Bifacial Panels Research Articles

Towards Sustainable Energy Solutions: Evaluating the Impact of Floating PV Systems in Reducing Water Evaporation and Enhancing Energy Production in Northern Cyprus

Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVSs) are gaining popularity, especially in countries with high population density and abundant solar energy resources. FPVSs provide a variety of advantages, particularly in situations where land is limited. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the solar energy potential and investigate the techno-economic perspective of FPVSs at 15 water reservoirs in Northern Cyprus for the first time. Due to the solar radiation variations, solar power generation is uncertain; therefore, precise characterization is required to manage the grid effectively. In this paper, four distribution functions (Johnson SB, pert, Phased Bi-Weibull, and Kumaraswamy) are newly introduced to analyze the characteristics of solar irradiation, expressed by global horizontal irradiation (GHI), at the selected sites. These distribution functions are compared with common distribution functions to assess their suitability. The results demonstrated that the proposed distribution functions, with the exception of Phased Bi-Weibull, outperform the common distribution regarding fitting GHI distribution. Moreover, this work aims to evaluate the effects of floating photovoltaic systems on water evaporation rates at 15 reservoirs. To this aim, five methods were used to estimate the rate of water evaporation based on weather data. Different scenarios of covering the reservoir’s surface with an FPVS were studied and discussed. The findings showed that annual savings at 100% coverage can reach 6.21 × 105 m3 compared to 0 m3 without PV panels. Finally, technical and economic assessment of FPVSs with various scales, floating assemblies, and PV technologies was conducted to determine the optimal system. The results revealed that a floating structure (North orientation-tilt 6°) and bifacial panels produced the maximum performance for the proposed FPVSs at the selected sites. Consequently, it is observed that the percentage of reduction in electricity production from fossil fuel can be varied from 10.19% to 47.21% at 75% FPV occupancy.

Design and simulation of a photovoltaic plant for maximum use of the solar resource in the Toluviejo municipality of Colombia

Currently, there are various technologies for constructing photovoltaic plants including monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic panels, centralized and string-type inverters, and fixed mounting structures with light followers, to build electrical energy generation systems. This work reviewed the advantages and disadvantages between these technologies, and the implementation of a photovoltaic plant in Toluviejo, Colombia was proposed. To justify and confirm the design, simulations were carried out with the PVsyst software, resulting in the bifacial panels, centralized inverters, and structures with light followers, the most effective solution, and with the highest production for the proposed photovoltaic power generation plant.

Weather Responsive Multidimensional Photovoltaic Efficiency Model for Simulation of Custom-Built Bifacial Panel

Weather Responsive Multidimensional Photovoltaic Efficiency Model for Simulation of Custom-Built Bifacial Panel

Wavelet-fusion image super-resolution model with deep learning for downscaling remotely-sensed, multi-band spectral albedo imagery

Generating granular-scale surface albedo data is extremely important for solar photovoltaic site planning and to optimise renewable energy yield of bifacial panel installations. The albedo effect brings about a significant increase in power in bifacial photovoltaic systems, compared to their mono-facial counterparts, since the spectral response of bifacial solar panels correlates with the incident solar radiation wavelength on the back of the panel, to provide additional power generation capacity. Thus, harnessing the albedo data at relatively local scales is critical towards boosting solar power generation and providing greater power density in local electricity grids. This paper develops novel modelling approaches to produce high-resolution spectral albedo imagery across the Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) bands, using the Wavelet-Fusion super-resolution model (i.e., Wavelet-FusionSR) trained with the Learned Gamma Correction approach by applying satellite image enhancement methodology. The proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model utilises the low-resolution moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as well as high-resolution multi-spectral Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite images, as critical inputs and ground-truth imagery, respectively, in order to perform sensor-to-sensor deep downscaling, without employing any synthetic or low-resolution satellite imagery data pairs. To augment the proposed deep learning algorithm across the decomposed sub-images of low-resolution inputs, we integrate local and global feature representation learning to train the proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model with Cauchy loss functions. In comparison with five competing benchmark models, the proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model demonstrates performance superiority using quantitative image downscaling metrics and visual assessments of the downscaled images for the visible band of solar radiation. The proposed Wavelet-FusionSR model yielded a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.00017, Signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) of 37.80, Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of 0.999 and combined loss, MS-SSIMLoss, based on Multi Structural Similarity and Mean Absolute Error of 2.354 for the Visible Band images, and an MSE of 0.0014, PSNR of 28.43, SSIM of 0.999 and MS-SSIMLoss of 7.426 for the NIR spectral bands, demonstrating high efficacy of the proposed Wavelet-FusionSR method. The Wavelet-FusionSR method therefore attains high-resolution spectral albedo imagery outputs.

