Big Bags Research Articles

КРЕМНИЙЛІ ҚОРЫТПАЛАР ӨНДІРІСІ ШАҢДАРЫНЫҢ ЖОҒАРЫ ТЕМПЕРАТУРА ӘСЕРІ КЕЗІНДЕГІ МАССА ЖОҒАЛЫМЫН ЗЕРТТЕУ

The article presents technological solutions for the formation and utilization of microsilicon dust formed in the filters of gas purification plants for the production of siliceous alloys. The paper provides convincing arguments for the separation of dispersed dust and mass losses and shows ways to recycle man-made waste from ferroalloy production. The scope of application of dust accumulating in a pile and stored in big bag bags is not fully provided. One of the solutions to the environmental problem can be the work carried out in the article. The results of laboratory studies show the results of primary studies on the extraction of silicon carbide from microsilicon dust. A research work on the loss of dust mass was carried out in the Tamman high-temperature furnace, and specific causes of mass loss were identified. A sufficient amount of silicon dioxide in the dust can be a source of silicon to produce silicon carbide, which makes it possible to obtain a product using a low-carbon reducing agent. The use of neftekox as a reducing agent corresponds to the trend of obtaining silicon carbide using traditional technology. The article provides prerequisites for the production of silicon carbide using silica instead of quartz sand. Due to solid and gas-phase synthesis, mass loss indicators are considered an important physico-chemical characteristic of charge materials.

THE MODELLING OF CARGO TRANSSHIPMENT OPERATIONS USING THE BUSINESS PROCESS MODELLING TOOLS

This paperwork explores the transshipment operations at the Port of Constanta, Romania, focusing on the unloading of big bags from barges. Utilizing Business Process Management (BPM) software, the study models the transshipment process to identify optimization opportunities. The investigation reveals challenges such as coordination complexities and potential cargo damage, alongside the benefits of cost-efficiency and flexibility offered by transshipment services. Through literature review and analysis, the study emphasizes the importance of efficient business processes and the role of BPM software in enhancing operational efficiency. By employing Aura Portal Modeller for simulation, the study identifies bottlenecks and proposes optimization strategies for the transshipment process. The proposed measures include real-time cargo assessment, inventory tracking systems, equipment analysis, and storage layout optimization. This research contributes to the understanding of transshipment operations and highlights the effectiveness of BPM software in process visualization and analysis, offering insights for enhancing efficiency and mitigating delays in supply chain management.

Decommissioning and demolition of a dicalcium phosphate plant: aspects of radiological protection and safety

The detection of ionising radiation in materials from the decommissioning of a dicalcium phosphate plant meant that this whole operation had to be overhauled in terms of radiological protection and safety. Thus, an operations plan was drawn up that included: initial training for all workers involved, measurements of dose rates and a set of analyses by gamma and alpha spectrometry. Samples of "dry sludge" and debris were analysed for the identification and quantification of the radionuclides present, samples of workers' urine were analysed for the detection of any internal contamination, samples of washing water and air filters were analysed for the detection and control of any radioactive atmospheric contamination. In addition, individual dosimeters were distributed to workers. The extent of contamination was identified and the areas where higher values were detected were properly marked. From the results obtained (radiation dose rates and activity concentrations), it was possible to establish categories and separate the contaminated materials according to their physical characteristics. After the plant decommissioning, the resulting waste with dose rates higher than the effective dose limits for the public was packed in big bags. These bags were divided in 3 groups according to the external radiation dose rates at contact. This segregation allowed the competent authority to release a significant number of big bags from regulatory control. The remaining big bags are stored in two metal containers subject to regular radiological monitoring. The objective of this work is the presentation of a factual article where the methodology implemented to deal with this situation, which had never occurred in Portugal, is described, having only the Portuguese legislation as a reference.

