Billion In GDP Research Articles

Unravelling the Economic Impacts

This study aimed to reveal the macroeconomic effects of the earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye in February 2023 on the country as a whole, the affected region (covering 11 provinces), and other provinces. Using secondary data obtained from data sets of various institutions, this research firstly attempted to estimate the negative effects of the February Earthquakes on the country’s GDP. The study presents a base scenario using the economic growth forecasts of international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank for 2023 and 2024 as well as three possible loss scenarios for Türkiye, taking into account the effects of earthquakes of similar magnitude on the GDP in Türkiye and other countries. Furthermore, this study tried to estimate the losses caused by earthquakes in terms of employment, GDP, agriculture, industry, services, and foreign trade at the regional and provincial levels. To do this, we created the Base Scenario, which assumes no earthquake, and Scenario 1, which shows the impact of the earthquake. The findings indicate that, in the worst-case scenario, the country will contract by approximately 2.75%, which means a loss of $8.8 billion. Moreover, the study results point out an average monthly loss of 242 thousand jobs, a loss of $5 billion in GDP, an export loss of $3.5 billion, and an import loss of $4.7 billion in the 11 earthquake-affected provinces. The research underlines the need for comprehensive measures to mitigate the economic consequences caused by earthquakes. This includes disaster prevention plans, effective management strategies and initiatives aimed at strengthening regional economic resilience. Ultimately, the article provides valuable information for policymakers to facilitate informed decisions and the implementation of measures to increase preparedness, risk mitigation, and sustainable recovery in earthquake-prone areas.

The Impact of the Fight Against Corruption on Nigeria's Economy: A Case Study of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission

Corruption in Nigeria has long hindered economic development and raised concerns about resource misallocation, reduced foreign direct investment, and eroded public confidence in institutions. Established in 2003, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) was tasked with combating economic and financial offenses, including corruption. This study aimed to assess the impact of anti-corruption efforts, particularly the role of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), on Nigeria's economy. A survey research design was employed, with data collected through 109 structured questionnaires administered to personnel from various units of the EFCC at the Enugu state branch. Out of the questionnaires distributed, 100 were properly filled out and returned for analysis. Respondents were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The collected data were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0. Descriptive statistical tools, such as simple percentages presented in tables and charts, were used to analyze and interpret the questionnaire data. The study revealed several key findings. Firstly, it emphasized the importance of the fight against corruption in Nigeria. Secondly, it highlighted the positive impact of anti-corruption efforts on the country's economy. Thirdly, it found that the EFCC has been making progress in combating corruption. Lastly, it confirmed that corruption hinders Nigeria's economic development. In conclusion, this study casts a glaring spotlight on the corrosive impact of corruption on Nigeria's economy, translating to staggering losses exceeding $100 billion in GDP. Consequently, the research emphasized the necessity of intensifying anti-corruption efforts. It proposed recommendations to address this issue, including the strengthening of anti-corruption agencies, the improvement of legal frameworks, and the promotion of economic growth as crucial steps towards achieving sustainable

Publishing in the UK

The UK publishing industry is one of the most powerful in the world. Our intelligence has shown that the global status of the industry is determined by the leadership of the English language in the world stage, heritage, historical ties and the force of copyright law.
 The article proves that the United Kingdom is a leader in many areas of publishing, such as the publication in English of works from other cultures: African, Caribbean and Indian literature. British publishers are also competitive in areas such as textbooks, various reference books, English Language Guides (ELTs) and textbooks for international schools.
 An analysis of the Global Publishers' Rating in 2017 showed how British publishing companies are constantly succeeding on the world stage. For example, according to the Global Publishers' Rating in 2017, five British companies earned a quarter of the combined revenue of the world's 50 most powerful firms. (For comparison: eight US publishers together earned 27% and together — more than half.) The printing industry in the UK is large, developed and thriving. The United Kingdom is the fifth largest producer of printed matter in the world, employing around 116 000 people and accounting for £ 5,8 billion in GDP.
 The performance of the UK book publishing industry is the printing of new titles and new publications. According to this indicator of publishing productivity, the British book industry is a world leader. In 2014, the American book publishing industry estimated that 335 000 new titles and publications were published, followed by China with 448 000, the United Kingdom with 220 000, well ahead of Japan, Germany, and Russia, as well as France, Italy, and Spain. If we use a different method of counting and find out the number of new names printed per million population, it turns out that the UK produces the most new names in the world — more than 2900 per million population against 1000 to 1500 for other large developed markets.
 An analysis of the book industry in the United Kingdom shows that it is constantly evolving. Modern digital technologies allow publishing companies to reorganize and improve technological processes. New features include: integration with supply chain partners, online distribution, dynamic pricing, on-demand printing, e-book publishing.

ПРИНЦИПИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ І РЕЗУЛЬТАТІВ РОЗВИТКУ ТОРГОВОГО ФЛОТУ

The importance of the maritime transport industry for the national economy is evidenced by the main indicators of the traditional marine powers – the UK. Shipping introduces more than $ 14 billion in GDP with around 240 thousand people being employed in the Motherhod's Complex of the country. At the same time, the ship-owners of the United Kingdom only own 3 percent of the World Trade Fleet.Even when having complicated economic conditions, the individual countries based on the prioritized importance of maritime transport choose and implement active state of maritime policies on the criteria of freight independence and positive impact on the balance of payments. Among the conditions for the sustainable positioning and development of industrial potential, the subsystems of the maritime transport industry should be allocated not only by the nature of competition in the international division of labor, but the strengthening of the principles of international regulation of trade shipping on system safety and environmental activity criteria.Strengthening the role of maritime transport in providing sustainable economic relations in the international trade system determines the requirements for the management of the normalized state of the production potential of the fleet and the port system relative to the dynamism of freight traffic. In this regard, attention should be paid to the management of investment activities on the adequacy criteria by expected innovative changes in the maritime transport system, taking into account a number of contradictory external influences. The most important characteristic of the global maritime market should consider the nature of the compliance of the agility of the fleet parameters of cargo flows. However, due to the multidimensity of the formation of freight traffic, the management of the adequate state of the merchant fleet is complicated. At the same time, innovative technologies in retail ports are being implemented in real maritime states. Therefore, it is important to optimize the process of normalizing the state of the shipping market. But the main thing should be considered to achieve the adequacy of the state of national transport enterprises on the criteria of the balance. However, the problem remains a balance of the formation of the agricultural ability of the fleet according to the structural components of the maritime market.

ORGANIZATIONAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE USE OF LAND BY ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The aim of the article is the in-depth study of organizational, economic and legal principles of effective land use by Ukrainian enterprises. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge. In the course of the research general scientific and special methods were used, in particular analysis and synthesis (for the analysis of the dynamics of fertilizer application and the level of crop yield); grouping of enterprises by area of agricultural land (for the analysis of economic efficiency of production); economic and statistical (to assess the lease and sale of land); abstract and logical (to outline the main directions of organizational, economic and legal principles of effective use of agricultural land in Ukraine, the formation of conclusions and proposals to improve state monitoring, regulation and support of enterprises). Findings. It is investigated that the yield and efficiency of crop production largely depend on the level of technical and technological innovation and resource-saving tools, which helps to perform work on time and reduce losses. There is a direct relationship between the level of yield and efficiency of production of all crops and the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Unfortunately, the share of fertilized sown areas on average in 2016-2019 in Ukraine was: mineral fertilizers – 89.5%, and organic - only 3.5%. There is a tendency to increase the number of enterprises in the area of land, which indicates a positive direction of concentration and efficiency of production. It was found that the efficiency of crop and livestock production by Ukrainian enterprises has been quite unstable in recent years and is declining due to a significant increase in energy prices and rising production costs. It is established that an important area of increasing the area of land and improving their use is the lease and sale of agricultural land. At the same time, the Ukrainian land market has been operating under a moratorium for the last 15-18 years, creating a wide field of action for corruption and leading to a loss of UAH 56 billion in GDP. It is investigated that an important direction of improving the efficiency of land use and increasing jobs in the country is to restore the work of domestic plants for the production of resource-saving technical and technological means (tractors, seeders, combines, etc.). It was found that a powerful way to increase land use is to strengthen state monitoring and control over the development of agro-industrial production in order to anticipate possible price disparities in some foods and their regulation. Originality. The substantiation of the influence of organizational-economic and legal bases on the economic efficiency of agricultural lands use by Ukrainian enterprises was further developed. Practical value. Substantiated research results can be used by agricultural enterprises, factories for the production of agricultural machinery (combines, machines, tractors, etc.) and the Ukrainian authorities to improve the economic efficiency of agricultural land use. Key words: land; resource-saving equipment; mineral and organic fertilizers; crop yields; rent and sale of land plots; land use efficiency.