Solar Tracking Control Algorithm Based on Artificial Intelligence Applied to Large-Scale Bifacial Photovoltaic Power Plants

The transition to a low-carbon economy is one of the main challenges of our time. In this context, solar energy, along with many other technologies, has been developed to optimize performance. For example, solar trackers follow the sun’s path to increase the generation capacity of photovoltaic plants. However, several factors need consideration to further optimize this process. Important variables include the distance between panels, surface reflectivity, bifacial panels, and climate variations throughout the day. Thus, this paper proposes an artificial intelligence-based algorithm for solar trackers that takes all these factors into account—mainly weather variations and the distance between solar panels. The methodology can be replicated anywhere in the world, and its effectiveness has been validated in a real solar plant with bifacial panels located in northeastern Brazil. The algorithm achieved gains of up to 7.83% on a cloudy day and obtained an average energy gain of approximately 1.2% when compared to a commercial solar tracker algorithm.

Experimental investigation of BIPV/T application in winter season under Şanlıurfa's meteorological conditions

AbstractConsidering that nearly 39% of the total CO2 emission released into the atmosphere today are thought to be due to the energy consumed by buildings, the importance of taking measures through buildings to combat global warming is evident. Therefore, the concept of nearly zero‐energy buildings (NZEB) is come to the forefront. Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) systems are used to enable buildings to generate their own energy. However, buildings have limited facade and roof areas required for BIPV/T systems. Therefore, in this study, various configurations of bifacial (double‐sided) and monofacial (single‐sided) panels were compared to investigate ways to enhance the efficiency of BIPV/T systems. Different air flow velocities and varying air gap distances were tested for both panel types. By placing a reflective surface on the wall behind the bifacial panel, the electrical efficiency of the bifacial panel was increased and proven through PVsyst analysis. Both panels provided maximum heat efficiency at the shortest air gap distance under high air flow conditions. In addition, it was shown in both the experimental setup and Comsol CFD analysis that it provides significant benefit in the thermal energy load of the building when heating the interior environment in winter. In terms of electrical power production surplus, the bifacial panel outperformed the monofacial panel in all configurations, with a minimum advantage of 8.33% and a maximum of 12.73%. Additionally, the maximum electrical efficiency was obtained from the bifacial panel in configurations with the longest air gap distance. Using the bifacial panel in the BIPV/T system with the shortest air gap distance during the heating season and the longest air gap distance during other seasons can provide the highest efficiency for the building throughout the year.

Reliability Improvement of Grid Connected PV Inverter Considering Monofacial and Bifacial Panels Using Hybrid IGBT

The development of bifacial photovoltaics has led to significant advancements in solar energy. Unlike traditional solar panels, which only generate electricity from the front side, these panels capture the energy from the rear and front surfaces. Bifacial photovoltaics utilize a dual-sided absorption to capture the sunlight that falls on nearby structures and the ground. This technology helps boost their efficiency and makes them an economical and sustainable choice. Furthermore, the increased energy production from the rear side of bifacial panels may lead to higher voltage fluctuations, which affects the thermal stability of PV inverter. Nevertheless, PV inverter is regarded as critical component which affects the reliability performance. Hence in this paper reliability improvement methodology with hybrid IGBT is proposed for the PV inverter. The hybrid IGBT consists of Silicon (Si) IGBT and Silicon Carbide (SiC) Schottky diode. A test case of 3-kW Monofacial and Bifacial grid connected PV inverter system with various albedos is considered. Mission profile for one year at Hyderabad, India location is logged for the assessment. B10 lifetime is calculated for the proposed hybrid IGBT. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid IGBT is evaluated in comparison with conventional IGBT. The proposed hybrid IGBT significantly improves the reliability performance of the PV inverter.

