Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity Research Articles

Bile salt hydrolase and lipase inhibitory activity in reconstituted skim milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria

Obesity is the main cause of metabolic syndrome, a condition of which includes hypercholesterolemia. Reduced dietary fat absorption through inhibition of pancreatic lipase and/or hydrolysis of bile salts may provoke weight loss and cholesterol reduction. In this study, the potential anti-obesity properties of milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria was assessed by measuring the expression of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) after milk fermentation and the ability of fermentates to inhibit pancreatic lipase in vitro. Thirty BSH positive strains were identified, with 17 strains expressing this enzyme during milk fermentation. Apart from BSH activity, the milks fermented with L. plantarum SC70 and SC80 also displayed the capacity to inhibit pancreatic lipase by >35%. As expression of BSH and inhibition of pancreatic lipase are proposed synergistic activities to reduce fat absorption, fermentates produced with these strains are good candidates for use as functional foods for the treatment of obesity and hypercholesterolemia.

Effect of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus plantarum Y15 on high cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemic mice

ABSTRACT This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the protective effect of Lactobacillus on hypercholesterolemia. Firstly, twenty Lactobacillus strains were screened for potential probiotics with high bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity using in vitro methods. Secondly, hypercholesterolemic mice induced by a cholesterol-enriched diet were administrated by the probiotic candidate strain L. plantarum Y15, identified from the screen. Results in vitro showed that L. plantarum Y15 possessed high BSH activity. In vivo, L. plantarum Y15 supplementation decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum and liver, increased total cholesterol and total bile acid in feces, and alleviated histopathological changes in the liver. Furthermore, L. plantarum Y15 supplementation modulated the gut microbiota to the control group’s pattern, leading to increase BSH activity, which further influence FXR and SHP signaling pathway to upregulate the expression level of CYP7A1 to enhance the cholesterol catabolism.

Determination of Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity in Bifidobacteria.

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity is a desirable trait in putative probiotic bacteria, such as those belonging to the Bifidobacterium genus. On the one hand, bile salt hydrolysis is considered to represent a bile detoxification mechanism for gut commensal bacteria and thus the presence of this activity was believed to be a predictor of bile tolerance of putative probiotic strains. On the other hand, it has recently been revealed that chemical modifications of the bile acid pool performed by the gut microbiota strongly impact on host health. This explains the increasing interest to investigate the role played by bile-modifying enzymes of gut commensals on lowering cholesterol levels, on modulating gut inflammation or on influencing the development of cancer or metabolic disorders. This chapter compiles qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse BSH activity in bifidobacteria, though they could be adapted to other bacterial groups of interest.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H-87 prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating bile acid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice.

Bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing bacteria are negatively related to the body weight gain and energy storage of the host. We aimed to obtain a novel BSH-producing strain with excellent anti-obesity effect and explained its mechanism. Here, we selected a strain named Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H-87 (H-87) with excellent ability to hydrolyze glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in vitro from 12 lactobacilli, and evaluated its anti-obesity effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice. The results suggested that H-87 could inhibit HFD-induced body weight gain, fat accumulation, liver lipogenesis and injury, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. In addition, H-87 could colonize in the ileum and hydrolyze GCDCA and TUDCA, reflected as changes in the concentrations of GCDCA, TUDCA, CDCA and UDCA in the ileum or liver. Furthermore, the study identified that H-87 reduced TUDCA and GCDCA levels in the ileum, which decreased the GLP-1 secretion by L cells to alleviate insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, H-87 increased the CDCA level in the ileum and liver to activate FXR signaling pathways to inhibit liver lipogenesis in HFD-fed mice. In addition, the decrease of intestinal conjugated bile acids (TUDCA and GCDCA) also increased fecal lipid content and decreased intestinal lipid digestibility. In conclusion, H-87 could inhibit liver fat deposition, insulin resistance and lipid digestion by changing bile acid enterohepatic circulation, and eventually alleviate HFD-induced obesity.