Characterization of Antibiotic Compounds By Electrochemistry

The rise of antibiotic resistance has become a severe problem around the world. According to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths are caused by antibiotic resistance each year in the United States alone and 10 million deaths worldwide each year. The Public Health Agency of Canada reported antimicrobial resistant is expected to kill nearly 400,000 Canadians and cost $400 billion in GDP by 2050. Electrochemistry with its high sensitivity has caught significant attention in the fields of biosensing and medical diagnostics over the last decade. This presentation describes our efforts to detect and quantify drug efflux from living bacteria. To this end, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were employed to characterize common antibiotics as well as newly investigational compounds, such as the antibiotic hybrid ciprofloxacin-tobramycin. Understanding the diffusional processes and electrochemical behavior of these drugs, first steps have been taken towards their quantitative detection in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Pseudomonas bacteria.

Economic Impacts of Mobile Broadband Innovation: Evidence from the Transition to 4G

This study reports estimates from a model of the economic effects of 4G mobile wireless technology adoption in the United States on employment and economic growth and, based on those results, projects the economic benefits of 5G adoption under different counterfactual scenarios. Using panel vector autoregression techniques and state-level data on 4G adoption from Q3 2010 to Q4 2014, we find strong evidence of a direct relationship between the pace of 4G adoption and growth in employment and output. We project that if 5G adoption follows the path of 4G adoption in the United States, then, at its peak, 5G will contribute approximately 3 million jobs and $635 billion in GDP to the U.S. economy in the fifth year following its introduction. However, if 5G follows the slower, shallower path at which 3G technology was adopted, then it will contribute approximately 1.2 million jobs and $264 billion to the U.S. economy at its peak in the sixth year following its introduction.

Climate change and agriculture in the Sudan: Impact pathways beyond changes in mean rainfall and temperature

Sudan is a country with a predominantly rainfed agriculture which is a major contributor to GDP, foreign exchange earnings, and livelihoods. However, with current and projected environmental changes on the horizon there is an urgent need to measure and analyze the impact of these changes. This study analyzes the economy-wide impacts of climate change and consults national policy plans, strategies, and environmental assessments to identify interventions for mitigating the effects. We feed climate forcing data, projected water demand, and macro-socioeconomic trends into a modeling suite, which includes models for global hydrology, river basin management, water stress, and crop growth. This modeling suite provides us with annual crop yields and global food prices under various climate change scenarios until 2050. The effects from climate change are assessed by using a single country dynamic CGE model for the Sudan. Additionally, we introduce yield variability into the CGE model based on stochastic shocks of crop yields until 2050. The results reveal that extreme negative variability could cost the Sudan cumulatively US$ 105.5 billion in GDP between 2018 and 2050 compared to a baseline scenario without climate change.

Steel in a circular economy: Global implications of a green shift in China

Abstract China is increasingly known for its ambitions towards an ‘ecological civilisation’ and a circular economy. Our article assesses the implications of an accelerated shift towards steel recycling in China. Given the relevance of steel for development worldwide as well as its environmental intensity, any such shift is likely to have implications for competitiveness in China and beyond. Recent findings suggest that China could take advantage of an increasing availability of obsolete steel scrap in the coming decades, moving towards more circular, and potentially greener, steel production. We assess such industrial restructuring from an economic perspective and address the competitiveness of China relative to other developing and industrialised regions. The analysis uses a novel global economy-wide modelling framework (ENGAGE-materials) to assess the aggregate and sector-level impacts of different scrap use options in China in the 2019–2030 time frame. The results show moderate GDP gains for China of cumulated USD 589 billion in GDP gains by 2030 despite a replacement of primary steel capacity. A more comprehensive industrial policy mix aimed at improved recycling practices and more adaptive downstream sectors could increase gains to USD 819 billion. The international implications are mixed, with losses for iron ore producers (Australia, Brazil and India) and gains for most developing countries benefiting from lower steel prices. Another result is an increasing demand for coal in electricity production if such a shift wouldn’t be aligned with an accelerated energy transition towards low carbon pathways. We discuss policy implications of such alignment, potential co-benefits, and a need for green international partnerships.

