Bilateral Interactions Research Articles

A mouse ear skin model to study the dynamics of innate immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that is a common cause of nosocomial infections and infections on indwelling medical devices, mainly due to its ability to shift between the planktonic and the biofilm/sessile lifestyle. Biofilm infections present a serious problem in human medicine as they often lead to bacterial persistence and thus to chronic infections. The immune responses elicited by biofilms have been described as specific and ineffective. In the few experiments performed in vivo, the importance of neutrophils and macrophages as a first line of defence against biofilm infections was clearly established. However, the bilateral interactions between biofilms and myeloid cells remain poorly studied and analysis of the dynamic processes at the cellular level in tissues inoculated with biofilm bacteria is still an unexplored field. It is urgent, therefore, to develop biologically sound experimental approaches in vivo designed to extract specific immune signatures from the planktonic and biofilm forms of bacteria.ResultsWe propose an in vivo transgenic mouse model, used in conjunction with intravital confocal microscopy to study the dynamics of host inflammatory responses to bacteria. Culture conditions were created to prepare calibrated inocula of fluorescent planktonic and biofilm forms of bacteria. A confocal imaging acquisition and analysis protocol was then drawn up to study the recruitment of innate immune cells in the skin of LysM-EGFP transgenic mice. Using the mouse ear pinna model, we showed that inflammatory responses to S. aureus can be quantified over time and that the dynamics of innate immune cells after injection of either the planktonic or biofilm form can be characterized. First results showed that the ability of phagocytic cells to infiltrate the injection site and their motility is not the same in planktonic and biofilm forms of bacteria despite the cells being considerably recruited in both cases.ConclusionWe developed a mouse model of infection to compare the dynamics of the inflammatory responses to planktonic and biofilm bacteria at the tissue and cellular levels. The mouse ear pinna model is a powerful imaging system to analyse the mechanisms of biofilm tolerance to immune attacks.

Turkey’s Activity in the Caucasus

Turkey’s foreign policy activity is probably designed to create an additional platform for foreign policy bargaining with Moscow on issues of interest to Ankara, and not by any means only in the South Caucasus. Along with bilateral interaction with Azerbaijan and with the countries of Central Asia, political, economic and humanitarian cooperation within the framework of the “Turkic Council” is being strengthened.

EFFECT OF FULZYME FERTILIZER, RICE RESIDUES AND DAP ON AVAILABLE OF SOME NUTRIENTS FOR THE SOIL OF BUDDED APRICOT SEEDLINGS PRUNUS ARMENIACA L. CV. "ZAGHINIA"

The study was conducted in the nursery of Hort. Dept., College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University, Iraq, during 2018 season to study the response of budded "Zaghinia" apricot on seedlings rootstock to bio, organic and chemical fertilizers, and their effects on seedling growth. The studied factors were as follows: Bio fertilizer Fulzyme (0,1and 2 g. seedling-1 ), organic fertilizer (Rice residue) (0, 1 and 2 kg. seedling-1 ) and DAP fertilizers (0, 5 and 10 g. seedling-1 ). The study was performed by using split-split plots within factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 3 factors and 3 replicates, by using 6 seedlings for each treatment. Treatment means were compared by using Duncan multiple levels at 5% p. the most important results obtained were as follows: 1 and 2 gm.seedling-1 of bio fertilizer (Fulzyme) and Chemical fertilizer (DAP) at the levels 5 and 10 g. seedling-1 affected significantly resulted in a significant increase in soil available nitrogen, while the addition of organic fertilizer (rice residues) and for both levels 1 and 2 kg. Seedling-1 gave a significant increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, ready-made potassium and pH of the seedling soil, and the bilateral interaction had a significant role in the growth of seedlings, especially the treatment of the interaction between the fertilizer (Fulzym) and organic fertilizer (Rice residues), which have a significant effect in giving the best results in available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and the triple interference also gave a significant increase in all studied traits.

