Big Groups Research Articles

Laser protection with optical limiting by combination of polymers with dyes

ABSTRACTLasers are becoming more and more common and can damage eyes and sensors, so arise the need for efficient protection. A possibility is the use of filters with optical limiting abilities. Optical limiting leads to a reduced transmittance of these filters above a certain light energy. Solid‐state optical limiting filters consist frequently of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Using dyes is an often used way to provide optical limiting qualities to polymers. PMMA does not offer the possibility to attach the dye covalently to the polymer chain. Poly(lactide), also a transparent polymer, has so far not been used for filters for optical limiting. Its polymerization mechanism offers a simple possibility to a covalent binding of the dyes, by using them as initiator. This should be, like the attaching of big side groups to dyes, a possibility to increase stability of dyes against aggregation. Hybrids out of polymers and dyes and filters thereof could be produced. The polymers were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, and nonlinear optical measurements. Including azophloxine leads to an attenuation of the laser beam in the range of 10−3 and Eosin B even to 10−5. The eosin sample shows a two magnitudes better attenuation then usual guest–host systems like poly(methyl acrylate) with carbon nanotubes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47150.

소셜 미디어 빅데이터 분석을 활용한 스키 인식 관련 연구

The purpose of study is to suggest perception of ski consumers by big data of social media. Naver and Daum were selected as analysis channels. The 3,697 words were extracted as through social network analysis with a keyword of ‘ski’ for big data research. The period was limited for 3 years from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. The data were collected and text mining by textom and Krkwic program for social network analysis, UCINET was to visualize the network between words connected to the Keyword. As a results, first, various keywords recognized by consumers such as ‘lesson’, ‘ski resort’, ‘winter’, ‘camp’, ‘shop’, ‘board’, ‘resort’, ‘pants’, ‘rental’, ‘konjiam’, ‘kids’, ‘season’, ‘vivaldi’, ‘muju’, ‘trip‘, ’sales‘, ’park‘, ’price’ were extracted. Second, as the result of group analysis, totally 5 big groups were formed. The social media big data analysis studies discussed the implication of ski industry development/ strategies.

Joint and several liability and separate liability of the heirs for hereditable obligations – short comparative and historical overview

The article researches the different approaches for regulation of the liability of the heirs for hereditable obligations. Historical and comparative researches were made. The European legislations can be divided in two big groups. The legislations form the first group set a separate liability of the heirs - each one of them owes only a part of the debt equal to his share of the estate. The legislations of France, Ukraine, Bulgaria, etc. are included in this group. The legislations from the second group govern joint and several liability for the heirs. A creditor of the estate has a right to demand an enforcement of the whole size of hereditable obligation from one of the heirs and this enforcement releases all of the heirs from their liability. This group includes the civil legislations of German, Switzerland, Spain, Russian federation, Macedonia, etc. The author position is that the separate liability is more proper for regulation of the heir’s liability for hereditable debts. Historical, comparative and theleological methods are used for proof of this thesis. The historical development of this liability from Roman private law is traced and researched. A short overview of the aims of each one of the two kinds of liability is made in the article. The joint and several liability protects only the interest of the creditors of the estate. It is considered in the doctrine as a debt security. The separate liability protects the interest not only of the creditors, but of the heirs too. But only the liability for divisible obligations is separate. The liability for indivisible obligations is joint and liability. The separate liability can’t be applicable for them because of the specific of this kind of obligations.

