Biggest Effect Size Research Articles

Enhancing Early Mathematical Skills Through Math Games

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of game-based mathematical activities on the development of preschool children's mathematical skills. A total of 54 children, aged between 60-72 months, participated in the research, with 26 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group, using a semi-experimental model with a pre-test post-test control group design. The children in the experimental group designed their own mathematical games with the guidance and support of their parents. Subsequently, they introduced these games to their classmates and played them together in their classrooms. Data were collected through the Revised Early Numeracy Test and focus group interviews. The findings have shown that the intervention significantly improved the children's mathematical skills. The initial score difference in mathematical skills favoring the control group was closed after the intervention. In addition, a significant increase with a big effect size in mathematical skill scores was observed in the experimental group children. It was also revealed that children in the experimental group enjoyed the mathematical activities and expressed their willingness to participate again. The findings were discussed, taking into account the role of game-based mathematical activities and parental support in the development of early math skills.

Mentalization based treatment for a broad range of personality disorders: a naturalistic study

BackgroundSeveral studies have observed that mentalization-based treatment (MBT) is an effective treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD), but its effectiveness for other personality disorders (PDs) has hardly been examined. Additionally, the evidence supporting the claim that MBT improves mentalizing capacity is scarce. The present study examined whether (i) patients with a broad range of PDs enrolled in an MBT program would improve on several outcome measures (ii) mentalizing capacity would improve over time; (iii) patients with BPD would improve more than those with non-borderline PDs.MethodPersonality disorders, psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, maladaptive personality functioning and mentalizing capacity were measured in a group of individuals with various PDs (n = 46) that received MBT. Assessments were made at baseline and after 6, 12, and 18 months of treatment. The severity of psychiatric symptoms, measured using the Outcome Questionnaire 45, was the primary outcome variable.ResultsOverall, enrollment in the MBT program was associated with a decrease in psychiatric symptoms and an improvement of personality functioning, social functioning for a mixed group of PDs (all p’s ≤\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\le$$\\end{document} .01). Bigger effect sizes were observed for BPD patients (n = 25) than for patients with non-BPD (n = 21), but the difference failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). A primary analysis showed that the decrease in psychiatric symptoms was significant in BPD patients (p = 0.01), not in non-BPD (p = 0.19) patients. However, a sufficiently powered secondary analysis with imputed data showed that non-BPD patients reported a significant decrease in psychiatric symptoms too (p = 0.01). Mentalizing capacity of the whole group improved over time (d = .68 on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and 1.46 on the Social Cognition and Object Relations System).DiscussionThese results suggest that MBT coincides with symptomatic and functional improvement across a broad range of PDs and shows that MBT is associated with improvements in mentalizing capacity. As the study is not experimental in design, we cannot make causal claims.ConclusionMentalization-based treatment may be an effective treatment for patients with a broad range of PDs.Trial registrationThe study design was approved by the Leiden University Ethical Committee.

Can heavy metal pollution stress reduce microbial carbon-use efficiencies?

The fate of soil organic matter (OM) is determined by its microbial use for growth or respiration. Many environmental factors influence microbial OM use, including the presence of contaminants and toxins in the environment, such as heavy metals. We evaluated short- and long-term responses of microbial processes to metal contamination by estimating biomass concentrations and growth rates of bacteria and fungi, respiration, and the resulting microbial carbon-use efficiencies (CUE), and microbial turnover times. We sampled O-horizon from a gradient in boreal forest soils exposed to long-term heavy metal contamination arising from industrial point source since the 1930s to assess long-term effects on soil microorganisms. To estimate microbial responses to short-term metal exposure, additions of Cu were used. Bacterial growth rates and respiration rates decreased in response to long-term metal contamination, while fungal growth rates were unaffected, without changes in CUEs. Bacterial biomass concentrations were independent of soil metal concentrations while fungal and total biomass decreased. Thus, turnover times for bacteria were slowed while fungal turnover times were accelerated by metal pollution. Bacterial growth was inhibited and fungal growth stimulated by experimental Cu additions, with bigger effect sizes in contaminated sites. We interpreted the low rates of growth but high biomass in collected soil samples to indicate that the fungal community included a large mycorrhizal fraction. Although Cu additions decreased the overall microbial OM-use (i.e., the sum of fungal and bacterial growth and total respiration), they also increased the CUE. In conclusion, fungal OM-use was less sensitive than bacterial to metal pollution and the CUE was unaffected. Microbial decomposer communities in contaminated soils were also able to maintain higher CUE when challenged with new metal additions. Our results imply that microbial communities align their trait compositions to environmental challenges, and that this can mitigate the reduction in microbial carbon-use efficiencies that often is expected to occur from environmental stress.

