dominant matrix. The min-plus algebra can be extended to an interval min-plus algebra, where the elements are closed intervals denoted with two binary operations, minimum and addition . Min-plus interval algebra can be defined in a square matrix. This research will discuss the permanent and dominant a matrix over min-plus interval algebra, the relationship between permanent and dominant matrix, and bideterminant matrix over min-plus interval algebra. From the research results obtained, permanent and dominant formulas, it found that the dominant is greater than or equal to the permanent and the bideterminant formulas.

Hyperpolyadic Structures

We introduce a new class of division algebras, the hyperpolyadic algebras, which correspond to the binary division algebras R, C, H, O without considering new elements. First, we use the matrix polyadization procedure proposed earlier which increases the dimension of the algebra. The algebras obtained in this way obey binary addition and a nonderived n-ary multiplication and their subalgebras are division n-ary algebras. For each invertible element, we define a new norm which is polyadically multiplicative, and the corresponding map is a n-ary homomorphism. We define a polyadic analog of the Cayley–Dickson construction which corresponds to the consequent embedding of monomial matrices from the polyadization procedure. We then obtain another series of n-ary algebras corresponding to the binary division algebras which have a higher dimension, which is proportional to the intermediate arities, and which are not isomorphic to those obtained by the previous constructions. Second, a new polyadic product of vectors in any vector space is defined, which is consistent with the polyadization procedure using vectorization. Endowed with this introduced product, the vector space becomes a polyadic algebra which is a division algebra under some invertibility conditions, and its structure constants are computed. Third, we propose a new iterative process (we call it the “imaginary tower”), which leads to nonunital nonderived ternary division algebras of half the dimension, which we call “half-quaternions” and “half-octonions”. The latter are not the subalgebras of the binary division algebras, but subsets only, since they have different arity. Nevertheless, they are actually ternary division algebras, because they allow division, and their nonzero elements are invertible. From the multiplicativity of the introduced “half-quaternion” norm, we obtain the ternary analog of the sum of two squares identity. We show that the ternary division algebra of imaginary “half-octonions” is unitless and totally associative.

Arithmetic with language models: From memorization to computation

A better understanding of the emergent computation and problem-solving capabilities of recent large language models is of paramount importance to further improve them and broaden their applicability. This work investigates how a language model, trained to predict the next token, can perform arithmetic computations generalizing beyond training data. Binary addition and multiplication constitute a good testbed for this purpose, since they require a very small vocabulary and exhibit relevant input/output discontinuities making smooth input interpolation ineffective for novel data. We successfully trained a light language model to learn these tasks and ran a number of experiments to investigate the extrapolation capabilities and internal information processing. Our findings support the hypothesis that the language model works as an Encoding–Regression–Decoding machine where the computation takes place in the value space once the input token representation is mapped to an appropriate internal representation.

Design and Implementation of 1-bit Full Subtractor Using FinFET

Abstract: A full subtractor is a digital combinational circuit that performs subtraction involving three bits, namely A (minuend), B (subtrahend), and Bin (borrow-in) . It accepts three inputs: A (minuend), B (subtrahend) and a Bin (borrow bit) and it produces two outputs: D (difference) and Bout (borrow out). Unlike a half adder, which adds only two binary digits and produces a sum and carry, a full adder considers an additional carry input from a previous less significant bit addition. The full adder's design includes three inputs: A, B, and Cin (carry-in), and two outputs: Sum (sum) and Cout (carry-out). The sum output Sum is derived by XOR-ing the three inputs, while the carry-out Cout is obtained by considering the majority function of the inputs. This means Cout is set when any two or more of the three inputs are high (logical 1). Full subtractors are fundamental components in the construction of arithmetic logic units (ALUs), binary adders, and other computational circuits in digital systems, enabling the handling of multi-bit binary addition by cascading multiple full adders.

High – Speed and Low Area-Efficient VLSI Architecture of Three-Operand Binary Adder

Three-operand binary adder is the basic functional unit to perform the modular arithmetic in various cryptography and Pseudo Random Bit Generator (PRBG) algorithms and also used in many applications. Carry Save Adder (CS3A) is the widely used technique to perform the three- operand addition. In carry save adder at final stage uses ripple carry adder which will cause large critical path delay. Moreover, a parallel prefix two-operand adder such as Han-Carlson Adder (HCA) can also be used for three-operand addition that significantly reduces the critical path delay with more area complexity. Hence, a new high-speed and area-efficient adder architecture is proposed using pre-compute bitwise addition followed by carry prefix computation logic to perform the three-operand binary addition that consumes substantially less area and less delay. The effectiveness of the proposed method is designed using Xilinx ISE 14.7