HARBINGERS OF A WEDDING IN THE ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND MARI SUPERSTITIONS

The paper analyzes the English, Russian and Mari Superstitions connected with the foretelling about wedding. A wedding is a social affair touching the interests of different groups. It changes the compositions of the families. Parents of a newly married couple get new status. The social status of a newly married couple raises and changes a lot both inside and outside the family. The newly married get a number of new duties and responsibilities. Superstitions are prognostic paroemiae in the form of sentences. They cover all spheres of human life, including wedding. The wedding process could be divided into several periods of time: the period before engagement, the preparation for wedding, the day of wedding, and the after-wedding period. The paper considers the first time period before engagement. All superstitions of the English, Russian and Mari languages were divided into three big groups containing semantic fields. The group ‘Signs for Lovers’ includes two semantic fields: ‘Good Signs’ and ‘Bad Signs’. These signs foretell the lovebirds their future together. The group ‘Foretelling about the Wedding’ consists of two semantic fields as well: ‘There Will Be Wedding’ and ‘There Will Be No Wedding’. The superstitions of these fields predict the possibility or impossibility of a wedding on the basis of different factors. The group ‘Instructions to Attract Wedding’ gives instructions to unmarried girls and to the brides who can help their friends to get married. All semantic fields contain several lexical semantic groups. Superstitions containing the Harbingers of a Wedding may play different functions. Among the superstitions under analysis there are prognostic, preventive and advising superstitions.

Minority young men’s gendered tactics for making space in the city and at school

ABSTRACTThis article draws on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews to explore young minority men’s relation to school and city space in Helsinki from the perspective of their everyday experiences of racialisation in public spaces. The article uses the concept of ‘power geometrical’ relations of space by drawing on several research traditions, including youth and masculinity studies, studies on social space, racialisation and ethnicity, and human geography. The evidence shows the school to be an important site of local and national power geometry (Massey, D. [1994]. Space, Place and Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press), in which ‘informal’ and ‘physical’ spheres are dominated by peers and connect to streets and public spheres (Gordon, T., J. Holland, and E. Lahelma. [2000]. Making Spaces: Citizenship and Difference in Schools. Houndsmills et al. London: MacMillan Press Ltd). The article shows how young minority men knew their place both in narrow local power geometries, and within the wider city and school spaces, exploring how they formed their own lived spaces (Lefebvre, H. [1991]. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell), claimed their spaces and marked their spaces with diverse tactics. Some tactics were socially open, such as making friends; some were very mobile, such as claiming their own urban spaces by mobility, or marking and ‘hanging around’; and some involved big groups of friends, crowds, defence and embodied accounts.

Trayectoria profesional femenina: contrastando modelos

La trayectoria profesional femenina sigue siendo una temática de interés recurrente. Esto se explica por la multiplicidad de ámbitos de investigación, aproximaciones metodológicas y ópticas que presenta su estudio. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los modelos de carrera identificados en la literatura especializada respecto al desarrollo profesional de la mujer hacia cargos directivos, contrastarlos y abordar las limitaciones más esgrimidas en estos trayectos. Tras la revisión realizada, los resultados apuntan a cuatro grandes agrupaciones o modelos de carrera que explican las trayectorias de la mujer hacia los cargos de dirección y una clasificación de desarrollo aplicable a cada uno de ellos. Como principal aportación, este trabajo articula los modelos de carrera presentes en el corpus literario, acota y vincula las limitaciones más presentes en la realidad laboral y rompe con caducas creencias que operan en el mundo profesional respecto a las trayectorias de las mujeres.

BC type z-measures and determinantal point processes

The (BC type) z-measures are a family of four parameter z,z′,a,b probability measures on the path space of the nonnegative Gelfand–Tsetlin graph with Jacobi-edge multiplicities. We can interpret the z-measures as random point processes Pz,z′,a,b on the punctured positive real line X=R>0∖{1}. Our main result is that these random processes are determinantal and moreover we compute their correlation kernels explicitly in terms of hypergeometric functions.For very special values of the parameters z,z′, the processes Pz,z′,a,b on X are essentially scaling limits of Racah orthogonal polynomial ensembles and their correlation kernels can be computed simply from some limits of the Racah polynomials. Thus, in the language of random matrices, we study certain analytic continuations of processes that are limits of Racah ensembles, and such that they retain the determinantal structure. Another interpretation of our results, and the main motivation of this paper, is the representation theory of big groups. In representation-theoretic terms, this paper solves a natural problem of harmonic analysis for several infinite-dimensional symmetric spaces.