Improving the shear resistance of ground technological quarry roads on loosely-bound subgrades

The study aims to solve the urgent problem of strengthening the subgrade of roads for heavy-duty vehicles. In the case of a limited road service life, it appears economically unfeasible to provide a strong cement-concrete subgrade. This case requires a solution maximizing the use of both local materials and production wastes, available in the work area. In order to perform calculations of stresses, arising at a great depth in the subgrade of the technological road under the influence of heavy-duty vehicle wheels, it is necessary to use appropriate mathematical models. In the present study, the calculations were carried out using a software application that implements the method of discrete elements. Using this method, stresses in highly inhomogeneous granular media can be calculated using the first[1]principle approach. The design of road structural layers suggests the use of geocontainers, made of used polypropylene big bags at the subgrade, which, due to their large size, have a greater shear resistance when filled with any soil mixture. The durability of the polypropylene fabric in the roadbed can reach several decades. The main task of the study was to calculate the protective layer of alternated crushed stone, clay soil, and polypropylene fabric. The thickness of layers was selected such that the tensile stresses during the passage of vehicles on the surface of a geocontainer remain within the strength limits of the container shell material.

Olive yield monitor for small farms based on an instrumented trailer to collect big bags from the ground

Olive yield monitor for small farms based on an instrumented trailer to collect big bags from the ground

Omphalocele congenital anomalies

A 4-year-old girl who complained of having a huge bulging tumour at the abdomen wall presented to the OPD. On inspection, a big bag was seen to protrude through the umbilicus and outside the abdominal wall. The clinical characteristics were used to make the diagnosis of omphalocele. An uncommon congenital defect of the abdominal wall is omphalocele. Child with this giant congenital defect has covered the sac with intestinal coils, part of liver, and other abdominal organs that protrude through the umbilicus outside the abdominal wall. These organs are encased in a sac-like structure that is incredibly thin and almost translucent.

РАСЧЕТ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВАКУУМНОГО ЗАХВАТНОГО УСТРОЙСТВА ДЛЯ ЗАХВАТА И УДЕРЖАНИЯ ГИБКОГО КОНТЕЙНЕРА

The calculation and analytical study of the main power parameters of the vacuum gripper device for capturing, holding and feeding an empty big bag to the position of filling with bulk material has been carried out. Schemes of possible arrangement of vacuum suckers relative to the big bag during its capture are presented.

A new method for the measurement of robustness in reverse logistics supply chains based on entropy and nodal importance

This paper proposes a new methodology for measuring robustness in Reverse Logistics (RL) supply chains. First, an integer-mixed linear programming model is proposed to design an RL network and analyze its robustness. It uses a new method based on entropy and the importance of each node that has been adapted from measurement in electrical systems. The entropy of a node allows for determining important fault dynamics in the distribution network. Similarly, the node's importance is considered a measure of centrality by quantifying its importance in the network in the context of possible disturbances. In particular, when a disturbance occurs in a flow that originates in one of the nodes, leaving it disabled, the flow must be redistributed to the rest of the network echelons. A company producing animal feed has tested the proposed methodology in a case study applied to recovering wooden pallets and big bags. A validation with 500 scenarios has been carried out to evaluate the robustness metric's adaptation and group the solutions into up to 16 types. This classification has been performed to compare them in a set of 5000 new scenarios and to select the one that provides the most excellent robustness for the logistics system under study. The results obtained show the efficiency of the proposed methodology.

Gully development on the foredune of Pehuén Co (SW Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) and its relationship with rainfall and human activities

Understanding gully development is necessary to protect beach foredunes efficiently against gully erosion. The evolution of gullies on the foredune of Pehuén Co, Argentina, was explained using a combination of satellite images analysis and UAV models. In 16 years, the area covered by gullies increased 2011.4 m2 (5.6 times in size). The runoff due to precipitation is the major natural erosive agent affecting the active gully field, and its expansion is related to annual rainfall and the recurrence of rainy days. However, man-originated elements changed the drainage network and modified gully development, mainly by the construction of an unpaved road. The influence of the installation of Big Bags at the foredune toe, artificial nourishment, and the use of gullies as descents to the beach are also evaluated. Intervention is needed at gully incisions, mainly at the head of the catchments and early stages, particularly where the mass movement and the generation of cliffs have already begun. There is also a need to evaluate the location of road drainage to both reduce gully expansion and the creation of newer ones.