Human Action Recognition Using Laban Movement Analysis and Dynamic Time Warping

Bilateral interaction between humans and robots is one of the areas that has attracted much attention in recent years. Automation of human behavior recognition is one of the main steps in achieving this goal. In this regard, in this paper we have designed a process for automatic identification of human gestures. The process consists of two main parts. In the first part, by using the Laban Movement Analysis method, we define a robust descriptor, and in the second part, we determine the robustness of the descriptor using the Dynamic time Warping algorithm. The method proposed in this paper has been tested on four public data-sets namely MSR Action 3D, Florence 3D actions, UTKinect-Action3D and SYSU 3D HUMAN-OBJECT INTERACTION data-sets. Given the results obtained from previous work, the efficiency of the proposed method can be more accurately understood. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness and the performance of our model which outperforms results presented in similar works on action recognition.

India-China Political and Military Cooperation in the Shadow of Distrust

New Delhi and Beijing demonstrate incredible achievements in the economic and military-political spheres, shift the center of global politics to Asia, and have every opportunity to change the balance of power and world order in the medium or long term. Meanwhile, researchers pay little attention to the bilateral interaction of the two Asian giants, focusing more on the confrontation between the China and the US, or consider regional rivalry between India and China, in view of the rapidly developing geopolitical projects of both countries. The military-political relations of the two states, as a rule, are not reflected in the studies, as they are limited due to mutual distrust arising from the Sino-Indian War of 1962. This article is designed to evaluate the current balance of forces, analyze the qualitative components of their military capabilities on land and at sea as well as to identify interaction mechanisms that contribute to leveling the negative perception of each other. The author concludes that in the medium-term China will remain a stronger player in the international arena than India, which seeks to bridge the gap, but does not have the same economic opportunities, and therefore, its position is strengthened mainly at the expense of large allies, such as the USA, Russia, and Japan. At the same time, military doctrines, confidence-building measures as well as awareness of the severe consequences a potential conflict could result in contribute to the strengthening of military-political cooperation between India and China, despite the constant factor of distrust between the two.

Американо-китайские отношения в 2018-2019 гг.: торговая война и процесс декаплинга

In the post-Cold war period, U.S.–China relations have always been characterized by the presence of a large number of problems and contradictions, which, however, did not cancel the readiness of the two states to compromise and seek cooperation on global and regional issues. An important stabilizing foundation for these bilateral relations has always been the strong economic interdependence of the two countries, which has restrained the growth of political differences into prolonged crises of bilateral interaction. However, the arrival of Donald Trump in the American administration significantly shook the basics of U.S.–China relations. Motivated by a desire to eventually solve longstanding problems in the bilateral trade and economic relations by pressuring Beijing to change its economic practices, since 2018, Trump administration has imposed in several stages tariffs on almost all U.S. imports from China, placed restrictions on the ability of American firms to supply Chinese technology companies, labeled China a currency manipulator for the first time in a quarter century, etc. Beijing has reciprocated with imposition of tariffs on imports from the U.S. and other countermeasures, undertaken subtle changes of its economic practices, stringently rejecting to bring fundamental changes to its economic policies. Initiated by Trump’s actions, trade war with the PRC has launched the decoupling process in the U.S.–China economic relations – the destruction of deep economic interdependence between the two countries accumulated over the past four decades, specifically in high-tech industries. There are more and more clear signs that the U.S. trade war with China, which was originally based on economic reasons and motivation, has become a trigger for the development of structural and system contradictions between the two states. Having lost the once-stabilizing bilateral relations basis – the deep economic interdependence – the United States and China are becoming increasingly involved in a complex overall confrontation, falling into the so-called “Thucydides trap”.

Взаимодействие Сибири и Китая в рамках концепции Экономического пояса Шёлкового пути

The aim of the present research was to define the place of Siberia in the current Chinese concept of the Silk Road Economic Belt. The paper features the current state, potential benefits, and possibilities of integrating Siberia into the concept of the Silk Road Economic Belt. An analysis of the commodity structure of exports to China showed that the increasing capacity of transport routes and new highways will strengthen the export and resource role of Siberia. The process is bound to increase deforestation and the export of raw materials to China, especially in the absence of large-scale investments into industrial production. The authors questioned representatives of the Chinese delegation on the economic image of Siberia in China, the future of the bilateral economic interaction, and the needs of the Chinese economy. The concept of local economy proved beneficial on the municipal scale, while the New Angarstroy project will develop production enterprises in Siberia on the national scale, which will meet domestic demand and boost export to China. The Silk Road Fund, established within the Silk Road Economic Belt, and the Russian-Chinese Regional Development Investment Fund can be effectively used as material and financial resources for the economic development of Siberia. They can provide investment in infrastructure and enterprises that will be repaid in the medium and long term.

