Big Players Research Articles

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its major role in plant growth, zinc nutrition, phosphorous regulation and phytoremediation

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) are a big player of the ecosystem which shows a major concern over plant nutrition by providing access to the soil-derived nutrients. Naturally, an intimate association between plant roots and AMF is observed. AMF are involved in improvement on the soil water regime and nutrient uptake both in the biotic and abiotic stress situations such as drought, temperature extreme, heavy metals, salinity, pathogen and metal pollution. This kind of symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungal hyphae is observed to be 80% of the terrestrial plant species worldwide. In plant AMF association fungal hyphae are benefitted by obtaining sugar from the host plants root and host plants root are ameliorated by improved uptake of water and nutrients from soil surface. AMF have a dual role to manage the Zn nutrition in soil. For example below a critical Zn concentration, Zn uptake is enhanced by AMF application and above the critical level, Zn translocation to plant shoots is restricted. Synergistic association between Zn and AMF is important for sustainable yield and quality. It is observed that grain Zn content in the field is increased with applying AMF. AMF help in the plant growth, development and reproduction, as the Zn is essential for pollen tube formation. By AMF application there is an increment in the content of lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin A and antioxidant activities than non AMF plants in tomato. In traditional driven agriculture, inherent soil fertility is the major source of P with an occasional supply of manure for the crops. But after modernization in agriculture results in overexploitation of the P and results in low crop yield and farm income. Rock phosphate is the major source of the phosphatic fertilizer and is non-renewable which could be exhausted in the next 50–100 years. Moreover, the stimulation of secondary metabolites synthesis results in the improvement of crop quality by sustainable use of phosphatic fertilizers. So P application techniques which can also ameliorate AMF are widely promising. This is how AMF play a pivotal role in developing present era farming practices towards sustainable agriculture. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from different soil types has potential benefit of using AMF in soil. Mycorrhizae disrupt the uptake of the different heavy metals from the rhizosphere and movement from the root to the aerial parts. The major role of AMF in plant growth and development during stressful environments is to translocate important immovable nutrients like Cu, Zn and P and reducing metal toxicity in the host plant.

MEASURES TO IMPROVE LIFE INSURANCE PROFITABILITY IN INDIA

With ~32 crore policies in-force and over ~11000 branches across locations, Life Insurance Industry in India is the 10th largest across the globe in terms of premium contribution. India's share in Global Life Insurance Market was 2.73% during 2019. The life insurance industry is also one of the largest employers with both direct and indirect employment. Life Insurance penetration in India is at 2.82% and density at 58 USD, which is way below the global statistics. This gives immense opportunity for global players to venture into the Indian insurance market. With a proposal for an FDI hike to 74%, we are expecting many big players to enter the Indian market. However, the attractiveness of the industry not depends solely on the market opportunity but also on the bottom line, which is profitability. Indian Insurance Industry is one of the highly regulated markets across the globe and perceived to be the lowest profit-making insurance market. Hence, the need for the study to improve the profitability of life insurance companies in India through structural and policy measures.
 JEL Classification Codes: G22, I13, O16, A10, E22, G10.

La théorie autrichienne des cycles: une théorie de la récurrence des erreurs collectives d’anticipation