Towards a Digital Twin Warehouse through the Optimization of Internal Transport

Through the construction of parametric simulation models in which possible storage space distributions and positioning logics are also considered as variables, it is possible to build scenarios that allow analyzing the changing reality of storage needs in order to minimize material movements in each case, optimize internal transportation, and increase the efficiency of production processes. This article shows a particular analysis of a restricted storage space in height, typical to when it comes to logistics associated with raw material in a “big bag” format made of recycled and easily deteriorated material. In conjunction, a location management solution based on passive RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags has been chosen. The process is carried out through simulations with object-oriented discrete event software, where the optimization of the internal transport associated with the layout is carried out considering network theory to define the shortest path between warehouse nodes. The combination of both approaches allows, on the one hand, the evaluation of alternatives in terms of distribution and positioning logics, while the implemented system enables the possibility of making agile changes in the physical configuration of this type of storage space.

Effectiveness of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the control of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica in paddy rice

Rice is an important cereal crop in Spain that is frequently attacked by pests that cause significant quantitative and qualitative losses. Among them, the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is the key pest, and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, is a serious pest found later in the season. The cosmopolitan ectoparasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae, which attacks late-instar larvae of coleopterans that develop inside grain kernels, has been reported as an efficient natural enemy. In this study, we evaluated whether the control efficacy of this parasitoid on S. zeamais was affected by the presence of the alternative host, R. dominica. Our laboratory experiment demonstrated the parasitoid preference for S. zeamais larvae when mixed with R. dominica larvae at different proportions. This preference for the maize weevil larvae allowed us to maintain a similar control efficacy of S. zeamais when it was offered alone than when it was offered together with R. dominica larvae. In our second experiment, done in 500 kg bags of paddy rice, similar results were obtained, since the presence of R. dominica larvae did not alter the control efficacy of A. calandrae on S. zeamais larvae. Therefore, our results confirmed a good perspective for implementing the use of this natural enemy as a control tool in big bags of paddy rice.

The Horizon Problem in the Big Bag Theory and the Completeness Error Rate as a Solution From the Definitive Formula

The Horizon Problem in the Big Bag Theory and the Completeness Error Rate as a Solution From the Definitive Formula

Світові тенденції розвитку ринку пшениці і кукурудзи та визначення місця України в ньому

The article examines global trends in the production and export of wheat and corn. Trends that are formed in the world grain market strongly depend on a number of factors, the most important of which are: the sustainable economic development of the country as a whole, in particular the level of development of the agrarian sector of the economy, geopolitical (conflicts in the political arena, wars), demographic (rapid growth of the population in world) changes in the world. The main factors affecting the yield of agricultural crops and the size of the harvested crop were analyzed. The most significant among them are: the number of cultivated areas, yield per hectare, weather and climatic conditions, amount of precipitation, technical equipment of producers, production methods, seed materials, etc. The top wheat and corn producing countries in the world have been determined. The indicators that characterize the world grain market and affect the size of the harvested crop are analyzed, among them the most significant are: the world production and export of wheat and corn, the number of sown areas, yield per hectare. Information on changes in futures prices for grain crops formed on the leading international commodity exchanges: Chicago (ZWZ2), New York (NYMEX), European Euronext (EBMZ2) and the Black Sea was studied. The main problems of the development of the Ukrainian grain market today have been identified and directions for solving them and increasing the export of wheat and corn have been outlined. Outlined state of the world grain market for 2022/2023 MR. The market of wheat and corn in Ukraine was analyzed, the main obstacles and problems of grain export from Ukraine today were determined, directions for their solution were outlined. In order to solve the existing problems on the Ukrainian market, it is necessary: to establish the export of grain crops by rail to European ports and continue its transportation to end consumers, to build grain terminals on the borders with the countries of the European Union (Poland and Romania) to increase cargo flows, simplify the logistics process, and enable the transition to futures trade, which will expand the financial capabilities of our producers. In order to ensure the storage of wheat and corn, it is advisable to use all available warehouses in the country and any other possible options for high- quality storage without losing the properties of the product, in particular, big bags, special bags, polyethylene sleeves, underground elevators, tent storages, etc

BelBuk System—Smart Logistics for Sustainable City Development in Terms of the Deficit of a Chemical Fertilizers

Purpose: This paper presents an aspect of asset tracking and storage conditions. This paper aims to fill the gap in the development of Industry 4.0 in terms of fully digital asset tracking to be implemented by medium and large-size manufacturing and logistics facilities. The article presents an innovative technology for the remote monitoring of chemical raw materials, including fertilizers, during their storage and transport from the place of manufacture to the local distributor or recipient. Methods: The method assumes the monitoring and identification of special transport bags, so-called “big-bags,” through embedded RFID tags or LEB labels and monitoring the key parameters of their content, i.e., temperature, humidity, insolation, and pressure, using a measuring micro-station that is placed in the transported raw material. Results: The automation of inference based on the collected information about the phenomenon in question (the distribution of parameters: pressure, temperature, and humidity), and expert knowledge, allows the creation of an advisory system prototype indicating how to manage the measuring devices. Conclusions: No similar solution in the field of monitoring environmental parameters has been implemented in the Polish market. The developed system enables the monitoring of 10,000 pieces of big bags in at least 30 locations simultaneously.

