Binary Addition Research Articles

The Influence of Cr-Additives on the Polarization Resistance of Praseodymium-Doped Ceria Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

While Cr poisoning of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at SOFC cathodes is widely agreed to involve deactivation of oxygen exchange sites, the degradation mechanism remains ambiguous. Here, we selected an alternative cathode material Pr0.1Ce0.9O2− free of Sr segregation, to systematically investigate the effect of Cr-induced degradation in ORR. We expand on our previous studies in which the acidity/basicity of binary additives was found to be a strong indicator of the rate of oxygen surface exchange, by electrochemically investigating the ORR activity of the PCO cathode by impedance spectroscopy. Serial infiltration with acidic Cr-based oxides was found to degrade ORR activity as reflected in a 20-fold increase in area specific resistance (ASR) without corresponding changes in activation energy, with the opposite trend obtained with Ca-based oxides. Detected changes in total capacitance, attributed to changes in surface capacitance, also suggest depressed/enhanced PCO surface redox behavior with Cr/Ca-based infiltrants. Taken together, these results point to a more universal source of ORR poisoning/activation, based on acidity/basicity, rather than physical blocking of active sites. With this improved understanding, one can expect progress to be made in the coming years in optimizing means for protecting catalytic surfaces from degradation and/or improving their performance.

Assessment of binary metallic-based nanoparticles addition effects on performance, emission, and vibration behaviors of a diesel engine

This paper reveals the results of metallic-based nanoparticle's effect on the performance, emission, and vibration of a diesel engine. Various metal-based nanoparticles such as Nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O), Silver nitrate (AgNO3), and Manganese (II) nitrate hydrate (Mn(NO3)2.xH2O) were chosen as fuel additives into diesel fuel and dosage with 25 and 50 ppm. In experimental tests, to identify the combined effect of silver nitrate on manganese and nickel, silver nitrate was chosen as a reference element in each mixture, thereby creating 4 different test samples. Engine tests were conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The results revealed that values of specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and oxides of nitrogen emissions with the increase in the dosage level of nanoparticles into diesel fuel were reduced considerably for all test fuels. Also, vibration and sound pressure level features of the diesel engine were reduced with the increasing dosage of nanoparticle additives.

Uncovering synergistic effect of chloride additives for efficient quasi-2D perovskite solar cells

• MACl and PbCl 2 binary additives form MAPbCl 3 intermediate phase. • Perovskite crystallization is retarded and volatilization of MACl is prevented. • Such a synergistic effect leads to high-quality Q-2D perovskite films. • Charge recombination is suppressed and charge extraction efficiency is enhanced. • The champion PCE of 18.67% is one of the highest PCE for Q-2D RP PSCs with n ≤ 4. Methylammonium chloride (MACl) and lead chloride (PbCl 2 ) are commonly used for improving perovskite film quality. However, the rapid release of volatile MACl would lead to low-quality perovskite films with pinholes and defects. Here, we report a strategy of employing MACl&PbCl 2 binary additives together to prepare high-quality quasi-two-dimensional (Q-2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite films. We found that MAPbCl 3 intermediate phase is formed via a reaction between MACl and PbCl 2 , which suppresses the fast volatilization of MACl, resulting in a compact and pinhole-free perovskite film with large grains. Moreover, the trap states are passivated via the incorporation of Cl – into the Q-2D perovskite crystals along with the addition of PbCl 2 , leading to a reduced charge recombination loss and an improved charge extraction. A remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.67% is achieved in such Q-2D RP PSCs, one of the highest PCE values among the low-dimensional RP PSCs with n ≤ 4. The environmental stability of the devices is also significantly enhanced. Our results provide an effective strategy by using chloride based additives for fabricating high-quality low-dimensional RP perovskite films for efficient solar cells.

Investigation of a ternary blend of diesel/ethanol/n-butanol with binary nano additives on combustion and emission: A modeling and optimization approach with artificial neural networks

The increase in global energy consumption and concerns about fossil fuels depletion are pushing the demand for renewable and clean energy sources. Alcohols are a promising candidate for internal combustion engines as alternative fuels. This study aims to reveal the effect of a ternary blend, which is denominated D80E10nB10, consisting of diesel (80%), ethanol (10%), and n-butanol (10%) on combustion and emission characteristics. The addition of both metal oxide (TiO2) and nonmetallic nanoparticle (MWCNT) was also investigated with the above-mentioned ternary blend fuels, which are denominated “m-”. The compression ignition engine was run under dual fuel mode with feeding H2 in the range of 5 and 15 g/h, which were labeled D80E10nB10H5 and 15. The results revealed that the maximum pressure increased by 3.63 and 3.94% by adding 5 and 15 g/h H2 respectively into ternary blend fuel under the full load. The highest BTE was obtained from modified diesel fuel which was 23.24% higher than diesel. Furthermore, 60 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were built to optimize test conditions. The optimal conditions for ternary blend fuel were found to be 4 g/h H2 feeding rate while 5.5 g/h H2 addition with modified ternary blend fuel would be the optimal.