Single and Multiple Inoculum of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains in Table Olive Lab-Scale Fermentations

In order to improve the olives’ quality, and to reduce the de-bittering time during the table olive fermentation process, it is necessary to pilot the fermentation by inoculating the brine with selected cultures of microorganisms. Some probiotic tests, such as resistance/sensitivity to antibiotics, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, growth at acidic pH, an auto-aggregation assay, and a test of the production of exopolysaccharides, were carried out in order to screen 35 oleuropeinolytic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum strains to be used in guided fermentations of table olives. On the basis of the technological and probiotic screening, we analyzed the progress of three different lab-scale fermentations of Olea europaea L. Itrana cv. olives inoculated with spontaneous, single, and multiple starters: jar A was left to ferment spontaneously; jar B was inoculated with a strongly oleuropeinolytic strain (L. plantarum B1); jar C was inoculated with a multiple inoculum (L. plantarum B1 + L. plantarum B51 + L. plantarum B124). The following parameters were monitored during the fermentation: pH, titratable acidity, NaCl concentration, the degradation of bio-phenols, and the enrichment rate of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in the olive’s flesh, oil and brine. The degradation of secoiridoid glucosides appeared to be faster in the inoculated jars than in the spontaneously-fermented jar. The production of hydroxytyrosol and ligstroside aglycons was high. This indicated a complete degradation of the oleuropein and a partial degradation of the ligstroside. The multiple inoculum ensured a complete debittering, and could give probiotic traits. The presence of L. plantarum B1 and B124 as a fermentation starter guarantees an optimal trend of de-bittering and fermentation variables, thus ensuring the production of a better final product. L. plantarum B51 could be considered to be a promising probiotic candidate for obtaining probiotic food of completely vegetable origin.

In vitro probiotic characterization of Lactobacillus strains from fermented tangerine vinegar and their cholesterol degradation activity

The cholesterol-lowering properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from naturally fermented tangerine vinegar were evaluated. A total of 5 Lactobacillus plantarum strains were evaluated in terms of their in vitro cholesterol-lowering and probiotic profiles. Cholesterol removing, bile salt hydrolysis, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, cell surface properties (autoaggregation, co-aggregation, adhesion to human Caco-2 cells), acid and simulated gastrointestinal fluids tolerance, hemolytic and resistance to 10 antibiotics were examined. The results indicated that all strains have cholesterol removal and antioxidant properties, antimicrobial and bile salt hydrolase activities, co-aggregation and autoaggregation abilities, as well as the ability to adhere to human Caco-2 cells. None of these strains showed either undesirable hemolytic activity or resistance to some clinically significant antibiotics. Among the isolates, strains NF4 and NF2 showed a >50% rate of cholesterol removal. Significant changes in the adhesion of living and dead cells to cholesterol were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Strains NF3 and NF2 showed better antioxidant activity. Strain NF2 showed the best adherence ability to human Caco-2 cells. Likewise, strain NF4 showed optimal autoaggregation and co-aggregation, notable rates of survival in fluids of the simulated gastrointestinal tract, and the best survival rate and the highest cholesterol-reducing rate (55.8%). These results suggested that L. plantarum NF4 could be used as a potential hypolipidemic probiotic.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii Interfere With Bile Acid Enterohepatic Circulation to Regulate Cholesterol Metabolism of Growing-Finishing Pigs via Its Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity.

Microbiota-targeted therapies for hypercholesterolemia get more and more attention and are recognized as an effective strategy for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. The experiment was conducted to investigate the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of Lactobacillus delbrueckii in a pig model. Twelve barrows (38.70 ± 5.33 kg) were randomly allocated to two groups and fed corn–soybean meal diets with either 0% (Con) or 0.1% Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Con + LD) for 28 days. L. delbrueckii–fed pigs had lower serum contents of total cholesterol (TC), total bile acids (TBAs), and triglyceride, but higher fecal TC and TBA excretion. L. delbrueckii treatment increased ileal Lactobacillus abundance and bile acid (BA) deconjugation and affected serum and hepatic BA composition. Dietary L. delbrueckii downregulated the gene expression of ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP), and hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor (FGF19), and small heterodimer partner (SHP), but upregulated hepatic high-density lipoprotein receptor (HDLR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and cholesterol-7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression. Our results provided in vivo evidence that L. delbrueckii promote ileal BA deconjugation with subsequent fecal TC and TBA extraction by modifying ileal microbiota composition and induce hepatic BA neosynthesis via regulating gut–liver FXR–FGF19 axis.