This paper offers an account of the recent development of Austrian Trade Cycle Theory. It focus on the theoretical contributions and argues that the Austrian’s explanation of Trade Cycle is a theory of collective errors of expectations and of their recurrences. Austrian economists agree to explain the errors of individuals by the nationalization of money because it leads to an excess of money supply. Nevertheless, they disagree about the cause of this excess. Two explanations have been suggested. The first one measures the excess in relation with the demand of money. The second one evaluates the excess in relation with monetary saving. They agree, on the contrary, on the reasons of the recurrence of expectation errors and their uniformity. The theory of property rights explains the recurrence of expectation errors by the socialization of risk. The expectation theory explains the collective errors by the centralisation of expectations (big player hypothesis) on the central bank decisions. Therefore, the centralization of expectations explains the instability of market process.
 Keywords: cycle, expectations, property rights, central banking, free banking and error
 Classification JEL: E32, E58,
 Resume: Cet article présente les développements récents de la théorie autrichienne des cycles. Il se concentre sur les apports théoriques et soutient que désormais la théorie autrichienne des cycles est une théorie plurielle de la récurrence des erreurs collectives d’anticipation. Les économistes autrichiens s’accordent pour penser que la nationalisation de la monnaie est à l’origine de l’excès d’offre de monnaie qui crée une distorsion de la structure des taux d’intérêt des prêts et induit la phase de récession. Ils s’entendent aussi sur les raisons de la récurrence des erreurs d’anticipation et sur leur uniformité. La théorie des droits de propriété explique la récurrence des erreurs d’anticipation par la socialisation des risques. La théorie des anticipations explique les erreurs collectives par la centralisation des anticipations autour des décisions de la banque centrale et rend compte ainsi de l’instabilité des systèmes économiques. Les économistes autrichiens se divisent, en revanche, sur les raisons de cet excès d’offre de monnaie. Il y a ceux qui soutiennent que cet excès d’offre se mesure par rapport à l’épargne monétaire et s’explique par la pratique des réserves fractionnaires (école de la libre circulation). Il y a ceux, au contraire, qui estiment que cet excès doit être mesuré par rapport à la demande de monnaie et expliqué par l’absence de concurrence entre les monnaies (école de la banque libre).
 Mots clés: cycles, anticipations, droits de propriété, banque centrale, banque libre et erreur

Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley: A Geographically Distributed and Expanding Life Science Ecosystem

Philadelphia has been considered by many to be the birthplace of the modern US pharmaceutical industry with Merck & Co. Inc.’s research division Merck Research Labs [originally called MSDRL] based in West Point and GSK’s primary US labs [originally SKF] now based in Collegeville. The City of Philadelphia is also home to two of the oldest medical schools in the US: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania founded in 1765 and the Sydney Kimmel Medical College [formerly Jefferson Medical College] founded in 1824. The conjunction of those two touchpoints along with the other big pharma players, e.g., Johnson & Johnson/Janssen and emerging biotech entities in the wider Delaware Valley region is significant. Also noteworthy is the presence of other research intensive universities such as Drexel University, Temple University, Jefferson University and research institutes such as the Wistar Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center [associated with Temple University School of Medicine], Lankenau Institute, Monell Chemical Senses Center and the Coriell Institute in Southern New Jersey.

Infant company protection in the German semi-synthetic fibre industry: Market power, technology, the Nazi government and the post-1945 world market

In the 1920 and early 1930s, the German semi-synthetic fibre industry was dominated by a duopoly of two big players. The incumbent firms were not willing to expand their staple fibre capacities to the extent demanded by the new Nazi government, which prepared for autarky and war. Hence the government encouraged other private companies, especially spinning mills, to found eight regional staple fibre plants and protected them against the incumbents who were technologically superior. The Nazis’ infant company protection policy enabled the ­newcomers to become competitive both in economic and technological terms within a few years. After the war and without protection, these firms flourished on the world market. While the big players left the market, two of the newcomers founded in the second half of the 1930s are today the last European producers of staple fibre. We analyse in detail why companies founded for protectionist reasons by a non-benign government became successful firms competing on the world market.

Solving problems with quantum annealing

Quantum computing is increasingly becoming a big player in digitization and will provide competitive advantages in industry and business. The Canadian company D-Wave Systems has been involved in the development and commercial use of quantum computers for almost exactly ten years. Murray Thom is Vice President of Software and Cloud Services at D-Wave and is responsible for the application possibilities of quantum computing

CryptoKitties Transaction Network Analysis: The Rise and Fall of the First Blockchain Game Mania

CryptoKitties was the first widely recognized blockchain game. Players could own, breed, and trade kitties, which are the only prop in the game. The game gained explosive growth upon its release but quickly collapsed in a short time. This study analyzes its entire player activity history for the first time in literature and tries to find the reasons for the rise and fall of this first blockchain game mania. First, we extracted the five million transaction records among 100 thousand addresses involved in CryptoKitties in the past three years. Based on the numbers of addresses involved in the game each day, we divide the game progress into four stages: the primer, the rise, the fall, and the serenity. We construct a temporal kitty ownership transfer network and analyze the varying network parameters in the four stages. We find that a large number of players poured in during the 10th and 18th days since the game release and quickly exited in the following month. Since then, a few big players have gradually dominated the game, concentrating the game resources. Through further analysis, we find that the main reason for the rapid increase in the game popularity was the increase of public attention by media outlets, while the reasons for the rapid decline in the game popularity include the oversupply of kitties, the decreasing of player income, a widening gap between the rich and poor players, and the limitations of blockchain systems. Based on these observations, we advise on the further blockchain game design: (1) to finely control the production of props and avoid an oversupply, (2) to balance the gaming cost and revenue and protect the enjoyment of players, (3) to narrow down the gap between rich and poor and create an equal gaming community, (4) to consider the limitations of blockchain systems in their game designs.