Constructing depth-optimum circuits for adders and And-Or paths

We examine the fundamental problem of constructing depth-optimum circuits for binary addition. More precisely, as in literature, we consider the following problem: Given auxiliary inputs t0,…,tm−1, the so-called generate and propagate signals, construct a depth-optimum circuit over the basis {And2,Or2} computing all n carry bits of an n-bit adder, where m=2n−1. In fact, carry bits are And-Or paths, i.e., Boolean functions of the form t0∨(t1∧(t2∨(…tm−1)…)). Classical approaches construct so-called prefix circuits which do not achieve a competitive depth. For instance, the popular construction by Kogge and Stone (1973) is only a 2-approximation. A lower bound on the depth of any prefix circuit is 1.44log2m+const, while recent non-prefix circuits have a depth of log2m+log2log2m+const. However, it is unknown whether any of these polynomial-time approaches achieves the optimum depth for all m∈N.We present a new exponential-time algorithm solving the problem optimally. The previously best exact algorithm by Hegerfeld (2018) with a running time of O(2.45m) is viable only for m≤29. Our algorithm is significantly faster: We achieve a theoretical running time of O(2.02m) and apply sophisticated pruning strategies to improve practical running times dramatically. This allows us to compute optimum circuits for all m≤64. Combining these computational results with new theoretical insights, we derive the optimum depths for the computation of all carry bits of 2k-bit adder circuits for all k≤13, previously known only for k≤4.In fact, we solve a more general problem, namely delay optimization of generalized And-Or paths, which originates from late-stage logic optimization in VLSI design. Delay is a natural extension of circuit depth to prescribed input arrival times; and generalized And-Or paths are a generalization of And-Or paths where And and Or do not necessarily alternate. Our algorithm arises from our new structure theorem which characterizes delay-optimum generalized And-Or path circuits.

Effect of Anionic, Cationic and Non-Ionic Surfactants with Naf as Binary Additives on the Performance of Soluble Lead Redox Flow Battery

Effect of Anionic, Cationic and Non-Ionic Surfactants with Naf as Binary Additives on the Performance of Soluble Lead Redox Flow Battery

Roles of Binary Bi2o3-2cuo Additives in Regulating the Thermoelectric Properties of (Ca0.87ag0.1dy0.03)3co4o9 Composites Ceramics

Roles of Binary Bi2o3-2cuo Additives in Regulating the Thermoelectric Properties of (Ca0.87ag0.1dy0.03)3co4o9 Composites Ceramics

Mineralogy at early age of alkali activated mortar based on binary additions of limestone quarry dust and electric arc furnace slag

Aggregates, produced by quarrying, are used in the construction industry and are considered vital for the development of the construction sector. In limestone quarries, considerable amounts of limestone quarry dust (LQD) are produced as a by-product of stone crushers. These quantities of powders are intended for use as an addition to building materials. Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) consist of metal oxides trapped in fluxes such as lime and dolomite, this industrial by-product comes from the Moroccan steelworks SONASID-Jorf, and is used in this study. The main concern is to find a cement/sand substitute by replacing normal cement/sand by LQD/ESAFS that will reduce the amounts of cement/sand used in mortars and concretes and at the same time reduce the produced amounts of these industrial solid wastes. This article reports a preliminary study of the early age mineralogy of a mortar based on the partial replacement of cement/sand by LQD/ESAFS and co-grinding mixtures, the proportions used in the mortar mixtures are 20%, 25%, 30% LQD and 15% EAFS.