Farnesoid X receptor is an effective target for modulating lipid accumulation in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella

Excessive lipid accumulation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the greatest challenges in the aquaculture industry. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is being increasingly recognized as an important node in the regulation of fat content in mammals; however, its role in fish remains unknown. Here, we explored the fat-regulation function of FXR in juvenile grass carp (9.89 ± 0.20 g) by supplementing feed with the FXR agonist GW4064 and FXR inhibitor glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-β-MCA). Moreover, to further explore FXR regulation by gut microbiota, an antibiotic mixture (ABM; 200 mg/kg ampicillin, 200 mg/kg neomycin, 200 mg/kg gentamicin, 200 mg/kg metronidazole, and 10 mg/kg vancomycin) was also administered in the diet. Pharmaceutical activation of FXR by GW4064 significantly decreased hepatopancreas triglyceride and cholesterol content, whereas FXR inhibition by Gly-β-MCA administration significantly increased the hepatopancreas index, intraperitoneal fat index, hepatopancreas triglyceride, and cholesterol levels of grass carp. Interestingly, diversity and community evenness of the gut microbiota increased and the intestinal activity of bile salt hydrolase decreased in ABM-fed fish. Dietary ABM also inhibited FXR signalling gene expression and increased lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas of grass carp. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we explored the hepatopancreatic transcriptome in fish fed either Gly-β-MCA or ABM. These two treatments shared seven lipid metabolism-annotated differentially expressed genes, indicating increased lipid synthesis and lipid droplet formation capacity in the two groups. Overall, our study demonstrates that FXR tends to play a negative regulatory role in lipid accumulation in grass carp and is a potential target for regulating lipid accumulation.

Probiotic characterization and cholesterol assimilation ability of Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from the gut of the edible freshwater snail “Pila globosa”.

Excess cholesterol is one of the main causes of various metabolic diseases. Currently available therapeutic measures, lifestyle, and dietary interventions, as well as pharmaceutical agents, are inadequate for the regulation of cholesterol levels. Probiotic microorganisms have demonstrated the potential to lower cholesterol levels through various mechanisms, including the activity of bile salt hydrolase, production of enzyme-inhibiting compounds such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, and assimilation of cholesterol. In the present investigation a yeast culture designated as S-I, isolated from freshwater snail’s gut (Pila globosa), fulfilled probiotic attributes. The culture was found to be non-hemolytic and could tolerate a bile concentration up to 1.2%, pH 1.5–10; and temperature 42oC respectively. Additionally, 73.57% and 36.24% of S-I culture survived when exposed to the gastric environment for 90 and 180 min respectively, while 53% survived after 240 min incubation under the intestinal environment. The S-I culture could auto-aggregate (93.01%), as well as co-aggregate (77.89%) with gastrointestinal pathogens, an important property required for the probiotics to control the pathogens. The culture also inhibited C. albicans NCIM3557, E. coli NCIM3099, E. faecalis NCIM3040, S. aureus NCIM2408and P. aeruginosa NCIM2036 in-vitro. Other probiotic properties such as hydrophobicity (81%), bile salt hydrolase activity (86.30%), and tolerance to 8% NaCl (27.38%), as well as antibiotics, were found to be in favor of the S-I culture. Most importantly, S-I culture was found to assimilate 20.29% of cholesterol. Molecular characterization of this culture performed by 18S rRNA sequencing revealed that the S-I culture was Pichia kudriavzevii species with 97% similarity.

Small intestinal taurochenodeoxycholic acid-FXR axis alters local nutrient-sensing glucoregulatory pathways in rats

ObjectiveThe mechanism of nutrient sensing in the upper small intestine (USI) and ileum that regulates glucose homeostasis remains elusive. Short-term high-fat (HF) feeding increases taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA; an agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)) in the USI and ileum of rats, and the increase of TCDCA is prevented by transplantation of microbiota obtained from the USI of healthy donors into the USI of HF rats. However, whether changes of TCDCA-FXR axis in the USI and ileum alter nutrient sensing remains unknown. MethodsIntravenous glucose tolerance test was performed in rats that received USI or ileal infusion of nutrients (i.e., oleic acids or glucose) via catheters placed toward the lumen of USI and/or ileum, while mechanistic gain- and loss-of-function studies targeting the TCDCA-FXR axis or bile salt hydrolase activity in USI and ileum were performed. ResultsUSI or ileum infusion of nutrients increased glucose tolerance in healthy but not HF rats. Transplantation of healthy microbiome obtained from USI into the USI of HF rats restored nutrient sensing and inhibited FXR via a reduction of TCDCA in the USI and ileum. Further, inhibition of USI and ileal FXR enhanced nutrient sensing in HF rats, while inhibiting USI (but not ileal) bile salt hydrolase of HF rats transplanted with healthy microbiome activated FXR and disrupted nutrient sensing in the USI and ileum. ConclusionsWe reveal a TCDCA-FXR axis in both the USI and ileum that is necessary for the upper small intestinal microbiome to govern local nutrient-sensing glucoregulatory pathways in rats.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity and Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Chinese Homemade Pickles