Performance evaluation for the design of a hybrid cloud based distance synchronous and asynchronous learning architecture

The COVID-19 emergency suddenly obliged schools and universities around the world to deliver on-line lectures and services. While the urgency of response resulted in a fast and massive adoption of standard, public on-line platforms, generally owned by big players in the digital services market, this does not sufficiently take into account privacy-related and security-related issues and potential legal problems about the legitimate exploitation of the intellectual rights about contents. However, the experience brought to attention a vast set of issues, which have been addressed by implementing these services by means of private platforms.This work presents a modeling and evaluation framework, defined on a set of high-level, management-oriented parameters and based on a Vectorial Auto Regressive Fractional (Integrated) Moving Average based approach, to support the design of distance learning architectures. The purpose of this framework is to help decision makers to evaluate the requirements and the costs of hybrid cloud technology solutions. Furthermore, it aims at providing a coarse grain reference organization integrating low-cost, long-term storage management services to implement a viable and accessible history feature for all materials. The proposed solution has been designed bearing in mind the ecosystem of Italian universities. A realistic case study has been shaped on the needs of an important, generalist, polycentric Italian university, where some of the authors of this paper work.

Kopin Hits OLED Microdisplay Milestone

MICRODISPLAY SUPPLIER KOPIN CORPORATION—which specializes in wearable headset products for the military, industrial, enterprise, and consumer markets—says it shipped the first production order of its 720p color OLED microdisplays to a US company for public safety applications. The 0.49-in.-diagonal 720p display uses the combination of Kopin's proprietary ColorMax technology for superior color fidelity and a duo-stack OLED structure (which is essentially two layers of OLEDs) for high current efficiency and low power consumption. Kopin makes microdisplays used in everything from helmet displays for fighter jets to smart glasses for running and cycling. It has historically manufactured its own active-matrix LCD and liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays, but it is pursuing a fabless model for its OLED products. The 720p-color OLEDs are made by the Chinese firm Lakeside Optoelectronic Technology at its factory in Changzhou, China. “We are very pleased with our first production order of our color duo-stack 720 OLED microdisplays, which is for a product made by a US company,” John C.C. Fan, CEO of Kopin, says in a press release. “Though this initial order is fairly modest in size, it is an important milestone for our OLED microdisplay business, and is a true proof-point of our fabless OLED display business model in which our OLED partner, Lakeside, manufactures the displays on our ColorMax backplane wafers to meet our specifications. With the successful production of duo-stack color displays on our ColorMax wafers, we believe it will be the first of many orders from companies around the world that want to leverage our industry-leading technology.” Kopin's color display is made with a duo-stack white OLED structure and color filters. The company's patent-pending ColorMax technology uses a specially configured anode structure in the silicone backplane to suppress color mixing among tiny subpixels (2.8 × 8.4 micrometers in the 720p display), which be problematic would otherwise in duo-stack OLED structures. Duo-stack is Kopin's strategy to improve luminance, a long-time challenge in using OLED microdisplays for augmented reality applications, says Guillaume Chansin, director of display research for Display Supply Chain Consultants. “When you're going to overlap an image in front of the reality, you want that image to be bright enough so you can see it, especially in bright daylight,” Chansin says. “The OLED technology that has been available so far was not bright enough, so now what companies like Kopin are doing is to find ways to push the brightness up.” Other microdisplay firms are taking different approaches, such as Hopewell Junction, New York-based eMagin Corporation, which uses a technique called direct patterning in its OLEDs that produces red, green, and blue (RGB) light without requiring a color filter. Both Kopin and eMagin have achieved more than 7,000 nits with their OLED microdisplays. Chansin says it remains unclear, though, which technical approach is superior for mass-market consumer devices. He notes that Sony is also a big player in OLED microdisplays, but it has yet to disclose a particular strategy for improving brightness. “It's really hard to tell at this point, because this problem has been around for quite a long time and a lot of people have come out with ideas to do a brighter OLED,” Chansin says. “But we still don't know what the limit is. Both companies [Kopin and eMagin] say they want to go to something like 30,000 nits eventually.” In the near term, other opportunities exist for OLED microdisplays in virtual reality (VR) headsets, where brightness may not be as much of a key requirement. Kopin has already worked with Panasonic to produce micro-OLED panels for prototype ultra-high definition (UHD) VR goggles. The 1.3-in. panels, which feature high dynamic range and 2.6K (2,560 × 2,560) resolution, work in combination with 3M's Pancake optics to create a lightweight goggle suitable for VR sports or entertainment applications. —Glen Dickson Kopin's Microdisplay A 0.49-in. diagonal 720p OLED display incorporating ColorMax technology. source: Kopin