Моделирование характеристик низковольтных вентилей на совмещённых цилиндрических полевых нанотранзисторах с полностью охватывающим затвором

The applicability of the architecture of a nanoscale surrounding gate field-effect transistor with a combined cylindrical working area for low-voltage applications is discussed. At the same time, the licensed TCAD Sentaurus instrument and technological modeling system is used as a tool. The transistor architecture under consideration involves combining the working zones of n-channel and p-channel transistors with one common gate. At the same time, the efficiency of suppressing short-channel effects is maintained and a high level of transistor current is provided in the strong inversion mode. Based on this architecture, a TCAD model of the NAND gate has been developed, the design of which contains two independent surrounding gates one combined working area. The use of the proposed gate architecture makes it possible to reduce the number of required transistor structures per gate by three times. This leads to a decrease in the switched capacity and power dissipation. From the simulation results, the gate geometric parameters with a working area length of 25 nm and a diameter of 8.5 nm, which can function at control voltages of 0.5 V in the frequency range up to 20 GHz with high gain, are determined. The switching time delay is 0.81 ps. The TCAD model of a half-adder is developed in the basis 2NAND. According to the simulation results, the efficiency of the prototype, which performs binary code addition operations with a delay of 4.2 ps at a supply voltage of 0.5 V and a frequency of 20 GHz, is shown. The obtained results create a theoretical basis for the synthesis of low-voltage complex functional blocks with high performance and minimal occupied area, which meets modern requirements for digital applications.

Understanding the impacts of binary additives on the mechanical and morphological response of ameliorated soil for road infrastructures

In an attempt to promote a cleaner environment, the deployment of waste materials in soil amendment protocols has been a major concern for civil engineers. Recent discoveries in the study of soil mechanics have revealed the pozzolanic tendencies demonstrated by these waste materials, which are beneficial in the development of road infrastructure. This has necessitated the need for this research to document the impacts of exploring the usage of combined solid waste derivatives in ameliorating the geotechnical parameters of deficient soil. The current stabilization exercise was geared towards the improvement of the mechanical properties of soil and surpassing the detrimental tendencies especially caused by seasonal variations. Moving forward, the microstructural response of the unaltered and additive ameliorated soil was investigated via qualitative means such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The additives including cement kiln dust (CKD) and rice husk ash (RHA), were added by air-dried weight of the soil and compacted based on the standards of British Standard Light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard Heavy (BSH). With regard to the compaction exercise, the incorporation of these additive materials into the soil facilitated a gradual increase in the maximum dry density (MDDs) followed by a decrease in the optimum moisture contents (OMCs). In view of these research findings, soil treatment studies facilitated a substantial upsurge in the strength (California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS)) values of the ameliorated soil, in agreement with the requirements of Nigeria's general specification for all compactive efforts. Finally, the usefulness and efficacy of combining these wastes in deficient soil treatment were validated qualitatively via the SEM and FTIR strategies. The results of the SEM analysis revealed some disparities between the unaltered and altered soil specimens, providing insights into the direction of calcite formation in the additive-treated soil.

Polynomial and Pseudopolynomial Procedures for Solving Interval Two-Sided (Max, Plus)-Linear Systems

Max-plus algebra is the similarity of the classical linear algebra with two binary operations, maximum and addition. The notation Ax = Bx, where A, B are given (interval) matrices, represents (interval) two-sided (max, plus)-linear system. For the solvability of Ax = Bx, there are some pseudopolynomial algorithms, but a polynomial algorithm is still waiting for an appearance. The paper deals with the analysis of solvability of two-sided (max, plus)-linear equations with inexact (interval) data. The purpose of the paper is to get efficient necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability of the interval systems using the property of the solution set of the non-interval system Ax = Bx. The main contribution of the paper is a transformation of weak versions of solvability to either subeigenvector problems or to non-interval two-sided (max, plus)-linear systems and obtaining the equivalent polynomially checked conditions for the strong versions of solvability.

Microstructure and shrinkage behavior of high-performance concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials

This paper investigated the influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM, including fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK)) on the microstructure and shrinkage behavior of high-performance concrete (HPC). The prediction accuracy of some typical shrinkage models and the correction factor kSCM were evaluated with statistical parameters RE and R2new. After analysis of shrinkage models, the kSCM*B4 model and kSCM*CEB were more suitable for the drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of HPC, respectively. Although the activities of FA, GGBS, and MK were different, SCM were helpful to form a dense interfacial transition zone (ITZ) microstructure. To analyze comprehensively the effect of single or binary addition of SCM on its shrinkage properties, XRD, SEM, slump and compressive strength experiments of HPC were carried out. The diffraction peaks of Ca(OH)2 decreased with the content of FA and GGBS. The setting time of HPC was prolonged with the content of SCM. Both the decrease of FA and the increase of GGBS and MK could enhance the compressive strength of HPC. Drying shrinkage decreased with the content of FA, GGBS, and MK thanks to the refined microstructure with SCM. Autogenous shrinkage decreased remarkably with the content of FA and GGBS, however, that of MK was opposite. For the same total content of SCM, effects of binary addition of FA and MK, FA, and GGBS on the shrinkage behavior of HPC were more markedly than that of single FA. The drying shrinkage of HPC with single MK was slightly less than that with single GGBS, however, the autogenous shrinkage of HPC with single MK was significantly more than that with single GGBS.