This study investigated the antipathogenic activity and probiotic potential of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Chinese homemade pickles. In total, 27 samples were collected from different sites in China. Fifty-nine yielded pure colonies were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as LAB and were initially evaluated for the antibacterial activity in vitro. Initial screening yielded Lactobacillus plantarum GS083, GS086, and GS090, which showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens, especially multidrug-resistant pathogens. Meanwhile, organic acids were mainly responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the LAB strains, and the most abundant of these was lactic acid (19.32 ± 0.95 to 24.79 ± 0.40 g/l). Additionally, three L. plantarum strains demonstrated several basic probiotic characteristics including cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and survival under gastrointestinal (GI) tract conditions. The safety of these isolates was also evaluated based on their antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic risk, bile salt hydrolase activity, and existence of virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. All strains were safe at both the genomic and phenotypic levels. Therefore, L. plantarum GS083, GS086, and GS090 are fairly promising probiotic candidates and may be favorable for use as preservatives in the food industry.

Bile salt hydrolase-overexpressing Lactobacillus strains can improve hepatic lipid accumulation in vitro in an NAFLD cell model.

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver diseases that occur in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. The probiotic bacterial strains Lactobacillus casei LC2W, which overexpresses the bile salt hydrolase (BSH) gene (referred to as pWQH01), and Lactobacillus plantarum AR113, which exhibits high BSH activity, have been shown to improve hepatic lipid accumulation and may lower cholesterol levels in vivo. These effects may be BSH-dependent, as L. casei LC2W without BSH activity did not exert these beneficial effects.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus with high BSH activity on cholesterol accumulation and lipid metabolism abnormalities in oleic acid (OA)- and cholesterol-induced HepG2 cell models, and to determine the mechanism underlying the effects.DesignA HepG2 cell model of OA-induced steatosis and cholesterol-induced cholesterol accumulation was developed. OA- and cholesterol-treated HepG2 cells were incubated with L. plantarum AR113, L. casei LC2W or L. casei pWQH01 for 6 h at 37°C with 5% CO2. Subsequently, a series of indicators and gene expressions were analysed.ResultsBoth L. plantarum AR113 and L. casei pWQH01 significantly reduced lipid accumulation, total cholesterol (TC) levels and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) mRNA expression relative to the control group, whereas L. casei LC2W had no similar effect. Additionally, exposure to L. plantarum AR113 or L. casei pWQH01 significantly reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) andsignificantly increased the expression of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα).ConclusionBoth L. plantarum AR113 and L. casei pWQH01 appear to improve steatosis in vitro in a BSH-dependent manner.

Transcriptional analysis for cholesterol-lowering effects of marine Lactobacillus plantarum Lp10 isolated from kelp

Lactobacillus plantarum, which exerts a variety of probiotic functions, has been recognized as a supplement for human foods with a widespread application. In this work, the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of marine L. plantarum Lp10 were investigated by combining the analyses of transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR. Results indicated that bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity and extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) adsorption were both responsible for cholesterol reduction. In this process, 11.1 million clean reads and 384 differentially expressed genes, including 79 up-regulated genes and 225 down-regulated genes, were obtained by transcriptome analysis. It was considered that EPS adsorption was mainly responsible for the cholesterol reduction without the influence of bile salt. Further analysis showed that the co-precipitation of cholesterol and deconjugated bile acids induced by BSH1 and BSH2 may play important role in the tolerance and reduction of cholesterol of strain under the stress condition with bile salt, in which, interestingly, the expressions of bsh3 and bsh4 were suppressed. In conclusion, the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of marine L. plantarum Lp10 was investigated and it was considered as a potential strain for the application in cholesterol reduction.

Probiotic Potential of Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Indigenous Yogurt and Raw Goat Milk

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host. This study was conducted for the isolation of potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with probiotic properties from goat milk and yogurt. Several tests were conducted in vitro using the standard procedures for evaluating the inhibitory spectra of LAB against pathogenic bacteria; tolerance to NaCl, bile salt, and phenol; hemolytic, milk coagulation, and bile salt hydrolase activities; gastrointestinal transit tolerance; adhesion properties; and antibiotic susceptibility. Among 40 LAB strains screened according to culture characteristics, five isolates exhibited antagonistic properties. Three were identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, and two were identified as Enterococcus faecium, exploiting 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All the isolates succeeded in the gastrointestinal transit tolerance assay and successively colonized mucosal epithelial cells. Based on the results of these in vitro assays, both P. acidilactici and E. faecium can be considered as potential probiotic candidates.