Bilateral Relations between Germany and Saudi Arabia: Military-Political Dimension

Germany is an example of power, which is consistently trying to increase its role in global politics, including more active part in the solution of a wide range of military-political questions. At the same time Germany is facing the growing number of challenges for its own security, coming mostly from unstable Asian and African states. This makes Germany pay more attention on the Middle East in searching of new and strengthening traditional links with the regional partners. In this regard the article covers the dynamics, problems and perspectives of the bilateral interactions between Germany and Saudi Arabia in political-military sphere during the 2010s. Traditionally Saudi Arabia was one of the key partners of the ‘collective West’ in the Middle East and has had rather good relations with Germany. The key research method used in the article is the event-analysis. The research paper profoundly investigates the relations between Germany and Saudi Arabia during the first half of the 2010s. The article stresses the mutual interest in expanding and deepening cooperation in the context of the “Arab awakening”, including the solution of the Syrian problem. The key focus is paid to the growing discrepancies in positions of two parts regarding the Yemen conflict resolution in the context of confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The article also describes the dynamics of negotiations between Germany and Saudi Arabia on the highest and high levels in the middle 2010s. The paper points out the growing recession periods in German-Saudi relations in 2016-2017 (taken into account the execution of Shiite preachers in KSA; Qatar diplomatic crises and the assassination of J. Khashoggi). After the signature and implementation of the Iranian ‘nuclear deal’ Germany has been increasingly inclined towards the tactics of “balancing” between Iran and Saudi Arabia. And in this regard has emphasized the unacceptability of a direct military conflict between them. After Trump’s administration withdrawal from Iranian nuclear deal the article stresses the tougher German pressure on Saudi Arabia both in militarytechnical cooperation and political spheres in order to assure the withdrawal of Saudi Arabian military forces from Yemen. In the conclusion the author specifies the politicization of the bilateral military-technical cooperation and the sharp increase of the influence of Iranian factor over the German-Saudi relations. Three scenarios of future development of the confrontation between two states are proposed. Depending on each of them, the prospects for the development of German-Saudi relations are defined.

Hydropolitics and issue-linkage along the Orontes River Basin: an analysis of the Lebanon\u2013Syria and Syria\u2013Turkey hydropolitical relations

The Orontes River Basin is among the least researched transboundary water basins in the Middle East. The few studies on the Orontes have two main theoretical and empirical shortcomings. First, there is a lack of critical hydropolitics studies on this river. Second, those studies focus on either the Turkish–Syrian or Lebanese–Syria relations rather than analysing the case in a holistic way. Gathering both primary (international agreements, government documents, political statements and media outlets) and secondary sources, this paper seeks to answer how could Syria, as the basin hydro-hegemon, impose its control on the basin? This study argues that the lack of trilateral initiatives, which is also reflected in academic studies, is primarily due to asymmetrical power dynamics. Accordingly, Syria played a dual-game by excluding each riparian, Turkey and Lebanon, and it dealt with the issue at the bilateral interaction. Syria has used its political influence to maintain water control vis-à-vis Lebanon, while it has used non-cooperation with Turkey to exclude Turkey from decision-making processes. The paper also argues that the historical background and the political context have strongly informed Syria’s water policy. Finally, given the recent regional political developments, the paper finds that Syria’s power grip on the Orontes Basin slowly fades away because of the changes in the broader political context.

Allelopathic Plants: Models for Studying Plant-Interkingdom Interactions.

Allelopathy is a biochemical interaction between plants in which a donor plant releases secondary metabolites, allelochemicals, that are detrimental to the growth of its neighbours. Traditionally considered as bilateral interactions between two plants, allelopathy has recently emerged as a cross-kingdom process that can influence and be modulated by the other organisms in the plant's environment. Here, we review the current knowledge on plant-interkingdom interactions, with a particular focus on benzoxazinoids. We highlight how allelochemical-producing plants influence not only their plant neighbours but also insects, fungi, and bacteria that live on or around them. We discuss challenges that need to be overcome to study chemical plant-interkingdom interactions, and we propose experimental approaches to address how biotic and chemical processes impact plant health.