Big Bags Reverse Logistics using Business Intelligence and Multi-Criteria Analysis

The present work aimed to apply Reverse Logistics using Business Intelligence and the SAPEVO-M, a Multicriteria Analysis Method. For this purpose, On-site visits were carried out during the period from April to August 2022. During this period, data were collected from unstructured interviews, Gemba walks, photos and videos. The result showed that 83% of the Big Bags discarded by the company could be reused through Reverse Logistics. Then, SAPEVO-M was applied to select the best provider of the Reverse Logistics service for the Bigs analyzed.

Pruning harvesting with modular towed chipper: Little effect of the machine setting and configuration on performance despite strong impact on wood chip quality.

Pruning residues can have a high quality as feedstock for energy purposes and are largely available in Europe. However, it is still an untapped resource. Such scarce use is due to the need to optimize their supply chain in term of collection machines and the associate cost of collection. A modular chipper (prototype PC50) for pruning harvest was developed. Such prototype is adaptable to various harvesting logistics and may produce a higher quality woodchip compared with the one produced by shredders available in the market. In this work, we tested the performance and quality of the product delivered by the prototype PC50 in various conditions and plant species, after a modulation of the machine settings (counter-rotating toothed rollers [CRR] speed), loading systems ([LS], either big bag or container), and knife types ([KT], either discontinuous hoe shaped knives or continuous helicoidal knives). To take into account of the covariates in the experiment (Cropping season and plant species), LSmeans were computed to have an unbiased estimate of the treatments means. The modulation of LS and KT scarcely affected the performance of the machine. In particular, the choice of the KT affected the field efficiency when the LS was a Tilting box but not a Big Bag. Whereas the continuous knife resulted in a 97% higher material capacity compared to hoe shape knives, the last of which the amount of short sized (<16 mm) fractions compared to helicoidal knives. No role of the CCR was found on the machine performance, but increasing CRR speed reduced the chip apparent bulk density and the fraction chips with a size <8 mm.

Выбор варианта размещения и перевозки сыпучих грузов железнодорожнымтранспортом

One of the main conditions for using the efficiency of the use of freight traffic is the substantiation of the technical standards for loading into a carriage, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of using a freight car. The analysis showed that the carrying capacity of the car is not fully utilized, and in order to increase the carrying capacity of the car, options for the transportation of bulk freight transport have been proposed. The article considered options for the transportation of bulk cargo in bags and soft containers (big bags), they were also compared, for the further release of a specialized wagon fleet for the transportation of export types of cargo. The aim of the study is to substantiate the choice of the type of wagons for the transportation of bulk cargo by rail. The research methods are based on the existing methods of searching for the rational transportation of goods by rail. A methodology for calculating options for placing cargo in a car is presented. A technical and economic calculation of the effectiveness of the options under consideration for transportation by rail has been made, which in turn will determine a rational option for the transportation of bulk cargo. Recommendations are given for the transportation of bulk cargo by rail, which, in turn, will make it possible to correctly and rationally choose the type of carriage and make the most of the carrying capacity of the carriage, depending on the conditions of transportation.

Assessment of exposure determinants and exposure levels by using stationary concentration measurements and a probabilistic near-field/far-field exposure model.