Geographic-inquiry on virtual environment mobile application to support fieldwork based on blended learning

<span lang="EN-US">Implementing geography learning using the blended learning model is challenging for most geography teachers because this subject is ‘hands-on’ and needs to be learned directly in a real environment using fieldwork. This study aimed to test the pedagogical effectiveness of the geographic-inquiry on virtual environment (GIVE) application in supporting fieldwork based on blended learning to improve students’ geographical thinking. This study used a quasi-experimental method involving 216 high school students from three schools. The paired sample t-test (Sig. 2-tailed 0.000) shows that GIVE has a pedagogical influence on students’ geographical thinking. GIVE also offers a big effect size (Cohen’s d=1.37). The technology and the right smartphone application can help develop a virtual environment close to a real one, so fieldwork and hands-on learning activities can be carried out in blended learning; this helps to increase the quality of geography learning.</span>

Improving cervical cancer screening rates: a scoping review of resources and interventions.

Cervical cancer mortality can be prevented through early detection with screening methods such as Pap and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) tests; however, only 81% of women aged 21-65 are up-to-date on screening. Many interventions to increase cervical cancer screening have been implemented, but there is limited understanding about which intervention components are most successful. We conducted a scoping review of existing literature and available resources for cervical cancer screening interventions to identify gaps in the research. We used t tests and correlations to identify associations among intervention components and effect sizes. Out of nine studies, the mean overall effect size for interventions was 11.3% increase in Pap testing for cervical cancer screening (range = - 4-24%). Interventions that included community health workers or one-on-one interaction had the biggest effect size (p < 0.05). No associations with effect size were noted for literacy level, number of intervention components, or targeting by race/ethnicity. Future interventions may include educational sessions with community health workers or one-on-one patient interaction to improve cervical cancer screening. Further research is needed to establish effect sizes for large-scale interventions and hrHPV screening interventions.

운동 중재프로그램이 여성노인의 하지근력에 미치는 영향 : 무작위 대조 연구에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰 및 메타분석

Purpose: The need for the lower extremity muscle strength to prevent a hurt from a fall is emerging in individual researches of having been reported so far. But it is the real situation that each research fails to be consistent or that the meta-analytical approach of integrally analyzing the conflicting results is insufficient. Also, the opinions are divided in reality about which exercise intervention program is effective for the lower extremity muscle strength. This study analyzes the effects of an exercise type on the lower extremity muscle strength using meta-analysis targeting elderly females, thereby aiming to contribute to organizing a program to improve the lower extremity muscle strength in the field by proving the reliability and validity on the outcome.BR Method: A literature search was made by means of RISS, DBpia, National Assembly Library, and KISS. Documents were browsed by combining the search words such as an elderly person, an elderly woman, an injury from a fall, muscular strength, muscular function, and lower extremity muscle strength. The year of publication was established the scope as theses from 2005 to 2021. The statistical program was used R version 4.0.4. The collected research was calculated the integrated effect size and was analyzed homogeneity, heterogeneity, and a publication error.BR Results: First, the exercise intervention program targeting elderly women stands at 1.06 in the total effect size, thereby being very effective for enhancing the lower extremity muscle strength in elderly females. Second, an individual exercise program type was totally seen a big effect size in order of dance exercise(1.57), pilates(1.32), underwater exercise(1.04), strength training(1.03), complex exercise(.94).BR Conclusion: This study parsed the effects of the exercise intervention program with the use of meta-analysis on the lower extremity muscle strength targeting elderly women. As a result, all of dance exercise, Pilates, underwater exercise, strength training, and complex exercise can be considered to be effectual for the lower extremity muscle strength. However, the representativeness of the program may be limited due to the lack of samples given a small number of variables. Thus, a follow-up research is thought to be needed the collection and analysis of the added previous research by giving a change to the range of variables in the analysis. This is expected to be likely to elicit more objective analysis result and to suggest a generalizable conclusion.