The Improved Cargo Loading and Physical Stability of Ibuprofen Orodispersible Film: Molecular Mechanism of Ion-Pair Complexes on Drug-Polymer Miscibility

High drug cargo loading in polymer and physical stability was essential for the development of orodispersible films (ODFs) because of the small amount of excipients used in a thin film. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of ion-pair strategy in improving drug cargo loading and physical stability of drug in ODFs. The results showed that the ion pair, especially ibuprofen-ethanolamine, improved the drug solubility in polymer up to 60% (w/w) and physical stability by 30% than the pure ibuprofen film. In addition, drug dissolution rate was increased over 2 times. The high drug cargo loading, physical stability and drug dissolution rate was derived from the improved the drug-polymer miscibility introduced by the formation of ion-pair complex. Investigations from the standpoint of physicochemical properties, intermolecular interaction, and polymer mobility indicated the modulation mechanism of ion-pair complexes in the ODFs at molecular level. The amino group and −OH of counter ion exhibited strong hydrogen bond forming ability, which increased the bilateral interaction with both drug and polymer, delayed the onset temperature of sublimation and decreased the polymer mobility. Therefore, ion-pair technology is a promising strategy for high drug loading ODFs in improving the drug-excipient miscibility and stability.

The Effect of Optic Flow Speed on Active Participation During Robot-Assisted Treadmill Walking in Healthy Adults.

This study aimed to investigate: 1) the effect of optic flow speed manipulation on active participation during robot-assisted treadmill walking (RATW), 2) the influence of the type of virtual environment, and 3) the level of motion sickness and enjoyment. Twenty-eight healthy older adults were randomized in two groups: "stimulus rich" Park group (50% male, 61± 6 year) and "stimulus poor" Hallway group (43% male, 62± 5 year). Subjects walked in the Lokomat with immersive virtual reality (VR) with a matched, slow and fast optic flow speed, each lasting 7 minutes. Active participation was measured by continuously assessing the human-machine interaction torques at the hip and knee joints and muscle activity of the Vastus Medialis and Biceps Femoris. Motion sickness and enjoyment were assessed with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) respectively. In both groups optic flow speed manipulation in both directions led to a decrease in bilateral hip interaction torques towards flexion at the end of the stance phase compared to matched speed. In the Hallway group, walking with slow optic flow elicited 32% more muscle activity of the Vastus Medialis. There were no significant differences between both groups for the SSQ and PACES. Optic flow speed manipulation appears to have only a small effect on the active participation of healthy people during RATW. The type of virtual environment did not affect their activity, motion sickness or enjoyment. However, the addition of immersive VR during RATW was well tolerated and enjoyable. Further research with patients is necessary.

Evaluation the efficacy of nano-fertilization and Disper osmotic in treating salinity of irrigation water in quality and productivity properties of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.

The study was conducted during two growth seasons (2018 and 2019) at the Al Husseiniya date palm station/Horticulture and Forestry Department/Karbala Governorate. The experiment included 54 with two cultivars date palm trees (27 trees of Khastawi cultivar and 27 of Zahdi cultivar). Three concentrations of nano-fertilizer (IQ Combi) which included (0, 0.5 and 1 g. L−1) were tested. In addition, three concentrations of bio-nutritious Disper Osmotic GS (0, 1 and 2 g. L−1) were used.. The results showed that there were significant differences between Khastawi and Zahdi cultivars in the percentage of fruits holding, with the highest percentage of hold fruits recorded in Zahdi cultivar (73.07%). In case of nano-fertilizer concentration of (1 g. L−1) was superior in producing the highest percentage of hold fruits (77.46%), compared with other concentrations. Moreover, Disper Osmotic gave the highest percentage of fruit holding at 2 g. L−1(76.09%). Zahdi cultivar was superior in the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits (6.346 g, 3.207 cm, 7.514 g). Application of nano-fertizer showed a significant effect in increasing the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits with a concentration of 1 g. L−1. Disper Osmotic was also increased the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits, where concentration of 2 g. L−1 gave the highest rates (6.779 g, 3.167 cm, 7.786 g), respectively, compared with control treatment.. The results were also showed that the percentage of fruit falling of Zahdi cultivar was 27.38% which significantly lower than Khastawi cultivar (35.28%). Treatment with nano-fertizer at 1g L−1 was significantly decreased the rate of fruit falling (28.09%). Also, Disper Osmotic at 2 g. L−1 was decreased the rate of fruit falling (30.94%), compared with control treatment. The results showed that date palm cultivar was not significantly affected the maturity ratio. There was a significant difference in the fruit Bunch Weight, where Zahdi cultivar was superior in giving the highest mean of fruit Bunch Weight (11.664 kg, palm−1). The results also showed superiority of nano-fertizer by giving the highest fruit Bunch Weight (11.329 kg) at 1 g. L-1 palm−1. While, Disper Osmotic has exceeded at concentration of 2 g. L−1.palm−1 significantly which gave giving the highest the highest fruit Bunch Weight (11.142 kg. palm−1). Bilateral and trilateral interactions were also showed significant effects in all studied traits.