The economic impacts of high wind penetration scenarios in the United States

The U.S. electric sector is experiencing rapid increases in renewable generation with an expectation of continued growth. We examine the impacts of increased wind electricity on the U.S. economy using a hybrid model that links a detailed electric sector model (the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Regional Energy Deployment System [ReEDS]) with a computable general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's U.S. Regional Energy Policy [USREP] model). Increasing wind capacity displaces fossil fuels for electricity generation, which depresses fossil fuel prices and reduces economy-wide CO2 emissions. Competitive wind deployment in the reference scenario achieves these outcomes with lower electricity prices than a scenario with wind capacity fixed at 2016 levels. Lower fossil fuel and electricity prices benefit low-income households, but the dominant economic impacts are driven by increased electric sector investment and capital returns, which primarily benefit those with higher incomes. Overall, cost-competitive wind provides benefits to the U.S. economy that are initially low but rise beyond 2030 to achieve cumulative welfare and GDP improvements of $110 and $111 billion through 2050.Prescribing additional wind deployment (meeting 35% of demand by 2050) increases post-2030 electricity prices but not more so than keeping wind capacity fixed at 2016 levels. The negative effect of higher prices on welfare, however, is outweighed by higher returns from the additional wind investment. While these changes favor higher income classes, we find economy-wide benefits through 2040. These benefits diminish by 2050, but the cumulative additional gains through 2050, beyond the reference case, are $192 billion in welfare and $150 billion in GDP.

Mobile Data Roaming and Incentives for Investment in Rural Broadband Infrastructure

Mobile broadband Internet access is highly important to the American economy. The benefits of mobile broadband depend on investment in deploying and upgrading network infrastructure by broadband providers. Thus investment in mobile wireless infrastructure plays a vitally important role in sustaining the growth of the industry and the economy. There is a high opportunity cost from the forgone benefits when investment is discouraged. Each dollar not spent on investment destroys more than a dollar’s worth of economic output and GDP, as well as lowering earnings and employment, due to the interconnected nature of the economy. Preserving incentives and lowering barriers to invest thus are paramount. Roaming arrangements among service providers allow a provider to offer service to its customers when they travel to areas where the provider holds no spectrum licenses. Current federal policy toward mobile data roaming, however, has the potential to discourage investment in infrastructure, and indeed appears to have done so. Today’s rules grant ever more bargaining power and lower rates to the party requesting roaming from the carrier that actually deployed the infrastructure, constituting a form of access regulation that deters investment by allowing free-riding on others' networks. The analysis performed here indicates that the poor incentives created by liberal data roaming policy may have cost the economy an estimated $20 billion in output, $11 billion in GDP, $6 billion in earnings for workers, and 134,000 jobs. Under some alternative assumptions, these opportunity costs are even larger.

Lone workers attitudes towards their health: views of Ontario truck drivers and their managers.

BackgroundTruck driving is the second most common occupation among Canadian men. Transportation of goods via roads is of crucial importance for the Canadian economy. The industry is responsible annually for $17 billion in GDP and is projected to increase by 28% over the next 10 years. Recruitment is an issue with 20% of drivers projected to retire or leave the profession in the next 10 years. Despite the reliance on transport truck drivers for the delivery of goods which affects Canada’s economy and daily living of residents, little is known about the health care needs of this large cohort of primarily male lone workers from a drivers’ perspective. Transport truck drivers are independent workers whose non traditional workplace is their tractor, the truck stops and the journey on the road.The objective of this study was to obtain a contextually informed description of lifestyle issues, health and disease risk factors experienced by drivers and perceived by their managers in the truck driving occupation.MethodsUsing a grounded theory approach, 4 focus groups were conducted with drivers (n = 16) and managers (n = 10) from two trucking companies in Southwestern Ontario to identify the lived experience of the drivers as it relates to preventable risks to health and wellness. A semi structured guided interview was used to explore the lifestyle context of transport truck driving and organizational aspects of the occupation (workplace culture, working conditions and health and wellness promotion).ResultsThe predominant themes described stress, workplace, communication, lifestyle, driving culture, family, and fatigue concerns. In terms of the transportation work environment, drivers and managers were aware of the profession’s potential to foster lifestyle related chronic diseases but described challenges in making the profession more amenable to a healthy lifestyle.ConclusionsWorkplace environmental determinants are significant in shaping health behaviours. Chronic disease health risks were the main health concerns identified. Health risks were exacerbated by working conditions (job demands, work hours, financial pressure and the sedentary nature of the job). Workplace health strategies will need to take into account the unique challenges of the occupation.