Understanding the relationship between High Reliability Theory (HRT) of mindful organizing and Safety Management Systems (SMS) within the aerospace industry: A cross-sectional quantitative assessment

There seems to be a paucity in extant literature that assesses the relationship between Safety Management Systems (SMS) and High Reliability Theory (HRT) behavior process of mindful organizing (MO) among aerospace organizations. There could be benefits for organizational safety by exploring this relationship in high-reliability organizations (HROs) like the aerospace industry. Using a modified Safety Organizing Scale (SOS) by Vogus and Sutcliffe (2007) and a validated SMS scale, the relationship between SMS and MO was measured. The perceptions of a cross-section of respondents from commercial airlines with SMS and commercial space licensees without SMS in the United States (U.S.) was assessed. A four-factor model of MO had acceptable fit. A model showing the relationship between SMS and MO had good fit and showed a high significant strength of relationship (r = 0.82, p = 0.000) with a big effect size. There were also significant differences in mean responses among management personnel and non-management personnel on the MO factor “sensitivity to operations” and the result suggests managers were better at identifying personnel with skills and knowledge to ensure safer task accomplishment than non-management personnel. The study results suggest that the SMS requirements for commercial airlines in the U.S. can enrich the identification and understanding of MO factors and it may be beneficial for the commercial space industry to formally adopt SMS. Future research studies may include direct comparisons in multiple aerospace organizations using a larger sample size to determine the overall understanding of MO factors and how it affects SMS.

Effect of communication-related intervention studies for nurses in Korea : Systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Purpose : This study evaluated the efficacy of a communication-related intervention for nurse in Korea through a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Methods : Meta-analysis was conducted with 19 papers in domestic master and doctorate degree dissertations and academic journals from 2010 to 2020. Results : The entire effect size in communication-related intervention was relevant to big effect size. Regarding the effect size of program methods variables, practice training was identified to have biggest effect size in study subject, program content was identified to have biggest effect size in Conflict management and the number of sessions was identified to have biggest effect size in 5 to 8. Effect size in each effect variable was highest in psychomotor domain. Conclusion : This study identified the effect size of communication-related intervention and provided the basic data to contribute to the quality improvement of communication education which is based on the reasons.

The Effects of Psychological Skills Training for Archery Players in Korea: Research Synthesis Using Meta-Analysis.

The purpose of this meta-analysis study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychological skills training interventions for archery players in Korea. A total of 17 research papers examining the effects of psychological skills training interventions were selected for data analysis. To analyze the data, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software program was used. The results of this study were as follows: The overall effect size of psychological skills training interventions for archery players was ES = 0.469 (Hedges’ g), which was a small effect size. The major factors that influenced the effects of psychological skills training interventions for archery players appeared to be the player level and training period. In particular, adult players and longer periods of training had bigger effect sizes. The results of this study demonstrate that psychological skills training for archery players is effective and show that the player level and training period are crucial factors in the psychological skills training design. Based on these findings, some implications for future research are discussed.

Fragility of clinical trials across research fields: A synthesis of methodological reviews

BackgroundRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often used to inform clinical practice and it is desirable that their results be robust. A fragility index (FI), defined as the smallest number of participants in whom an outcome change from non-event to event would turn a statistically significant result to a non-significant result, can be computed to measure robustness. We sought to determine the distribution of fragility indices across various research areas and summarized the factors associated with fragility. MethodsWe searched PubMed between February 2014 and May 2019 and included reviews that reported on fragility indices and the associated factors. Two investigators independently screened articles for eligibility and extracted all relevant data from each review. Fragility indices were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. ResultsTwenty-four (24) reviews met the inclusion criteria. They contained a median of 41 trials (first quartile [Q1]-third quartile [Q3]: 17–120). The overall mean FI across different fields of research was 4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3–5), indicating a high level of fragility. Higher journal impact factor, larger sample size, bigger effect size, more outcome events, a lower p-value, and adequate allocation concealment were reported to be associated with the higher FI. The ecological correlation between median FI and median sample size (22 studies) was 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–0.99). ConclusionTrials across various fields of research are frequently fragile. We also identified some factors associated with fragility. Researchers should consider strategies to enhance the robustness of studies and minimize fragility.