NON-PARCELED COMMUNICATES AS MARKERS OF THE ADDRESSEE’S INTENTIONS: DIALOGIC DISCOURSE

Dialogic discourse is a way of interaction between intentions of both the addresser and the addressee. The communicative event created because of this interaction forms the addresser-addressee continuum, a dialogical unity i.e. a text that is complete in terms of content and structure. It is mainly a question-answer model, where each subject of communication presents themselves as a unique, independent, and self-sufficient language personality. At the same time, the course of the dialogic discourse is emphasized by certain language means capable of verbalizing the communicants’ intentions in the dialogical discourse. It is dialogical discourse as a bilateral human interaction that is the subject of our research. The purpose of the article is to analyze non-parceled communicates as syntactic units relevant for the addressee’s intentions verbalization, to characterize their intentional range and the possibilities of using them in the dialogical discourse. In the process of communication, the communicants express their emotions, feelings, and evaluations using various syntactic constructions, however, non-parceled communicates play an important role in dialogic speech. They do not correspond to a certain speech pattern, are not subject to parceling, yet serve as an adequate means for the realization of the author’s intentions. The communicative-intentional content of non-parceled communicates manifests itself in dialogic discourse and depends on the means of their expression, and these are mainly particles, interjections or modal words that implement the categories of affirmation, negation, interrogation, incentive, emotion, evaluation. Non-parceled communicates as sentence equivalents can convey various communicative intentions: intentions of narration, interrogation, incentive, intentions of assertion and negation, emotiveness and evaluation. However, according to our observations based on various methods of linguistic research (descriptive, structural, contextual-interpretative, methods of transformational analysis), they verbalize primarily the addressee’s intentions and serve as a remark-reaction to the intention of the main subject of communication - the speaker. Non-parceled communicates are the relevant syntactic markers of the t intentions of the addressee whose position can be explicated as a remark-reaction in the dialogue. Undoubtedly, they verbalize the intentions of the addressee - the main subject of communication. However, in the dialogical discourse, which reflects the communicative interaction of two participants in the process of communication, distinctly represented by the question -answer complex of stimulus and reaction remarks, non-parceled communicates most often verbalize the intentions of the addressee, expressing agreement or disagreement, objection (affirmative and negative communicates), emphasizing the qualifying intention of request, an incentive to continue the conversation (interrogative and incentive communicates), vividly verbalizing the world of human emotions and evaluations (emotional and evaluative communicates), expressing respect for human interaction politeness (etiquette communicates). The specified communicative-intentional scope of non-parceled communicates ensures their proper place in the system of syntactic units that adequately convey the atmosphere and tonality of dialogic discourse, its immediacy, dynamism and naturalness. Defining the role of non-verbal communicative means that accompany non-parceled communicates forms the prospect of further research.