The Display Week 2021 Symposium Preview

The Display Week 2021 Symposium Preview

E-commerce em 2020, um cenário de oportunidades em meio a pandemia

O ano de 2020 foi um ano atípico em vários segmentos, nesse ano precisamos mudar hábitos, nos isolar para conter o avanço da pandemia do COVID-19, nesse momento tivemos que reaprender a viver, e com isso aspectos culturais por todo o mundo foram de alguma forma afetada, o que parecia tão afastado da realidade tornou-se a melhor alternativa para a economia, o digital foi incluído no nosso cotidiano, o setor de comercio eletrônico que cresceu 12% no primeiro semestre do ano de 2019, teve um recorde de crescimento no mesmo período analisado no ano de 2020. Nesse trabalho vamos abordar como o e-commerce foi impactado pela pandemia, e quais as expectativas para os próximos anos. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida de forma bibliográfica e quantitativa, aliando a teoria aos dados obtidos a partir de dados coletados dos últimos informativos disponibilizados pelo prêmio EBIT/Nielsen. Vamos comparar o crescimento e analisar o perfil do cliente, sendo utilizadas bases de dados das últimas edições publicadas. Nesse trabalho o objetivo foi abordar o comportamento de tomada de decisões dos millenials, por esse ser o maior player da modalidade.

TORCH: a TOSCA-Based Orchestrator of Multi-Cloud Containerised Applications

The growth in the number and types of cloud-based services offered to IT customers is supported by the constant entry of new actors in the market and the consolidation of disruptive technologies such as AI, Big Data and Micro-services. From the customer’s perspective, in a market landscape where the cloud offer is highly diversified due to the presence of multiple competing service providers, picking the service that best accommodate their specific needs is a critical challenge. Once the choice is made, so called “cloud orchestration tools” (orchestrators) are required to take care of the customer application’s life-cycle. While big players offer their customers proprietary orchestrators, in the literature quite a number of open-source initiatives have launched multi-cloud orchestrators capable of transparently managing applications on top of the most representative cloud platforms. In this paper, we propose TORCH, a TOSCA-based framework for the deployment and orchestration of cloud applications, both classical and containerised, on multiple cloud providers. The framework assists the cloud customer in defining application requirements by using standard specification models. Unlike other multi-cloud orchestrators, adopts a strategy that separates the provisioning workflow from the actual invocation of proprietary cloud services API. The main benefit is the possibility to add support to any cloud platforms at a very low implementation cost. In the paper, we present a prototypal implementation of TORCH and showcase its interaction with two different container-based cluster platforms. Preliminary performance tests conducted on a small-scale test-bed confirm the potential of TORCH.

Corporate Social Responsibility as Core Competence for the Business Model of Social Start-Ups in the Netherlands

Little is known about how social enterprises and social start-ups compete with the bigger players on the market. It could be reasoned that social start-ups gain an advantage by the deployment of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) elements from the early beginning as a part of their core competences. The aim of this paper is to investigate if CSR elements can be a core competence and how they can contribute to the robustness of the business models of social start-ups. Data was gathered by conducting a case study and interviewing four social entrepreneurs in the first half of 2017. The data was analyzed with the help of a framework built upon the CSR pyramid, the business case for CSR and the Canvas business model. The main findings show that the CSR elements economic, ethical and discretionary responsibilities can be a core competence for social start-ups. Moreover, CSR elements can play an important role in the design of social business models. Especially the deployment of interrelationships between the CSR elements seems to be effective in designing a robust business model of a social start-up.