Investigation of S-Nitrosoglutathione in stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of literature in pre-clinical and clinical research

BackgroundS-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a nitric oxide donor that has been investigated for neuroprotective and neuro-recovery effect. We aimed to conduct a systematic review on the published literatures using GSNO in both pre-clinical and clinical stroke studies. MethodsWe searched PubMed up to June 30, 2019, using the following keywords: S-Nitrosoglutathione, GSNO, stroke, cerebrovascular, carotid arteries, middle cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery occlusion. Only studies published in the English language providing efficacy results of GSNO on ischemic stroke were included. Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) score was used to assess the quality of pre-clinical studies and PEDro score for clinical trials. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effect size. ResultsOf 39 articles identified, 10 (6 for pre-clinical and 4 for clinical studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included. The median STAIR score across the pre-clinical studies was 5.5 (range: 4–7), and the median PEDro score for the 4 clinical trials was 10 (ranged: 6 to 10). Among the 6 pre-clinical studies, GSNO reduced infarct size in 6 studies and improved neurological behavior scales in 5 studies compared to placebo. Inverse-variance weighted linear meta-analysis of standardized mean difference (Hedge's g) on 4 human studies revealed a big effect size (Hedge's g = −0.82, 95% CI: [−1.26, −0.38], P = .0003) favoring the GSNO group in term of reducing embolic signals. I2 value was 0 across the included clinical studies in the meta-analysis. ConclusionsPre-clinical studies showed positive benefit of GSNO in animal stroke models. The meta-analysis of clinical studies demonstrated that GSNO is effective in reducing embolic signals in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy or stenting. Further investigation of this molecule is warranted.

The effectiveness of using integrated science practice worksheet of integrated type to enhance environmental literacy

The aim of this study is to know the effectiveness of the use of integrated science practice worksheet of integrated type to enhance environmental literacy. The method used in this research was quasi experimental method. The research design uses non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Students from two classes in one school took part in this research. The environmental literacy instruments are arranged by adopting and modifying problems from the MSELS (Middle School Environment Literacy Survey). Data was collected from 64 students divided into experiment class and control class. Data analysis uses statistical data analysis and impact effect (effect size). The results showed that there was a significant difference from the enhancement of environmental literacy of the control class and experimental class after treatment was given, whereas based on the size of the impact it has the value of the big categorical effect size. Therefore, integrated science worksheet of integrated type is effective to enhance students’ literacy ability.

The effectiveness of using integrated science practice worksheet of integrated type to enhance environmental literacy

The aim of this study is to know the effectiveness of the use of integrated science practice worksheet of integrated type to enhance environmental literacy. The method used in this research was quasi experimental method. The research design uses non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Students from two classes in one school took part in this research. The environmental literacy instruments are arranged by adopting and modifying problems from the MSELS (Middle School Environment Literacy Survey). Data was collected from 64 students divided into experiment class and control class. Data analysis uses statistical data analysis and impact effect (effect size). The results showed that there was a significant difference from the enhancement of environmental literacy of the control class and experimental class after treatment was given, whereas based on the size of the impact it has the value of the big categorical effect size. Therefore, integrated science worksheet of integrated type is effective to enhance students’ literacy ability.

Abstract TP105: Investigation of S-nitrosoglutathione in Stroke: A Systematic Review of Literature in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research

Background: S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a nitric oxide donor that that has been investigated for neuroprotective and neuro-recovery effect. We aimed to conduct a systematic review on the published literature using GSNO in both human and animal stroke studies. Methods: We searched PubMed up to June 30, 2018, using the following keywords: S-Nitrosoglutathione, GSNO, stroke, cerebrovascular, carotid arteries, middle cerebral artery, and MCA. Only studies published in the English language providing efficacy results of GSNO on ischemic stroke were included. STAIR Score was used for the quality assessment of preclinical studies and PEDro Score was used to evaluate clinical trials. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effect size. Results: Of 39 articles identified, 10 (6 for preclinical and 4 for clinical studies) met eligibility criteria and were included (Fig. 1a). Meta-analysis was done for the 4 clinical studies. The median STAIR Score across the preclinical studies was 5.5 (range: 4-7)(Fig.1b) and the PEDro Score for the 4 clinical trials ranged from 6 to 10 (Fig.1c). Among the included 6 preclinical studies, 5 studies found that GSNO reduced infarct size, while 4 studies demonstrated improved neurological behavior (Fig.1d). Inverse-variance weighted linear meta-analysis of standardized mean difference (Hedge’s g) on 4 human studies revealed a big effect size (Hedge’s g=-0.82, 95% CI: [-1.26, -0.38], P=0.0003) favoring the GSNO group in term of reducing embolic signals (Fig. 1e&amp;1f). Conclusions: There are positive signs from both preclinical and clinical studies that GSNO has potential application in human strokes.