Isolation, identification, and selection of strains as candidate probiotics and starters for fermentation of Swedish legumes.

BackgroundThe non-dairy sector is growing, fermented alternatives to dairy are sparse. Adapted starter cultures to substituting raw materials needs to be developed.ObjectiveAims of this study were to isolate, identify, and phenotypically characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that inhabit Swedish legumes, and assess properties necessary for selecting strains with the ability to ferment a bean beverage and with potential health beneficial properties.DesignIsolates of presumed LAB were obtained from legumes collected at Öland, Sweden. Strain diversity was assessed by repetitive polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR). The strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Species belonging to Enterococcus were predominant along with Pediococcus and closely related Bacillus. Strains were tested for tolerance to low pH, phenol, and bile as well as their bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. In addition, Enterococcus strains were tested for antibiotic resistance, and Pediococcus strains for their ability to ferment a bean beverage.ResultsFrom the 25 strains characterized, five were found resistant to low pH, bile, and phenol, suggesting that they can survive a passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and hence potentially exert beneficial effects in the host. These are suggested for further investigation on specific host-beneficial properties. Two of these, belonging to Pediococcus pentosaceus, were able to ferment a bean beverage without any added nutrients, indicating that the Pediococcus strains are well adapted to the bean substrate. One of the P. pentosaceus strains were also able to markedly improve the reduction of phytate by the phytase-producing yeast strain Pichia kudriavzevii TY1322 during co-fermentation as well as increase the final cell count of the yeast strain.ConclusionStrain isolation and characterization performed in this study aids in selecting starter cultures for legume fermentation. Nutritional properties can be improved by co-fermentation with yeast indicating that novel nutritious fermented non-dairy products could be developed.

The triterpenoid sapogenin (2\u03b1-OH-Protopanoxadiol) ameliorates metabolic syndrome via the intestinal FXR/GLP-1 axis through gut microbiota remodelling

Gypenosides, extracts of Gynostemma yixingense, have been traditionally prescribed to improve metabolic syndrome in Asian folk and local traditional medicine hospitals. However, the mechanism of its action remains unclarified. In this work, our results indicated that chronic administration of 2α-OH-protopanoxadiol (GP2), a metabolite of gypenosides in vivo, protected mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and improved glucose tolerance by improving intestinal L-cell function. Mechanistically, GP2 treatment inhibited the enzymatic activity of bile salt hydrolase and modulated the proportions of the gut microbiota, which led to an increase in the accumulation of tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) in the intestine. TβMCA induced GLP-1 production and secretion by reducing the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Transplantation of GP2-remodelled fecal microbiota into antibiotic-treated mice also increased the intestinal TβMCA content and improved intestinal L-cell function. These findings demonstrate that GP2 ameliorates metabolic syndrome at least partly through the intestinal FXR/GLP-1 axis via gut microbiota remodelling and also suggest that GP2 may serve as a promising oral therapeutic agent for metabolic syndrome.

Characterization of a recombinant bile salt hydrolase (BSH) from Bifidobacterium bifidum for its glycine-conjugated bile salts specificity

Deconjugation of bile salts in vivo not only promotes the cholesterol metabolism of the host, but also provides cellular carbon, nitrogen and sulphur for some probiotics. In this study, the gene of BSH from Bifidobacterium bifidum (ATCC 29521) was amplified and expressed using glutathione S-transferase (GST) Gene Fusion System. The enzyme was purified in a mild conditions without denaturation and renaturation, and the molecular mass was estimated to be 35 kDa. The optimum pH for the enzyme catalysis was 5.5. The BSH enzyme was stable from 37 to 57 °C. In addition, this enzyme was completely inhibited by Cu2+, while many other metal ions only gave moderate inhibition. Hydrolysis efficiency of BSH was quantified in two ways: ninhydrin colouration method and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD). The hydrolysis process was clearly observed through real-time picture monitoring. The activity of BSH on glycine-conjugated bile salts was better than on taurine-conjugated bile salts. The proportion of hydrolysis for both sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDCA) and sodium glycoursodeoxycholate (GUDCA) were more than 90% in 60 min. However, the proportion of hydrolysis for sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDCA) and sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) were only 68% and 43% at the same condition. The study of this paper provides a better choice for hydrolysis of glycine-conjugated bile salts. Highlights The specificity of BSH was high for glycine-conjugated bile salts. Hydrolysis process of bile acid was obtained through real-time picture monitoring. Hydrolysis efficiency of BSH was quantified in two ways: ninhydrin colouration method and HPLC-ELSD.

Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures Isolated from a Traditional Fermented Sorghum-Millet Beverage.

The purpose of this study was to establish the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures, Lb. plantarum MNC 21, L. lactis MNC 24, and W. confusa MNC 20, isolated from a traditionally fermented sorghum-millet beverage from Uganda. The cultures were examined for tolerance to acid and bile salts, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antibiotic susceptibility, biogenic amine production, mucin degradation, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, adherence to the ileum, coaggregation, and antimicrobial properties against selected pathogenic species. Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012, a known probiotic, was the reference. The isolates were tolerant to acid (pH = 3) and bile (1%). W. confusa MNC 20 and Lb. plantarum MNC 21 exhibited medium BSH activity (11–15 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone) while L. lactis and Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 exhibited low BSH activity (<10 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone). All isolates lacked mucolytic activity. Lb. plantarum MNC 21 and W. confusa MNC 20 produced agmatine. The candidate and reference microorganisms were resistant to 10 of 21 and 5 of 21 antibiotics, respectively. The isolates exhibited hydrophobic, auto-aggregation and coaggregation properties. These three properties were exhibited more (p < 0.05) by the reference than the potential probiotics. The ability of the potential probiotics to attach onto the goat ileum (7.3–8.0 log cfu/cm2) was comparable to that of Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 (7.6 log cfu/cm2). The four LAB inhibited E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enterica to the same extent (p < 0.05). The findings indicated potential probiotic activity of the starter cultures. However, further in vivo examination of these isolates is required to confirm their probiotic capabilities.

Lactobacillus casei YRL577 ameliorates markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver and alters expression of genes within the intestinal bile acid pathway.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the main cause of end-stage liver disease. Probiotics have the potential effect of alleviating NAFLD. The aim of this study was to explore functional probiotics and their underlying mechanisms. The bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity in thirty-four strains was determined in vitro. Then, C57BL/6 mice were used to explore the effects of probiotics on NAFLD. Body weight and food intake were measured, and serum lipid concentrations, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines levels were determined using commercial kits. The expressions of intestinal bile acid pathway genes were evaluated via real-time PCR. The results showed that Lactobacillus casei YRL577 and L. paracasei X11 had higher BSH activity. L. casei YRL577 significantly reduced liver weight and liver index and could regulate the levels of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines as compared with L. paracasei X11. Furthermore, the results indicated that L. casei YRL577 up-regulated the mRNA levels of farnesoid X receptor and fibroblast growth factor 15, whereas down-regulated the mRNA level of apical Na-dependent bile acid transporter. These findings suggested that L. casei YRL577 modified genes in the intestinal bile acid pathway which might contribute to the alleviation of NAFLD.

Health endorsing potential of Lactobacillus plantarum MBTU-HK1 and MBTU-HT of Honey bee gut origin

Lactobacillus plantarum, is considered as an evergreen beckoning of probiotics. The literature available on the health benefits of L. plantarum within the gut, Apis cerana indica is very limited. The present study explores the health benefits of L. plantarum in Apis cerana indica (Indian honey bee). The study aimed to determine the health endorsing role of probiotic strains MBTU-HK1 and MBTU-HT (Accession no: KX519413 and KX519414) existed in the gut, Apis cerana indica. In the current study, the functionality among strains was evaluated in vitro for bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, Hypercholesteraemic activity, β-galactosidase activity, antioxidative potential, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory potency, and Folate production. The test strains possess BSH activity and anti-cholesteric activity, testifying to a role in cholesterol removal. The production of β-galactosidase enzyme suggested that they are effective in the improvement of lactose intolerance. The antioxidant activity revealed their effective free radical scavenging activity. The ACE inhibitory potency indicated their involvement in blood pressure control. The ability to produce folate by the test strains was also verified. The current investigation proves probiotic role with health benefits among MBTU-HK1 and MBTU HT in reducing risks associated with cardiovascular diseases, lactose intolerance, and hypertension management.