Techno-economic analysis on optimizing the value of photovoltaic electricity in a high-latitude location

This study performs a techno-economic analysis of different photovoltaic (PV) systems suitable for detached houses in high-latitude locations and quantifies the key economic indicators affecting their competitiveness. Residential PV systems providing different temporal power production profiles are compared, accounting for the electricity price variations in the day-ahead market and the possibility of self-consuming the produced electricity. The procedure allows novel and comprehensive case study analysis that captures PV production, self-consumption, and dynamic electricity pricing, ultimately revealing the value of the produced PV electricity. This procedure is applied to a hundred case studies representing single-family houses with different PV systems, electricity load profiles, and electricity contracts. Vertical East-West mounted bifacial panels (VBPV) reached superior performance, with 9.1% higher overall production (with 2019 weather data) and 7.4%–10.9% higher economic value (with 2019 and 2022 electricity price data) for the produced PV electricity compared with monofacial PV. Thus, VBPV is an excellent choice for households economically, but the availability of suitable installation sites in the urban environment limits the possibility of its utilization. The economic value of PV electricity strongly correlates with self-consumed electricity due to avoided transmission fees and taxes, and a significant drop in total production causes only a minor reduction in value if the amount of self-consumed electricity remains similar. Thus, for a small-scale producer who orients the panels toward the East and the West instead of the South with a 45° tilt, the economic loss is significantly smaller (even as low as 12.6%) than the production loss (23.2%).

Could Windbreak Effect Significantly Decrease Evapotranspiration in Vertical Agrivoltaics?

Bifacial vertical panels have been successful in agrivoltaics since the beginning of this system expansion worldwide. While the question of irradiation reduction effect on evapotranspiration has been largely addressed during last years, the question of wind modification and its impact on evapotranspiration has not been the object of a thorough attention yet. Wind modification is expected to be of greater importance in vertical agrivoltaics, panels acting like windbreaks. This preliminary research aims to assess the potential reduction of evapotranspiration in different climates and to highlight the importance of going further on aerodynamics and water demand topics. It shows that non negligeable amounts of water could be saved if those wind abatement rates are created by the rows of vertical panels compared with the evapotranspiration reduction expected induced by the irradiation reduction. Actually, modification in wind direction and speed will depend on geometrical parameters and wind direction. More measurement campaigns and comprehensive models of aerodynamics (CDF) and evapotranspiration are required to assess the relevance of vertical panels to tackle aridity in constrained climates.

Potential of tensegrity racking structures for enhanced bifacial PV array performance

Bifacial PV has emerged as the de-facto choice for utility-scale ground-mounted PV arrays due to their ability to collect solar irradiance from both the front and rear surfaces. However, conventional racking structures were not designed to minimize shadowing of the rear surface since they were developed with only monofacial panels in mind. In this study, we explore the utilization of tensegrity racking structures as an alternative to conventional PV rackings. Tensegrity structures are comprised of rods and cables that achieve structural integrity while minimizing mass, form factor, and possibly cost. In order to explore the potential of tensegrity structures, Radiance optical ray-tracing simulation was used to compare the bifacial performance between the two types of racking solutions. The simulation model was built using the on-site array configurations and the racking geometry obtained from a commercial array that features both monofacial and bifacial panels. High-level results show that the racking and mounting structure contribute to about 18% shading. With other parameters kept unchanged, the tensegrity structure is found to enable up to 60% increase in rear surface irradiance by mainly reducing the rear surface shading caused by the on-site racking structures. The work, through its novel approach of detailed modeling of racking geometry, demonstrates the potential of tensegrity racking structures for bifacial PV arrays.

A Fast and Accurate Raytracing Approach for Assessing Photovoltaic Performance of Monoand Bifacial Panels in Complex Irradiance Conditions

Numerous tools exist for evaluating photovoltaic (PV) system performance, these include design parameters and complexity that can deter non-specialist users. To facilitate wider adoption of PV technology in early-phase design, we present an approach that combines advanced raytracing integrated into the widely used building modelling tool Rhino 3D. This toolset includes models for both monoand bifacial PV panels, that process raytraced results and account for realistic heat loss and thermally dependent efficiency. Validation against measurements as well as comparison with industry standard PVsyst software in two urban scenarios, confirms the toolset's acceptable accuracy. A case study of agricultural PV showcases the tools versatility and running time. The user-friendly interface and advanced radiation modelling capabilities empower both specialists and non-specialists to assess PV system performance accurately and efficiently during the early design phases.