Big groups, big results?

Smaller groups, better outcomes? It's indisputable right? In this world of tight budgets and limited resources, one teacher is finding that bigger just might be better…

Los teólogos españoles en el Concilio

El autor, perito del Vaticano II, siguió de cerca la marcha del Concilio desde su cátedra romana en el Angelicum. Conocedor del ambiente teológico conciliar, defiende la buena preparación técnica de los teólogos españoles, sobre todo en eclesiología. Discute el criterio historiográfico, muy extendido entre los historiadores, según el cual habría que clasificar a los teólogos conciliares y postconciliares en dos grandes clases: los renovadores (que trabajarían sobre todo desde la experiencia situacional) y los tradicionalistas (que apostarían por la tradición teológica y la atención a las directrices magisteriales).

Big mapping class groups are not acylindrically hyperbolic

Abstract We give a criterion to prove that some groups are not acylindrically hyperbolic. As an application, we prove that the mapping class group of an infinite type surface is not acylindrically hyperbolic.

Специфіка розвитку політичного плюралізму в Чеській Республіці.

The author investigates the main political tendencies of the Czech society’s political life. Political parties’ participating in the election process and the results of the parliamentary elections have been analyzed. It can be stated that political pluralism principals have been established in the Czech Republic, promoting a transition from the one-party system to the multiparty system. Choosing an effective model of legal regulation of the political parties has assisted in party system establishment. Czech legislators have managed to set such rules which ensured clear mechanism of separating the activities of political parties from big business groups, contribute to preventing excessive political system fragmentation and strengthening the most influential political subjects. Concerning the type of the voting system, its effectiveness for the party system should be mentioned at present. Despite that initially, there have been such rules in the electoral law that complied with international election process standards of organising and conducting democratic elections, there are several drawbacks in it. It concerns, first of all, the formula of transferring electors’ votes into deputy’s seats. Such a situation stimulates the Czech political elite to the discussion regarding the search for optimal election system model. Based on material studied, the author has reached a conclusion that the functional party system of the western European type has been established in the Czech Republic. The process of multiparty development in the country is nearly finished. It does not exclude the possibility of new parties’ appearing in the political arena, but they need time in order to gain prestige in the society. The Civic Democratic Party and the Czech Social Democratic party have been the biggest political parties for a long time which have been the key rivals at the elections. However, they were not powerful enough to form the two-party system in the Czech Republic as they could not form the government without the support of other subjects of political life.

Graphs of curves on infinite-type surfaces with mapping class group actions

We study when the mapping class group of an infinite-type surface S admits an action with unbounded orbits on a connected graph whose vertices are simple closed curves on S. We introduce a topological invariant for infinite-type surfaces that determines in many cases whether there is such an action. This allows us to conclude that, as non-locally compact topological groups, many big mapping class groups have nontrivial coarse geometry in the sense of Rosendal.

СПЕЦІАЛЬНІ СЛУЖБИ: У «СІРІЙ ЗОНІ» ГІБРИДНОГО МИРУ Й ГІБРИДНИЙ ВІЙН

This article is devoted to sense, features, history and current tendencies of subversive operations that are conducted by special services. Such operations are cornerstone of governing chaos as a part of hybrid war and hybrid peace. Possible ways of weakening and preventing negative influences of such operations on national security and defense of Ukraine are analyzed. One of key elements of policy in “grey zone” of hybrid war and hybrid peace is subversive activity inspired by special services and aimed at deconsolidation of victim state. In other words its dismantling under pressure of chaos. Hybrid threats may be connected to governmental and nongovernmental actors that are practicing regular and irregular warfare, cybercrime, cyberterrorism and other asymmetric means. Following abovementioned trend role of subversive activity of special services linked with various terrorist and rebel cells is growing. They are focused on decreasing level of loyalty to current political regime by big political and social groups inside the country. Ideally it may result in total or partial subordination of victim state to symbols and institutions of aggressor (external administration similar to colonization). In practice it means activities aimed at subversion of military, economical, psychological, political and moral influence of victim state government.