Flexible Options for Greenhouse Gas-Emitting Energy Producer

The reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) constitutes part of the international climate agreements and contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals. This research is motivated by the risks associated with the future C O 2 price uncertainty in the context of the offsetting of carbon emissions by regulated entities. The research asked whether it is possible to reduce these financial risks. In this study, we consider the bilateral interaction of a REDD supplier and a greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting energy producer in an incomplete emission offsets market. Within this setting, we explore an innovative financial instrument—flobsion—a flexible option with benefit-sharing. For the quantitative assessment, we used a research method based on a two-stage stochastic technological portfolio optimization model established in earlier studies. First, we obtain an important result that the availability of REDD offsets does not increase the optimal emissions of the electricity producer under any future C O 2 price realization. Moreover, addressing concerns about a possible “crowding–out” effect of REDD-based offsets, we demonstrate that the emissions and offsetting cost will decrease and increase, respectively. Second, we demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed instrument by analyzing flobsion contracts with respect to the benefit-sharing ratio and strike price within the risk-adjusted supply and demand framework. Finally, we perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to C O 2 price distributions and the opportunity costs of the forest owner supplying REDD offsets. Our results show that flobsion’s flexibility has advantages compared to a standard option, which can help GHG-emitting energy producers with managing their compliance risks, while at the same time facilitating the development of REDD programs. In this study we limited our analysis to the case of the same C O 2 price distributions foreseen by both parties; the flobsion pricing under asymmetric information could be considered in the future.

Identification of a Novel Multifunctional Ligand for Simultaneous Inhibition of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ42) and Chelation of Zinc Metal Ion

Zinc binding to β-amyloid structure could promote amyloid-β aggregation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as suggested in many experimental and theoretical studies. Therefore, the introduction of multifunctional drugs capable of chelating zinc metal ion and inhibiting Aβ aggregation is a promising strategy in the development of AD treatment. The present study has evaluated the efficacy of a new bifunctional peptide drug using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This drug comprises two different domains, an inhibitor domain, obtained from the C-terminal hydrophobic region of Aβ, and a Zn2+ chelating domain, derived from rapeseed meal, merge with a linker. The multifunctionality of the ligand was evaluated using a comprehensive set of MD simulations spanning up to 3.2 μs including Aβ relaxation, ligand-Zn2+ bilateral interaction, and, more importantly, ligand-Zn2+-Aβ42 trilateral interactions. Analysis of the results strongly indicated that the bifunctional ligand can chelate zinc metal ion and avoid Aβ aggregation simultaneously. The present study illustrated that the proposed ligand has considerable hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding with monomeric Aβ in the presence of zinc metal ion. Therefore, in light of these considerable interactions and contacts, the α-helical structure of Aβ has been enhanced, while the β-sheet formation is prevented and the α-helix native structure is protected. Furthermore, the analysis of interactions between Aβ and ligand-zinc complex revealed that the zinc metal ion is coordinated to Met13, the ending residue of the ligand and merely one residue in Aβ. The results have proven the previous experimental and theoretical findings in the literature about Aβ interactions with zinc metal ion and also Aβ interactions with the first domain of the proposed ligand. Moreover, the current research has evaluated the chelation using MD simulation and linear interaction energy (LIE) methods, and the result has been satisfactorily verified with previous experimental and theoretical (DFT) studies.

قياس الكفاءة الانفعالية لدى طلبة كلية التربية الأساسية

Emotional competence is not one of the important concepts that arise from the emotional component of emotional self, which means the existence of a correlation between the positive emotional efficiency and self-complexity, which will be reflected positively on the production of a distinctive personality in a society suffering decades of psychological pressure, which require adaptation The rapid before it is reflected on the personality of the individual in particular, and affect the psychological health, and psychological and social compatibility has been reflected on society in general through the emergence of ills, and diseases that lead to the weakness of human structure. The research objectives were defined as follows.: Measuring the emotional efficiency of students of the Faculty of Basic Education* Identify the emotional efficiency of students of the Faculty of Basic Education* *Significance of differences according to gender variable (male, female), specialization (scientific, human), and type of study (morning, evening). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built the measure of emotional competency by looking at the previous studies related to the experience of the experts and the experience of the personal researcher as a university professor where the scale of (44) paragraph using the method of the terms of the report and the method of the fifth-rate Linker, where the scale was applied to the sample statistical analysis (400) students from the Faculty of Basic Education and the extraction of kilometric characteristics of honesty and stability. The scale was characterized by these characteristics according to the approved standards. Then, the scale was applied to the application sample of 200 students from the Faculty of Basic Education Basic education where the researcher found the following results: *Enjoy the sample of the research level of emotional efficiency because the value calculated T calculated greater than the value T table *There are no statistically significant differences according to gender variable because the calculated alpha value is smaller than the numerical value of the table *There are no differences of statistical significance according to the variable of specialization because the calculated value of Fahrenheit is smaller than the numerical value of tabular . *There are no statistically significant differences according to the variable of the type of study because the calculated alpha value is smaller than the numerical value of the table *There are no bilateral interactions of statistical significance according to the variable (sex, specialization) because the value of the calculated alpha is smaller than the numerical value of the table. *There are no bilateral interactions of statistical significance according to the variable (gender, type of study) because the value of the calculated F is smaller than the numerical value of the table *There are no bilateral interactions of statistical significance according to the variable (specialization, type of study) because the calculated value is smaller than the numerical value of the table. *There are no statistically significant interactions according to the variable (gender, specialization, type of study) because the calculated value is smaller than the numerical value of the table 0 and through the results reached by the researcher has been made recommendations for research and the proposal of several proposals to complete mandate by the current study.