Effect of intake valve lift and binary alcohol (bioethanol+isobutanol) addition on energy, exergy, sustainability, greenhouse gas impact and cost analysis in a hydrogen/diesel dual fuel engines

Greenhouse gas emissions are a significant problem contributing to global warming and climate change and it is essential to increase the use of renewable and biomass-derived fuels in internal combustion engines to reduce greenhouse gas formation. Alcohol fuels and hydrogen have become prominent in recent years due to less harmful emission levels as a result of combustion. While there are very few studies in the literature on ternary mixture + hydrogen in terms of energy and exergy, there is a gap on the effect of the valve lift amount. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of binary alcohol addition and variable intake valve lift (IVL) in hydrogen-diesel dual fuel mode on energy, exergy, sustainability, and greenhouse gas emissions. The experiments are conducted at variable torque conditions, involving three different IVL values (4, 4.46, and 4.9 mm) and four different fuel combinations (diesel, diesel + H2, diesel + binary alcohol, and diesel + binary alcohol + H2). The binary alcohol addition consists of 10% bioethanol and 10% isobutanol volumetrically, while in the dual-fuel mode, hydrogen is injected into the cylinder at a constant flow rate. When the results are examined, the highest energy and exergy values are obtained with the IVL-Diesel + H2 operation, providing on average 11% and 8% higher exergy efficiency compared to IVL 4-Diesel and IVL 4.46-Diesel studies, respectively. Additionally, the exergy destruction in the IVL-Diesel + H2 study shows an average decrease of 16% and 12%, respectively, compared to the IVL 4-Diesel and IVL 4.46-Diesel studies. Additionally, significant reductions in emissions are achieved. In the IVL 4.9-EB20+H2 study, HC, CO, and CO2 emissions decrease by 28%, 40%, and 28%, respectively, compared to the IVL 4.0 study. When examining the GHG emission impact, it is analysed that operating a single-cylinder engine with EB20+H2 fuels under 4.9 mm IVL conditions emits, on average, 36% and 32% less GHG impact over a one-year period compared to IVL 4-Diesel and IVL 4.46-Diesel studies, respectively.

Hardware Addition Over Finite Fields Based On Booth–Karatsuba Algorithm

Abstract Two algorithms, both based around multiplication, one defined by Andrew Donald Booth in 1950 and the other defined by Anatoly Alexeevitch Karatsuba in 1960 can be applied to other types of operations. We know from recent results that to perform some algebraic transformations it is more efficient to calculate an inverse effect of a smaller magnitude together with an original action with a higher rank, than the initial operation, reaching the final element with less transitions. In this paper, we present an addition algorithm on $\mathbb {Z}/m\mathbb {Z}$ of big-integer numbers based on these concepts, using an alternative to traditional hardware implementation for binary addition based on FULL-ADDER cells, allowing the reduction of space complexity compared with other techniques, such as carry-lookahead, letting us calculate a modular addition in an optimal order complexity of $\mathcal {O}(n)$ without adding more complexity due to reduction operations.

Optimizing the grain boundary structure of sintered Nd-Dy-Fe-Co-B magnets by low-melting-point alloys grain boundary addition

To respond to the gradually increasing demand for thermal stability of sintered NdFeB magnets and grasp the evolution rules of their phase structure, research on sintered Nd-Dy-Fe-Co-B magnets was conducted. The magnets used in this study were prepared by the powder metallurgy method (Strip Casting + Hydrogen Decrepitation + Jet Milling). The room temperature magnetic properties of the magnet sample were Br = 11.45 kGs and Hcj = 22.42 kOe, with a low-temperature coefficient of Br (αBr(20 °C∼100 °C) = −0.059 %/°C) and a high Curie temperature (Tc = 460 °C). Based on the microstructure observation, there were planar anisotropic soft magnetic phase Nd2Co17 within grain boundaries and the "Cu-Co Opposite Distribution". Low-melting-point binary alloy Pr80Cu20 was introduced into the magnet by grain boundary addition to eliminate Nd2Co17 phases and improve the coercivity. After the grain boundary addition, the "Cu-Co Opposite Distribution" was used to eliminate the Nd2Co17 phase, the grain boundary structure was optimized, and the coercivity was increased by approximately 2.6 kOe, which was approximately 10 % of the total coercivity. Therefore, Cu-containing low-melting-point binary alloy grain boundary addition is an effective method for optimizing the grain boundary structure of Nd-Dy-Fe-Co-B magnets, thereby improving the high-temperature stability and coercivity.