Deictic Elements as Means of Text Cohesion and Coherence in Academic Discourse

The article presents the results of the research aimed at analyzing some functions and features of deictic elements in academic discourse in English. The material under analysis covers 20 academic texts written by English-speaking linguists. In the article it is proved that in academic discourse deictic elements can operate only within the fixed scheme of deictic coordinates, which has got three main elements: deictic center, deictic element, and antecedent/subsequent element. Out of this scheme deictic elements fail to fulfill referential procedure. All deictic elements in academic discourse are divided into two big groups: conventional deictic elements and endemic ones. The result of the research shows that conventional deictic elements in most cases provide text cohesion (within small text units, such as adjoining sentences); whereas endemic deictic elements tend to serve for text coherence (in larger text units, such as paragraphs, chapters, etc.). Thus, deictic elements can be considered important units providing text-building.

Big groups attract bad eggs: brood parasitism correlates with but does not cause cooperative breeding

There has been great interest in how complex social behaviours such as cooperative breeding evolve and are maintained; however, it is still unclear what exact phenomena trigger the transition to cooperative breeding. Recent work in birds has suggested a number of factors associated with cooperative breeding, including environmental uncertainty and brood parasitism. One recent study found a correlation between brood parasitism and cooperative breeding, but it examined this relationship from a geographically restricted perspective. We investigated evolutionary correlations between brood parasitism and cooperative breeding at a global scale, including nearly half of all bird species and brood parasites. At a global level, we found a strong positive correlation between cooperative breeding and brood parasitism. However, when partitioned regionally, we found that the global pattern was driven exclusively by relationships within Africa and Australia, suggesting that any causal relationship in the transition to cooperative breeding is idiosyncratic. In addition, we found that even where a correlation was supported, transition rates between states were more consistent with cooperative breeding attracting brood parasitism, rather than brood parasites driving the evolution of cooperative breeding, weakening any hypothesized causal connection.

Multilocus and SSU rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses of available cyanobacterial genomes, and their relation to the current taxonomic system

Despite the global significance of cyanobacteria, their taxonomy is still heavily lagging behind the progress in genome sequencing. Besides nomenclatural issues and difficulties in species identification, this problem is largely a consequence of missing reference strains and sequences for many cyanobacterial taxa. In this study, a robust multilocus phylogenetic tree based on 23 conserved proteins from the current set of available genomes is presented and compared to a respective 16S rRNA gene tree. To facilitate further progress in achieving a stable system of monophyletic taxa, the phylogenetic status of eight cyanobacterial orders recently proposed in the botanical system was evaluated. While several orders addressed by previous studies (Gloeobacterales, Spirulinales, Chroococcidiopsidales, Nostocales) retain their monophyly, the remaining big groups (Synechococcales, Pleurocapsales, Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales) are polyphyletic and require thorough revision. Comparison of the 16S rRNA tree to the multilocus tree supports the careful use of this gene in distinguishing cyanobacterial genera, whereas its application at other taxonomic levels is limited.

Journalism Education in India: Quest for Professionalism or Incremental Responses

Journalism education in India is framed in the higher education system, comprising of programs in the universities, both government-supported and media-backed private institutions, as well as in-service and short-term courses offered by press associations and other organizations. They are offered at different levels from certificate to diploma to both undergraduates and postgraduates. Due to requirements of the media industry, there is a constant friction about the need to balance the academic and professional aspects in the curriculum. This has led to skepticism in the past about the relevance of formal journalism education. However, with globalization and growth of the media sector, there is an enhanced need for professionals. Many big media groups have launched journalism programs. Institutional and professional aspects of the programs in India and issues pertaining to curriculum, responses, and critique have been factored in this article.

Genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from surface water and groundwater in a rural environment.