Economic Impact of the Expansion of Federal Universities in Brazil

There has been a strong expansion of the federal universities’ system in Brazil in this century, consisted of increased public spending. This study aims to estimate the regional economic impact of this expansion, using an Interregional Input-Output model estimated for the 558 micro-regions of the Brazilian economy, at the level of 55 sectors, for the year of 2004. Treating the expansion of public spending in federal universities as a shock on the sector of Public Education, for the period 2004 to 2010, it is noticed that the federal universities’ budget increased from US$ 5.6 billion at the beginning of the century to US$ 7.9 billion in 2010. The global results show a total effect of US$ 6 billion in GDP (0.36% of 2004 GDP), US$ 10.5 billion in gross value of production, and an increase of 430,400 employed people. It appears that the smaller micro-regional economies present the highest relative impacts of the expansion of federal spending on universities, and those micro-regions, which have a capital of a federative unit, show the largest effects in absolute. Specifically, the microrregion of Diamantina - MG is the one with the largest percentage impact. Among the existing universities, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) has the largest absolute impact. But among the new ones, it stands out the Federal University of ABC (UFABC) and the Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia (UFRB)

The personal and national costs of mental health conditions: impacts on income, taxes, government support payments due to lost labour force participation

BackgroundMental health conditions have the ability to interrupt an individual's ability to participate in the labour force, and this can have considerable follow on impacts to both the individual and the state.MethodCross-sectional analysis of the base population of Health&WealthMOD, a microsimulation model built on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers and STINMOD, an income and savings microsimulation model was used to quantify the personal cost of lost income and the cost to the state from lost income taxation, increased benefits payments and lost GDP as a result of early retirement due to mental health conditions in Australians aged 45-64 in 2009.ResultsIndividuals aged 45 to 64 years who have retired early due to depression personally have 73% lower income then their full time employed counterparts and those retired early due to other mental health conditions have 78% lower incomes. The national aggregate cost to government due to early retirement from these conditions equated to $278 million (£152.9 million) in lost income taxation revenue, $407 million (£223.9 million) in additional transfer payments and around $1.7 billion in GDP in 2009 alone.ConclusionsThe costs of mental health conditions to the individuals and the state are considerable. While individuals has to bear the economic costs of lost income in addition to the burden of the conditions itself, the impact on the state is loss of productivity from reduced workforce participation, lost income taxation revenue, and increased government support payments - in addition to direct health care costs.

A Symposium on the North American Economy

T he North American economy in 1999 was made up of 395 million people, 193 million workers, and $10.3 trillion of annual GDP. According to the OECD, in the U.S. economy, 269 million people and 139 million workers produced $9190 billion in GDP in 1999. The 30 million people and the 16 million workers of Canada produced $624 billion in GDP. The 96 million people and 38 million workers of Mexico produced $475 billion in GDP. This continental economy is staggeringly unequal. Less than 4 percent of Canadian workers and less than 3 percent of U.S. workers are in primary sectors— agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. But one out of five of Mexico’s workers is in the primary sector. GDP per capita in the United States is some $33,900. GDP per capita in Canada at recent exchange rates is $20,400. GDP per capita in Mexico is $4900. Using purchasing power exchange rates to calculate per capita GDP rather than market exchange rates does close the gap a bit. It raises Canada’s per capita GDP to $25,900 per year and Mexico’s to $8100. Even so, the U.S. level is one-third higher than Canada and quadruple that of Mexico. Moreover, within Mexico, the contrasts between the richest portions of the industrial north and the poorest portions of the near-subsistence south are as great as the contrasts between Mexico and the United States. The economic differences between the three nations are, in many ways, greater than the differences in other measures of well-being. Female life expectancy at birth in Mexico at 77 years compares not unfavorably to the 79 years of the U.S. and the 81 years of Canada. Infant mortality in Mexico at 16 per thousand is worse than the eight per thousand of the United States or the six per thousand of Canada—but the gap is not as wide as one might expect based on the per capita GDP figures.