REX-SC: Range-Extended Stochastic Computing Accumulation for Neural Network Acceleration

Deep learning has grown in capability and size in recent years, prompting research on alternative computing methods to cope with the increased compute cost. Stochastic computing (SC) promises higher compute efficiency with its compact compute units, but accuracy issues have prevented wide adoption, and accuracy-improving techniques have sacrificed runtime or training performance. In this work, we propose REX-SC -Range-Extended Stochastic Computing Accumulation to deal with the accuracy issues of stochastic computing. By modifying the functionality of OR-based SC accumulation, we increase SC computation accuracy without sacrificing the performance benefits. Our approach achieves a 2X reduction in stream length for the same accuracy compared to SC with OR-based accumulation and a up to 3.6X improvement in energy compared to SC with binary addition. With proper modeling, our approach improves training performance for SC-based neural networks and makes training SC models practical for large datasets like ImageNet.

The Effect of Tillage Systems, Type of Organic Fertilizer and the Level of Binary Addition of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Growth and Yield of Clover in Gypsum Soil

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for the agricultural season (2021-2022), and the experiment factors were three, namely: the first factor is tillage systems, as two systems of tillage were applied (no-tillage and Reduced tillage) and the second factor was the type of organic fertilizer and it included (Sheep waste and waste Mushroom), while the third factor was the level of binary addition of nitrogen and phosphorus, and it included three levels of fertilization (0%, 100%, and 125%), according to the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was carried out according to the split-split plot system with a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications. The treatments were distributed as follows: tillage systems (NT, RT) in the main plot, and the application of the type of organic fertilizer (O1, O2) In the sub plot, the levels of binary addition of nitrogen and phosphorus (M0, M1, M2) were placed in the sub-sub plots, and the results of the experiment showed that the system of Reduced tillage was significantly superior to the system of no-tillage in all the studied traits, and sheep waste was significantly superior to mushroom waste in All the characteristics of the study, as well as the level of binary addition M2 was significantly superior to the other levels in all the characteristics of the study. The results showed that the treatment (T1O1M2) was significantly superior in all traits of vegetative growth and yield traits of clover plant.

Multifunctional and tunable terahertz coding metasurfaces based on vanadium dioxide

Metasurfaces play a pivotal role in terahertz wave modulation and control. However, persistent challenges in metasurface development include non-reusability and the complexity of structural adjustments. In this paper, we present a solution: a multifunctional tunable coding metasurface combined with a phase change material (PCM) utilizing vanadium dioxide (VO2). Initially, we design 1-bit coding metasurfaces based on phase gradients, enabling dual-beam and four-beam reflection. Building on this, we develop 2-bit coding metasurfaces, enabling anomalous reflection of a single beam in four distinct directions. Subsequent implementation of binary addition further expands the azimuthal angle of the reflected wave to encompass eight directions. Notably, by modulating the conductivity of vanadium dioxide, the single-state coding metasurface transition from phase regulation to amplitude regulation. This transition leads to absorption resonance frequencies at 0.35 THz, 0.39 THz, 0.47 THz, and 0.66 THz, achieving absorption rates exceeding 90%. As a result, these multifunctional coding metasurfaces seamlessly integrate electromagnetic wave amplitude and phase control techniques. They boast a straightforward yet powerful structure, demonstrating exceptional reusability and adjustable configurability for the metasurfaces.

Recovery and Delay of Impurity-Induced Poisoning of Oxygen Exchange Kinetics in Mixed Conducting Oxides Via Controlled Surface Acidity

The oxygen exchange kinetics in mixed conducting oxide surfaces are critical to a variety of energy-related technologies, including solid oxide fuel/electrolyser cells (SOFCs/SOECs), permeation membranes, batteries, and sensors. Such devices, however, commonly suffer from performance degradation from impurity-poisoning during long-term operation, for example, chromia poisoning in SOFCs from metal interconnects or silica from furnace refractories. The acidity/basicity of binary additives has recently been found to be a sensitive descriptor for determining the oxygen exchange coefficient (kchem ) of mixed ionic/electronic conducting oxides (MIEC), systematically varing by over 6 orders of magnitude via controlled surface infiltration with binary oxides. These huge variations in kchem are attributed to changes in surface electron concentration induced by the additives.Inspired by these ideas, in this work we first demonstrate the ability to recover the oxygen exchange kinetics of MIEC oxides (e.g. Pr0.1Ce0.9O2-δ (PCO) and Sr(Ti,Fe)O3 (STF)) by counteracting acidic infiltrant’s impact on degradation, e.g. by chromia or silica, by compensating with a basic infiltrant like lithia or calcia. Further, we further demonstrate the ability to enhance impurity tolerance of MIEC oxides by pre-coating basic additives onto the electrodes. Such pre-treatments not only markedly improve the initial kchem of the pristine MIEC oxides, but markedly lower the rate of degradation induced by subsequent coatings with acidic poisons. Electrical conductivity relaxation measurements on porous MIEC specimens were used to examine the impact of infiltrants on kchem . In parallel, the area-specific resistance of screen-printed symmetric cells (cathode|electrolyte|cathode) were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Efficient and secure chaotic PRNG for color image encryption