The genetic characteristics among Escherichia coli strains can be grouped by origin of isolation. Then, it is possible to use the genotypes as a tool to determine the source of water contamination. The aim of this study was to define water aptitude for human consumption in a rural basin and to assess the diversity of E. coli water populations. Thus, it was possible to identify the main sources of fecal contamination and to explore linkages with the hydrogeological environment and land uses. The bacteriological analysis showed that more than 50% of samples were unfit for human consumption. DNA fingerprinting analysis by BOX-PCR indicated low genotypic diversity of E. coli isolates taken from surface water and groundwater. The results suggested the presence of a dominant source of fecal contamination. The relationship between low genotypic diversity and land use would prove that water contamination comes from livestock. The genetic diversity of E. coli isolated from surface water was less than that identified in groundwater because of the different hydraulic features of both environments. Furthermore, each one of the two big strain groups identified in this basin is located in different sub-basins, showing that hydrological dynamics exerts selective pressure on bacteria DNA.

Geomorphology context and characterization of dunefields developed by the southern westerlies at drying Colhué Huapi shallow lake, Patagonia Argentina

Abstract Patagonia is the only continental territory exposed to the southern westerlies. The speed and frequency of these westerly winds generate a landscape strongly influenced by aeolian processes. This research shows a characterization of depositional and erosive aeolian landforms developed in dunefields associated to Lake Colhue Huapi, in the Extra-Andean Patagonia. Dunefields are located at 45°–46°S and moved in west-east direction due to the southern westerlies. We identified two big groups of active dunefields, one migrating through the dry lakebed of Colhue Huapi and the other migrating eastwards from the lakeshore. The dunefields mainly consist of transverse dunes, barchans, sand shadows and sand sheets. Yardangs, desert pavements, exhumed roots and decapitated soils were recognized in interdune areas. Longitudinal sand ridges, parallel to the prevailing wind direction, often remain preserved after the dunefields have passed. This allows to recognize the path of the dunes in the past. Sand ridges are recognized up to 28 km east from the present coast of the lake and evidenced former dunefields development. We describe the geomorphology context, landforms and sediments supply of dunefields related to the lake dynamics subject to clear tendency to desiccation.

Therapeutic effects of dermlin and the combination of dermlin and pressure dressing on pressure ulcers in elderly patients

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of dermlin and the combination of dermlin and pressure dressing in elderly patients with pressure ulcer. Methods From January 2011 to August 2016, a total of 120 hospitalized elderly patients with pressure ulcers in First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hosptial were chosen as research objects. Patients with blister diameter less than 5 mm were defined as small blister group, and patients with blister diameter equal to or more than 5 mm were defined as big blister group. Each group containing 60 patients was divided into the observation group and the control group. In the small blister group, there were 30 cases in the control group with 41 blisters and 30 cases in the observation group with 37 blisters. Blisters in small blister groups were not pumped, of which the control group was treated by iodine while the observation group was treated by dermlin. In the big blister group, there were 30 cases in the control group with 42 blisters and 30 cases in the observation group with 41 blisters. Blisters in big blister groups were pumped, of which the control group was firstly treated by iodine and then applied with pressure dressing, while the observation group was firstly treated by dermlin and then applied with pressure dressing. The evaluation standard of therapeutic effect contained recovery, efficiency, improvement and non-effect. All the groups' healing situations were observed and recorded within 7 days. Results In the small blister group, the effective rates were 100.0% in the observation group and 97.6% in the control group. The therapeutic effects in the observation group were statistically significant better than the control group (Z=-2.347, P=0.019) . The therapeutic time in the observation group was significantly shorter than the control group (P<0.01) . In the big blister group, the effective rates were 97.5% in the observation group and 92.9% in the control group. The therapeutic effects in the observation group were statistically significant better than the control group (Z=-3.495, P<0.001) . The therapeutic time in the observation group was significantly shorter than the control group (P<0.01) . Conclusions Both dermlin and the combination of dermlin and pressure dressing could significantly enhance the healing of elderly patients' pressure ulcers and reduce the healing time. Key words: Aged; Pressure ulcer; Dermlin; Pressure dressing