Exploring the relationship between the body self and the sense of coherence in women after surgical treatment for breast cancer.

Analysis of the relationship between the body self (BS) and the sense of coherence (SOC) in women after breast surgery due to cancer in comparison with a control group. A cross-sectional study in a group of 78 women using the body-self questionnaire (BS-Q), and the life orientation questionnaire (SOC-29). Statistics based on the IBM SPSS v.25. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) has shown significant differences based on groups in experiencing intimacy, manifesting femininity, body acceptance, and manageability. In particular, manifesting femininity and body acceptance showed a big effect size (0.30<partial ɳ2 <0.32). Correlation analysis between the BS-Q and SOC-29 subscales and Fisher's r to z transformation determines that the differences between groups were significant in favour of healthy women in two sets of variables: experiencing intimacy/meaningfulness and attitude to food and weight/manageability. Breast cancer survivors are at greater risk of developing decreased body acceptance and problems in intimacy, and have less correlation than the healthy control group between manageability and meaningfulness with an appropriate attitude to food and intimate relationship with their partner, respectively. A higher manifestation of femininity in the treated group can be considered a positive but socioculturally conditioned coping strategy.

How big is a big effect size? A nonparametric measure of effect size when modeling cytokines

Abstract Cytokines play a major role in driving immune responses in cancer and other diseases. There is a critical need to understand how they interact and regulate one another. In this study, we examine new approaches to understand meaningful networks between cytokines and their relevance to human disease. Effect size (ES) is a way of assessing the difference between two groups with respect to a continuous measure such as cytokines. Its use, relative to p-values, gives easier understanding to whether a difference is actually clinically important or not. Results of a study can be statistically significant but still be too small to be of any practical value, or statistically insignificant but still be too large to not be of any practical value; especially when multiple comparisons adjustments are applied. As opposed to p-values, ES is independent of sample size, and thus has recently attracted the attention of researchers. When modeling cytokines, we recommend the use of the A measure of stochastic superiority A = [#Y1 &amp;gt; Y2) + 0.5#(Y1=Y2)]/n1n2, due to Delaney and Vargha (2002), which is appropriate for the nonparametric Wilcoxon Test. The ES of interest from this measure is A/1 – A which gives the odds that an individual in one group will score higher than an individual in the other group. Our simulation indicated that odds= 1.253, 1.763, and 2.500 are equivalent to Cohen’s d = 0.2 (small), 0.5 (medium), and 0.8 (large). We applied this measure on a panel of 26 cytokines identified in 29 subjects (15 with Metastasis and 14 without Metastasis) with gastric cancer, and revealed 11 cytokines with large ES, five of which with non-significant Sidak adjusted p-values: (from largest to smallest) G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-10, TNF-a, GM-CSF, MIP-1a, IL-1b, MIP-1b, and VEGF.

Family studies to find rare high risk variants in migraine

IntroductionMigraine has long been known as a common complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology and the specific genetic susceptibility are poorly understood. Common variants only explain a small part of the heritability of migraine. It is thought that rare genetic variants with bigger effect size may be involved in the disease. Since migraine has a tendency to cluster in families, a family approach might be the way to find these variants. This is also indicated by identification of migraine-associated loci in classical linkage-analyses in migraine families. A single migraine study using a candidate-gene approach was performed in 2010 identifying a rare mutation in the TRESK potassium channel segregating in a large family with migraine with aura, but this finding has later become questioned. The technologies of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now provides an affordable tool to investigate the genetic variation in the entire exome or genome. The family-based study design using NGS is described in this paper. We also review family studies using NGS that have been successful in finding rare variants in other common complex diseases in order to argue the promising application of a family approach to migraine.MethodPubMed was searched to find studies that looked for rare genetic variants in common complex diseases through a family-based design using NGS, excluding studies looking for de-novo mutations, or using a candidate-gene approach and studies on cancer. All issues from Nature Genetics and PLOS genetics 2014, 2015 and 2016 (UTAI June) were screened for relevant papers. Reference lists from included and other relevant papers were also searched. For the description of the family-based study design using NGS an in-house protocol was used.ResultsThirty-two successful studies, which covered 16 different common complex diseases, were included in this paper. We also found a single migraine study. Twenty-three studies found one or a few family specific variants (less than five), while other studies found several possible variants. Not all of them were genome wide significant. Four studies performed follow-up analyses in unrelated cases and controls and calculated odds ratios that supported an association between detected variants and risk of disease. Studies of 11 diseases identified rare variants that segregated fully or to a large degree with the disease in the pedigrees.ConclusionIt is possible to find rare high risk variants for common complex diseases through a family-based approach. One study using a family approach and NGS to find rare variants in migraine has already been published but with strong limitations. More studies are under way.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of group cognitive behavioural psychotherapy treatment for sub-clinical depression.