Compliance, noncompliance, and the in-between: causal effects of civilian demeanor on police officers\u2019 cognitions and emotions

ObjectivesPolice legitimacy can hinge on what happens in police–civilian encounters, yet much remains unknown about the socio-psychological processes involved in these bilateral interactions, especially those affecting officers. We integrate insights from policing research with theories and findings from scholarship on moral psychology, interpersonal strain, and victimization fear to develop hypotheses about the situational effects of civilian demeanor on officers’ cognitions (suspicion and perceived danger) and emotions (anger, frustration, annoyance, and fear).MethodsWe administered a series of three randomized vignettes involving routine police–civilian encounters to 546 officers working in a large city in the southwestern United States. We randomized civilian behavior—compliant, bad attitude (compliant but disrespectful), or noncompliant—and the encounter type—offense-based versus dispatch-initiated.ResultsDemeanor exerts a large causal effect on what officers think and feel in police–civilian encounters. In each experiment, civilian hostility and disrespect increased officers’ self-reported suspicion, perceived danger, and antagonistic emotions (anger, frustration, and annoyance). In some cases, it also increased their fear.ConclusionsEach of these cognitions and emotions may separately influence police decision-making, and each carries unique policy implications. Our results also suggest the efficacy of experimental surveys to unpack the dynamics of police–civilian interactions.

Non-verbal communication in hospitality: At the intersection of religion and gender

Given the criticality of successful bilateral (guest–employee) interactions in the increasingly internationalised hospitality business environment, the overarching aim of this study is to determine whether religion (Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity) plays a role in how hotel employees’ non-verbal communication is perceived by guests. In addition, we are interested in understanding perceptions of hotel employees’ non-verbal behaviour from the perspective of the intersection of religion and gender. This exploratory research is based on cross-sectional data collected from 384 hotel guests in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results showed that Christian guests perceived proxemics, physical appearance and paralanguage of hotel employees less favourably than Muslim guests did. Effects of religion on kinesics and proxemics also depended on gender. Implications are discussed theoretically in terms of cross-religious discourse and practically in terms of workforce training.

Strategic promotion, reputation, and responsiveness in bureaucratic hierarchies

While existing studies usually model promotion as a bilateral interaction between promoter and promotee, it is not uncommon that the promoter is under the influence of a third party. For instance, authoritarian rulers may consider how their interactions with local agents change the way that citizens view them. Similarly, a mid-tier officer in a bureaucratic hierarchy often concerns herself with her image in the eyes of her superior when managing her subordinates. In this paper, we construct a game-theoretic model to investigate promotion strategies when promoters have reputation concerns. We show that promoters can use promotion as a signaling tool, where she can deliberately postpone promoting the subordinate to enhance her own reputation. Furthermore, the promoter has extra incentives to shirk, knowing that she can manipulate promotion in the future. Thus, strategic promotions decrease government responsiveness. Counter-intuitively, such a decrease is more severe when intra-bureaucracy information is more transparent. In other words, transparency may do more harm than good. We conduct a case study of the Chinese bureaucracy and provide supportive evidence.