Background: The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation requires the establishment of Conditions of Use (CoU) for all exposure scenarios to ensure good communication of safe working practices. Setting CoU requires the risk assessment of all relevant Contributing Scenarios (CSs) in the exposure scenario. A new CS has to be created whenever an Operational Condition (OC) is changed, resulting in an excessive number of exposure assessments. An efficient solution is to quantify OC concentrations and to identify reasonable worst-case scenarios with probabilistic exposure modeling. Methods: Here, we appoint CoU for powder pouring during the industrial manufacturing of a paint batch by quantifying OC exposure levels and exposure determinants. The quantification was performed by using stationary measurements and a probabilistic Near-Field/Far-Field (NF/FF) exposure model. Work shift and OC concentration levels were quantified for pouring TiO 2 from big bags and small bags, pouring Micro Mica from small bags, and cleaning. The impact of exposure determinants on NF concentration level was quantified by (1) assessing exposure determinants correlation with the NF exposure level and (2) by performing simulations with different OCs. Results: Emission rate, air mixing between NF and FF and local ventilation were the most relevant exposure determinants affecting NF concentrations. Potentially risky OCs were identified by performing Reasonable Worst Case (RWC) simulations and by comparing the exposure 95 th percentile distribution with 10% of the occupational exposure limit value (OELV). The CS was shown safe except in RWC scenario (ventilation rate from 0.4 to 1.6 1/h, 100 m 3 room, no local ventilation, and NF ventilation of 1.6 m 3/min). Conclusions: The CoU assessment was considered to comply with European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) legislation and EN 689 exposure assessment strategy for testing compliance with OEL values. One RWC scenario would require measurements since the exposure level was 12.5% of the OELV.

Plano de negócio para a produção de húmus em sistema big bags

Com a implantação da PNRS - Lei 12.305/10, ampliou-se a busca por soluções sustentáveis para a gestão dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos, uma das alternativas viáveis ambiental e economicamente é a vermicompostagem. Nosso objetivo foi analisar um plano de negócios para a implantação de um modelo de produção de vermicomposto em sistema de Big bags, originado de resíduos vegetais e animais. Utilizou-se Big bags com capacidade de 1.000 kg (bolsas de fertilizantes reutilizados). Para a produção do húmus misturouse: folhas secas (6,25%), esterco curado (72,13%), água (15,62%) e minhocas (Eisenia Foetida, 6%) provenientes da propriedade. Estes materiais foram acondicionados na Big bag, todo o processo de transformação em húmus ocorreu em 73 dias, com produção final de 320 kg de húmus/0,542 m³ com umidade de 47%. O sistema foi composto por três Big bags que corresponderam a um módulo de produção, e para essa avaliação utilizou-se dois módulos, obtendo-se assim, a produção final escalonada de 320 kg/mês. Através de indicadores financeiros (ROI, TIR, VPL e Payback) foi possível obter a lucratividade de 60,68% que equivaleu à R$ 667,44/mês, verificou-se que o retorno do investimento inicial se conclui ao terceiro mês neste modelo de negócio, além do pró-labore de R$261,25/mês equivalente a ¼ de um salário mínimo (R$1.045,00). Verificouse que a produção de húmus em Big bags + vermicompostagem, é viável ao produtor rural, por ser uma nova alternativa de renda e auxiliar na redução dos impactos ambientais causados pelo descarte incorreto dos resíduos orgânicos gerados em propriedades rurais.

Soybean seed storage: Packaging technologies and conditions of storage environments

Artificial refrigeration is sufficient for maintaining the quality of soybean seeds in storage in processing plants, but when lots are distributed to rural producers, they are often kept in natural environments, without temperature or relative humidity control, which decreases their germination rates. This research aimed to evaluate different storage conditions and technological packaging for soybean seeds. The first stage evaluated the quality of soybean seeds stored at different temperatures for up to one year in raffia bags with or without polyethylene inner liners. The second stage evaluated the quality of soybean seeds stored in a natural atmosphere in raffia or laminated packaging, in a modified atmosphere with polyethylene packaging, in a refrigerated atmosphere with raffia or laminated packaging, or in a modified and refrigerated atmosphere with polyethylene packaging. An increase in storage time had a negative influence on the quality of the stored seeds. Storage temperature was the main influence in the reduction in seed physiological quality. Storage of soybean seeds in raffia packaging coated with polyethylene in a natural-temperature environment resulted in seeds retaining similar physical and physiological qualities to those stored under refrigeration. Raffia packaging coated with laminated material maintained the best physical and physiological quality of soybean seeds stored over time. Optimal packaging technology with laminated coating in “big bag” format has replaced the conditioning of storage environments with the maintenance of the quality of soybean seeds over time. The packaging technology is an excellent alternative for the soybean processing units.