Random number generation is considered a major problem for any digital color image cipher algorithm and secret communication protocol. Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are used in many security applications because they afford both features, the randomness efficiency and quality of the PRNG. The paper proposes a new PRNG depending on a combination of the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-2(256)) with the results of three chaotic maps: the 2D Henon map, the 2D Kaplan-Yorke map, and the 2D Tinkerbell map. In the proposed chaotic generator, 6 initial floating-point numbers with 10−16 precision are inputs to SHA-2(256) for generating the initial values of the three chaotic maps. Then the chaotic maps are iterated to produce a binary sequence that is processed to enhance the sequence complexity based on binary XOR addition operation and 2D shifting scrambling method. The random binary sequences produced by the proposed PRNG algorithm were tested using several number of analyses like the national statistical test suite, correlation analyses, key space analyses, Sum of absolute analyses (SAD), key sensitivity analyses, and histogram analyses. The results proved that scrambling binary sequences have passed successfully the NIST tests where the ratio η of p-value concerns individual sequences between [0.9805, 0.9994], the correlation between the produced sequences is very small where the distributions of Pearson's correlation coefficients belong to [-0.03, 0.03] and the distributions of Hamming distance coefficients belonging to [0.49, 0.52], all the results of the SAD between [0.33237, 0.33451] which are almost close ideal values, and the key space of proposed PRNG is very large which is 2319. The proposed PRNG was applied as a random key generation algorithm on a new color image cipher algorithm, with strong permutation and substitution methods to encrypt and decrypt each image color channel. The practicableness of the algorithm was tested by different statistical and security analyses.

Performing Arithmetic Operations with Locally Homogeneous Spiking Neural P Systems

The parallelism of rule execution in membrane computing provides support for improving computational efficiency. Membrane computing models have been applied in many fields. In arithmetic operations, designing basic arithmetic operation spiking neural P systems using fewer neurons and rule types has been an important field of membrane computing application research in recent years. We discuss the application of locally homogeneous spiking neural P systems in arithmetic operations. The purpose is to design a spiking neural P system with fewer neurons and rule types to perform arithmetic operations. We designed the addition and subtraction of a locally homogeneous spiking neural P system without weight and delay. They include two input neurons to achieve any two binary number subtraction, one input neuron to achieve any two binary number addition and subtraction, and one input neuron to achieve any n binary number addition and subtraction. This is an attempt to apply the locally homogeneous spiking neural P system in arithmetic operations. Compared with the current excellent spiking neural P system performing arithmetic operations, our designed locally homogeneous spiking neural P system is more concise. The system we designed reduces the number of neurons required for n number addition operations by k − 6 and reduces the number of rule types by 5k − 14.

Design of High-Speed Area-Efficient VLSI Architecture of 32-Bit Three-Operand Binary Adder

Abstract: Adders are one of the most widely used digital components in digital integrated circuit design. With the advances in technology, the design that offers either high speed, low power consumption, less area, or a combination of them is designed. There are various processes performed by the digital circuits among which arithmetic operations are prominent. Three-operand binary adder is the basic functional unit to perform the modular arithmetic in various cryptography and pseudorandom bit generator (PRBG) algorithms. Carry save adder (CS3A) is the widely used technique to perform the three-operand addition. However, the ripple carry stage in the CS3A leads to a high propagation delay. Moreover, a parallel prefix two-operand adder such as Han-Carlson (HCA) can also be used for three-operand addition, significantly reducing the critical path delay at the cost of additional hardware. Hence, a new high-speed and area-efficient adder architecture is designed using pre-compute bitwise addition followed by carry prefix computation logic to perform the three-operand binary addition that consumes substantially less area, low power, and drastically reduces the adder delay. To design a faster computing system with less hardware we require some other architecture. The proposed architecture will reduce the area as well as the delay by replacing the Han-Carlson adder with the Ladner fisher adder in a Highspeed area-efficient three-operand binary adder. The proposed architecture is synthesized with the zynq-7000 library. The proposed architecture reduces the LUT count and delay by 20 and 0.4 nanoseconds respectively. By using these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like the number of LUTs and delay. We compared the adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay value

The Order of Numbers and the Goldbach Conjecture

The Order of Numbers and the Goldbach Conjecture