Studies investigating effectiveness of group psychotherapy intervention in sub-threshold depression have shown varying results with differing effect sizes. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of group psychotherapy in adults with sub-threshold depression has been conducted to present the best available evidence in relation to its effect on depressive symptomatology and prevention of incident major depression. Electronic search for RCTs and a meta-analysis using random effects models to obtain a pooled estimate. Eight studies from six clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Group psychotherapy is an effective intervention for reducing depressive symptoms in adults with sub-threshold depression in comparison to waiting list controls (MD=-3.48, 95% CI: -5.02, -1.93). The reported benefits for group intervention in reducing depressive symptoms in comparison to other active interventions did not reach statistical significance (MD=0.37 95% CI: -1.29, 2.04). The benefit of group psychotherapy at follow-up is not maintained. Group psychotherapies do not appear to reduce the risk of incident depressive disorder during the follow up (RR=1.15 95% CI: 0.85, 1.54). Dutch studies had bigger effect sizes than studies from other countries. The quality of reporting of all the studies was suboptimal. The results of this meta-analysis show that group CBT interventions for patients with sub-threshold depression have a significant effect on depressive symptomatology at post treatment in both working age and older adult population. However it does not appear to reduce the incidence of major depressive disorders and has minimal or no effect on depressive symptomatology during follow-up.

Cognitive test to forecast unsafe driving in older drivers: Meta-analysis

This study performed meta-analysis on the literatures that surveyed cognitive test to forecast unsafe driving by older drivers and identified objective and consistent cognitive test for predicting unsafe driving of older drivers. The study of RCT (Randomized Control Trial) that conducted cognitive test by classifying older drivers into safe-drivers and unsafe-drivers was done and a total of nine studies suitable for the selection criteria were chosen. To meet subject selection, online search was performed by keyword such as "Older", "Driving", "Safe", "Cognition", etc. Qualitative analysis of the study was conducted using Jadad evaluation. Quantitative analysis also conducted statistical heterogeneity, effect size, sensitivity and publication bias every cognitive assessment tool. The Jadad evaluation grade of the studies was assessed on papers of a high quality - all study received over 3 points. The result of the effect sizes was that TMT-B, TMT-A, UFOV-subtest 2 and MMSE were statistically significant (P < .05). As a result, TMT-B was "Big effect size", TMT-A and UFOV-subtest 2 were "Medium effect sizes" and MMSE was "Small effect size." TMT-A, TMT-B and UFOV-subtest 2 were found to be useful as cognitive test tools to forecast unsafe driving of older drivers.

Workplace Stress and Job Satisfaction among Biologics Development Professionals

Workplace stress is a common problem with broad effects in professional life. This study aimed to understand how workplace stressors affect job satisfaction among biologics development professionals. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at a biologics development organization. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using years of experience, ambiguity, job conflict, perceived control, social support, job demands, self-esteem, and self-rated workplace stress as independent variables and job satisfaction as dependent variable (response). The regression model indicated that the workplace stressors and their two-level interactions significantly predicted employees’ job satisfaction, which explained 89% of the variance in level of job satisfaction (R2 = 0.89, F(17, 16) = 7.251, p = 0.0001). The interaction between perceived control and job demand and interaction between self-rated stress and job conflict had the biggest effect size on job satisfaction. This model was further used in Monte Carlo simulation to predict the outcome of job satisfaction under different work conditions. The findings will help the management to develop strategies to improve employee job satisfaction.