Reversible Gate Logic Adder with Parity Preserving Design

Reversible logic circuits have drawn attention from a variety of fields, including nanotechnology, optical computing, quantum computing, and low-power CMOS design. Low-power and high-speed adder cells (like the BCD adder) are used in binary operation-based electronics. The most fundamental digital circuit activity is binary addition. It serves as a foundation for all subsequent mathematical operations. The main challenge today is to reduce the power consumption of adder circuits while maintaining excellent performance over a wide range of circuit layouts. Error detection in digital systems is aided by parity preservation. This article proposes a concept for a fault-tolerant parity- preserving BCD adder. To reduce power consumption and circuit quantum cost, the proposed method makes use of reversible logic gates like IG, FRG, and F2G. Comparing the proposed circuit to the current counterpart, it has fewer constant inputs and garbage outputting devices and is faster.

Constructing an efficient conductive network with carbon-based additives in metal hydroxide electrode for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor

Progress toward the development of advanced supercapacitor technologies is closely associated with high-performance electrode materials. Carbon-based conductive additives modifying electrode material effectively improves the electronic conductivity and promotes the redox reaction. In this paper, we developed a highly effective binary conductive additive to modify cobalt aluminum layered double hydroxide (CoAl LDH) electrode with superior electrochemical performance, where the binary carbon species included carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanohorns (CNHs). The as-constructed binary conductive additives CNTs/CNHs present a highly efficient electronic transmission network via a “line to the surface to point” mode. The as-prepared CoAl LDH@CNTs/CNHs electrode exhibits a significantly enhanced specific capacitance, superior rate capability, and stable cycle life. Based on analyzing and studying the characterizations and simulation, we reveal the electron transport mechanism and synergistic effects between CNTs/CNHs and CoAl LDH in a new perspective. The assembled hybrid supercapacitor device exhibits a high energy density (62.2 Wh/kg) and good cycling ability (79% retention after 5500 cycles). We believe that the binary conductive additives design strategy presented here is expected to apply to other energy storage such as batteries and pseudocapacitors.

A Comprehensive Experimental and Kinetic Study of Laminar Flame Characteristics of H2 and CO Addition to Oxygenated Gasoline

Following stringent regulations enforced by environmental regulatory authorities, various steps have been recently implemented to ensure the clean combustion of gasoline with minimum emissions by including additives to gasoline. This kinetic and experimental study has been conducted to explore the effect of H2 and CO addition to Halterman gasoline at stoichiometric conditions of 358 K and 1 bar. Two different mechanisms, a gasoline surrogate (iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene, and ethanol), LLNL, and a KAUST TPRFE (primary reference fuel, toluene, and ethanol), were used to provide a detailed comparative kinetic understanding of gasoline. Via a spherical flame propagating in a constant-volume combustion chamber, the unstretched, adiabatic laminar burning velocity, SLo, was measured. H2 and CO were added (as unitary and binary additives) to the Haltermann gasoline, in proportions of 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% by mass. Adding hydrogen enhanced the SLo significantly, while CO addition had only a slight effect on SLo. The maximal mole fractions of OH and H were increased with the H2 addition, while adding CO raised the O radical peak mole fraction. A strong correlation between SLo and the sum of the O, H, and OH peak mole fractions was evident. The OH radical was identified to be a kinetics indicator for SLo of gasoline/air mixtures at these conditions; a higher fraction of ethanol in Haltermann gasoline was the precursor for high OH concentration. The addition of a binary additive (10% H2–10% CO) significantly enhanced the consumption of iso-octane compared to other fuel species, strengthening the H-abstraction of iso-octane, 99% compared to 71% with neat Haltermann gasoline. The simulated flame speed showed that the primary chain branching reaction (H + O2 = O + OH) rate was much higher for the LLNL mechanism than for the KAUST-TPRFE mechanism, and thus, the LLNL overpredicted SLo for the Haltermann gasoline surrogate.

Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics with binary fluoride sintering additives

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics were fabricated by gas pressure sintering (GPS) using four sintering additives: Y2O3–MgO, Y2O3–MgF2, YF3–MgO, and YF3–MgF2. The phase composition, grain growth kinetics, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivities of the Si3N4 ceramics were compared. The results indicated that the reduction of YF3 on SiO2, induced a high Y2O3/SiO2 secondary phase ratio, which improved the thermal conductivity of the Si3N4 ceramics. The depolymerization of F atom reduces the diffusion energy barrier of solute atom and weakens the viscous resistance of anion group, which was beneficial to grain boundary migration. Besides exhibiting a lower grain growth exponent(n = 2.5)and growth activation energy (Q = 587.94 ± 15.35 kJ/mol), samples doped with binary fluorides showed excellent properties, including appreciable thermal conductivity (69 W m−1 K−1), hardness (14.63 ± 0.12 GPa), and fracture toughness (8.75 ± 0.18 MPa m1/2), as well as desirable bending strength (751 ± 14 MPa).

Existence of inner addition and inner multiplication on Set of Triangular numbers and some inherent properties of Triangular numbers

The set Ptof real parameters for a fuzzy number belonging to a general family of all important parameters are calculated such that a triangular fuzzy number with the same value of the parameter exists for every specified flozzy number. We suggest a method for computing a triangular fuzzy number closest to p/Pt, and review the identity features, scale and translation invariance, additivity and consistency of the approximation operator obtained. Examples of recent findings in this topic and implementation of a flush-number retaining the value for the near triangular approximation. In this paper, we are revisits the topic of TRIANGULAR NUMBERS with new perspective direction to generate them to all integers and proved some of their inherent properties. Also we are defined two types of binary operations inner addition and inner multiplication are satisfied by triangular numbers, which are represented in below.According these binary operations, we are proven is almost Semi Ring under inner addition and inner multiplication. Also we are finding the relation between Triangular numbers with Pascal triangles. And we are proven some of their Inherent Properties.

FPGA Implementation of High Speed and Area Efficient Three Operand Binary Adder

Three operand binary adder is the basic functional unit to perform the pseudorandom bit generator algorithms and in various cryptography. The basic method used to perform the three-operand binary addition is carry save adder, which leads to high delay. For this a parallel prefix two operand adder such as Han-Carlson adder is used to reduce the delay but increases the hardware architecture i.e., area increases. To overcome this disadvantage, we need a new area efficient and high-speed adder architecture to be proposed using pre compute bitwise addition followed by carry prefix computation logic to perform three operand binary adder which reduces delay and area efficiently. This method is the proposed method and implemented on the FPGA device. A newly designed three operand binary adder is shown and is implemented in MDCLCG. The results of 16 bit and 32-bit three operand adder will be shown and this proposed method is applied on Modified Dual CLCG. The Carry-Save-Adder architecture used in 32-bit MDCLCG is replaced by the proposed architecture. The design is prototyped on a commercially available FPGA platform to validate the design on silicon chip.

FPGA Implementation of High Speed and Area Efficient Three Operand Binary Adder

Three operand binary adder is the basic functional unit to perform the pseudorandom bit generator algorithms and in various cryptography. The basic method used to perform the three-operand binary addition is carry save adder, which leads to high delay. For this a parallel prefix two operand adder such as Han-Carlson adder is used to reduce the delay but increases the hardware architecture i.e., area increases. To overcome this disadvantage, we need a new area efficient and high-speed adder architecture to be proposed using pre compute bitwise addition followed by carry prefix computation logic to perform three operand binary adder which reduces delay and area efficiently. This method is the proposed method and implemented on the FPGA device. A newly designed three operand binary adder is shown and is implemented in MDCLCG. The results of 16 bit and 32-bit three operand adder will be shown and this proposed method is applied on Modified Dual CLCG. The Carry-Save-Adder architecture used in 32-bit MDCLCG is replaced by the proposed architecture. The design is prototyped on a commercially available FPGA platform to validate the design on silicon chip.

One-batch preempt deterioration-effect multi-state multi-rework network reliability problem and algorithms

– A rework network is a distinct multi-state network that exists in many real-life industrial manufacturing systems for fixing defective products using rework processes to improve the utility and productivity of the systems. To provide a more general model of rework networks, a novel one-batch preempt multi-state multi-rework network is proposed to achieve real-life applications without numerous impractical and unreasonable limitations. Accordingly, a new algorithm based on two different multi-state types of binary addition tree algorithms (BATs) is proposed to calculate the reliability of the proposed rework. Furthermore, the proposed BAT-based algorithm is applied to four rework problems to validate its effectiveness and performance for the rework reliability problem.•An novel one-batch preempt multi-state multi-rework network model•Based on the novel binary addition tree algorithms (BATs)•the novel top-down deterioration-effect multi-state BAT•the novel nested multi-state BAT s•Helps decision makers make better decisions regarding the rework process