Politics, pandemics, and support: the role of political actors in Dutch state aid during COVID-19

Abstract How do governments distribute resources across economic sectors during a crisis? And why do some sectors receive more than others? The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgency of these questions. In this paper, we explore the extent to which a political economy perspective can help explain the characteristics of sector-specific state aid in the Netherlands, a traditionally corporatist country. While KLM, the biggest player in the Dutch aviation sector, was promised loans worth €3.4 billion, the horeca (hospitality) sector was denied a similar deal. Limited cross-case analysis eliminates purely economic accounts. We employed process-tracing and analyzed hundreds of national media articles to understand the influence of elected leaders, interest groups, and experts. We find that, against the backdrop of economic concerns, vote-seeking behavior by elected leaders as well as the strength and organization of interest groups influenced how much each sector could expect. Meanwhile, policy-seeking behavior helps explain the form that aid took. Our findings highlight the need to consider fiscal support in political economy terms, even during crises, and to explore the composition of state aid, not just its presence or amount.

Factors motivating buying behavior of female two wheeler users in the district of Palghar

Covid-19 has impacted all industries globally in a big way. The Indian two wheeler industry is no exception. The Indian two wheeler Industry is considered to be one of the biggest industries of the world, which contributes significantly to the economic growth of the country. Indian automobile market is one of the most competitive one, with many big players into the fray. The number of two wheeler users is increasing every year, especially with more and more women now owning a two wheeler. Majority of the two wheeler owners reside in rural India. The world is changing very rapidly, but the world of women folk is changing faster. Traditionally the women still continue to manage the house, but now are also venturing out of their homes to seek higher education and make a successful career. Understanding the perception of females towards brands remains a complex, but a topic of strong interest for researchers. The study was undertaken to assess the factors considered to be important by women when choosing to buy a two wheeler in the district of Palghar. The sample considered for research was 150 respondents. The data required for the study has been collected through questionnaire and has been analyzed through statistical techniques and tools such as simple percentage, and Chi Square test. Keywords: Automobile, Brand, Two wheeler, Perception, Industry.

Higher education internationalization and diplomacy: Successes mixed with challenges. A case study of Hungary's Stipendium Hungaricum scholarship program

AbstractThis paper presents a case study of the Stipendium Hungaricum (SH) scholarship program and contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the characteristics, goals, and outcomes of government-sponsored scholarship programs, which typically feature big players like the US, the UK, Germany, France, and China. The central research question is: “What are the stated goals and expected benefits of the SH from the perspectives of key stakeholder groups?” The study focused on three key stakeholder groups, namely: 1) The Hungarian government and the Vietnamese government; 2) Hungarian higher education institutions (HEIs) hosting Vietnamese scholarship recipients; and 3) Vietnamese SH scholarship recipients. Findings from this study suggest that the SH program is driven by three motives: diplomacy, human capital investment, and internationalization. Although internationalization appears to be the dominant goal, elements of diplomacy and human capital investment are indispensable, especially within the context of bilateral cooperation between Hungary and Vietnam. This purposeful combination has both positive and negative impacts. There is evident frustration among the Hungarian HEIs about the inclusion of Hungarian-language degree programs, which seems inconsistent with their internationalization strategy. Furthermore, there is a question about transparency in recruitment of SH scholarship recipients. The SH is an interesting case study to examine the dynamics of internationalization in Hungarian higher education and the multiple roles of government scholarships sponsored by small/middle-sized countries.

The profits of the Portuguese–Brazilian transatlantic slave trade: challenges and possibilities

ABSTRACT Together, Portugal and Brazil were the second biggest players in the transatlantic slave trade. However, we still know little about the profits generated by the slave trade and by the activities carried out by slaves within the Portuguese Empire – in particular in the Atlantic world. In other words, who were the various groups benefiting from those profits and where was the capital obtained invested and/or reinvested? In this article, we present preliminary estimates of gross profits generated by the Portuguese Brazilian participation in this business and discuss the methodological challenges faced to calculate the net profits of Portuguese–Brazilian participation in the slave trade as well as in assessing the weight of slave-based produce in the economies of Portugal, and Brazil. The first part of our study relies mainly on the data available in the Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, evidence gathered from several Portuguese archives, and the slave prices’ series built by David Richardson and David Eltis et al for West and West Central Africa and the Brazilian slave prices series built by Laird Bergad. The second part will be based on the vast body of literature and source materials available in Portuguese, English and other languages on the topic.

