Optimal length of biliopancreatic (BP) and Roux limb in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for improved glycemic control are not known. To investigate how the lengths of the BP and Roux limbs in RYGB differentially affect postoperative glycemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a systematic literature search using the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. We included studies that reported glycemic outcomes after RYGB and lengths of the BP and Roux limbs. A total of 28 articles were included for data extraction. Glycemic outcomes after RYGB were assessed on the basis of two definitions: remission and improvement. We categorized the included studies into four groups according to the BP and Roux limb lengths. The type 2 diabetes remission/improvement rates were as follows: long BP-long Roux group 0.80 (95% CI 0.70-0.90)/0.81 (0.73-0.89), long BP-short Roux group 0.76 (0.66-0.87)/0.82 (0.75-0.89), short BP-long Roux group 0.57 (0.36-0.78)/0.64 (0.53-0.75), and short BP-short Roux group 0.62 (0.43-0.80)/0.53 (0.45-0.61). Meta-regression analysis also showed that a longer BP limb resulted in higher postoperative type 2 diabetes remission and improvement rates, whereas a longer Roux limb did not. There was no significant difference or heterogeneity in baseline characteristics, including diabetes-related variables, among the four groups. Not all included studies were randomized controlled trials. Longer BP limb length led to higher rates of type 2 diabetes remission and improvement by 1 year after RYGB in comparisons with the longer Roux limb length.