Crisis on Human Resources: Airline Companies in Thailand

A year has gone by and the COVID pandemic is still affecting many industries, with thousands of people getting laid off from work due to lockdowns all across the world. The Airline Industry in Thailand is no different. With many budget airlines closing down permanently and big players in the industry such as Thai airways, filing for bankruptcy just to stay alive. Although the current situation has improved since the beginning of the year, the industry still faces many problems in terms of Human Resources. With the gradual lift of travel restrictions, the industry is slowly trying to bounce back but recovering what the industry lost will be a very slow process in the current situation. Unlike other industries, work from home is not an option in the airline industry, as the industry depends on employees to be physically present, it is evident that safety protocols need to be heavily implemented for the well-being of their employee and their customers. To foresee the possible changes in the industry in regard to Human Resources, the author focus on five main aspects of Human Resource Management: Recruitment, Training, Motivation, Healthy Environment, and Retainment of Employment. In each part, the author states the importance and provides strategies to cope with the current situation. In conclusion, the author ends on an optimistic note for the industry and emphasizes the need to adapt in order to survive in the current situation.

Strategic diversification through acquisition : The move of Amazon to acquire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)

Companies in their groth policies have many choicies depending on their availalble resources. In this paper, Amazon. In fact, Amazon’s desire is to be a bigger player in Hollywood could involve the acquisition of the American company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The ongoing discussions between the tech giant and the historic film and television studio explains Amazon strategic move to acquire a company specialised in a domain which is not Amazon main area of expertise; a sector that could increases Amazon revenues in the future. Amazon has already established itself as a significant entertainment force with content it creates and acquires through Amazon Studios and that it broadcasts via its Prime Video streaming service. Metro Goldwyn Mayer would bring with it a major film library, which includes the James Bond franchise, as well as television shows such as “The Handmaid’s Tale” and “Fargo,” and reality shows such as “Shark Tank” and “Survivor,” a potential deal at between $7 billion and $10 billion. To be ready for the move, Amazon is shaving more than 200 million Prime members worldwide with 175 million of Prime Video content. Amazon wants to turn Prime Video into an even bigger habit for customers worldwide, and a quick way to do that would be to stir MGM’s extensive library of titles into the mix. It is not a secret that other tech and media giants have been sniffing around MGM for some time. The Technology giant prepared the move by tapping Jeff Blackburn, a former high-ranking executive who recently exited the ecommerce giant, to return to Amazon in a new role overseeing a consolidated global media and entertainment group. In fine, the sale of MGM to Amazon could signal the tech company's move to expand its Amazon Prime streaming inventory to include MGM's extensive array of big-name movies and TV shows. These include the James Bond, Hobbit, Rocky, and Pink Panther franchises alongside Legally Blonde and A Star Is Born. Based on professor Alain Ndedi researches in intrapreneurship and strategic management, and Professor Philip Kotler insights in strategic marketing, this article demonstrates how a strategic diversification through acquisition by Amazon to acquire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) could be a strategic move for Amazon strategic growth.

Market Exit of Air Berlin: An Analysis of Competitive Pricing on Domestic O&Ds in the German Market

In autumn 2017, Air Berlin, the second biggest player in the German airline market, discontinued its operations due to bankruptcy. Prior to this, the struggling carrier had already been reducing its domestic capacities and adjusting its service patterns, which had impacts on the competitive situation for the remaining carriers on various domestic origin-destination (O&D) markets. This paper aims at identifying resulting changes of, e.g., the yields generated in intra-German air transport. In the German domestic market, the relevant competition per route can be narrowed down to a few players as opposed to continental or intercontinental flights. We found evidence that on 90% of the TOP20 O&Ds, representing 96% of the total passenger volume, revenue per pax (as an indicator for yield) increased. We found FRA-BER and MUC-BER – both O&Ds with intense Easyjet competition to be the only O&Ds that did not show an increase in price/yield after the market exit of Air Berlin.