Comprehensive ground coverage analysis of large-scale fixed-tilt bifacial photovoltaic plants

In the design of large-scale photovoltaic plants, decisions on array pitch and tilt play an essential role in life-cycle economics. These design issues have been studied extensively in traditional monofacial systems. However, bifacial systems, which are in increasing demand, are being studied and face challenges in system modeling, particularly in characterizing rear irradiance. Studies considering bifacial panels in plant layouts are recent and must be extensive. Existing studies are based on computationally intensive software and are limited to specific configurations. This study presents the development and validation of an analytical model of a multirow bifacial photovoltaic plant against Bifacial Radiance and DUET ray-tracing software. Comprehensive ground coverage and array tilt analyses are carried out for all ranges of configuration parameters (clearance height, albedo, collector length, bifaciality, or yield loss) and latitudes of up to 60° using this model. The results of extensive simulations were used to train the artificial neural networks. These mathematical architectures allow easy and fast execution of the proposed model with a slight accuracy loss and are provided in the supplementary material. In-depth analysis and developed tools will facilitate decision-making to obtain photovoltaic layouts more efficiently in terms of energy and economy for large-scale bifacial plants.

High albedo daytime radiative cooling for enhanced bifacial PV performance

Abstract We present a radiative cooling material capable of enhancing albedo while reducing ground surface temperatures beneath fielded bifacial solar panels. Electrospinning a layer of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, or nanoPAN, onto a polymer-coated silver mirror yields a total solar reflectance of 99 %, an albedo of 0.96, and a thermal emittance of 0.80. The combination of high albedo and high emittance is enabled by wavelength-selective scattering induced by the hierarchical morphology of nanoPAN, which includes both thin fibers and bead-like structures. During outdoor testing, the material outperforms the radiative cooling power of a state-of-the-art control by ∼20 W/m2 and boosts the photocurrent produced by a commercial silicon cell by up to 6.4 mA/cm2 compared to sand. These experiments validate essential characteristics of a high-albedo radiative-cooling reflector with promising potential applications in thermal and light management of fielded bifacial panels.

Experimental energy performance assessment of a bifacial photovoltaic system and effect of cool roof coating

In the quest for high albedo materials that boost the energy production of bifacial photovoltaic systems, a range of material already exists for reducing building roof surface temperatures, called cool roof materials. However, there is a noticeable absence of scientific literature addressing the combination of cool roofs and bifacial photovoltaic systems. This study investigates the photovoltaic performance of a bifacial photovoltaic system with cool roof coating on the underside and its impact on floor temperature. For this purpose, four ∼1kWp prototypes were installed on the terrace of the GAIA building of the UPC near Barcelona, Spain: (1) bifacial panels above a cool roof, (2) bifacial panels above normal floor, (3) bifacial panels above a normal floor with n-type solar cells encapsulated in TPO, and (4) monofacial panels. The results reveal 8.6 % higher PV yield for bifacial with cool roof compared to monofacial, and 4–4.5 % higher for bifacial (normal floor) compared to monofacial. Additionally, the cool roof coating contributes to reducing the floor temperatures, particularly in the unshaded (exposed) areas during summer (−3.8 °C). The presence of photovoltaic panels has also demonstrated a positive impact on floor temperatures during both winter and summer. Thus, the cool roof coating offers two benefits: increased photovoltaic yield and reduced building cooling requirements, both of which are associated with economic advantages. The cool roof coating can be integrated into existing or new bifacial roof systems.

Experimental Investigation of the BIPV System under Şanlıurfa Meteorological Conditions

In this study, under the meteorological conditions of Şanlıurfa, Turkey, some parameter studies were conducted to more efficiently utilize Building Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV systems placed on different facades of a building. For this purpose, one single-sided (monofacial) panel was placed on both the roof and the east facade. As an innovation brought about by this study, both bifacial and monofacial panels with the same production potential were compared under the same conditions on the south facade. In addition, to enhance the production performance of the rear surface of the bifacial panel, a reflector was placed on the wall surface by leaving a gap between the wall and the panel. The experimental study was conducted between February and July. In addition, the building model created experimentally was analyzed monthly using the PVsyst program for a duration of one year. According to the study results, in the 6-month BIPV experimental application, the electrical production of the bifacial panel was found to be 15.1% higher than that of the monofacial panel under the same conditions. In addition, based on the 1-year results in the PVsyst analysis, the bifacial panel demonstrated a 5.86% higher production performance compared with the monofacial panel. This demonstrates that the efficiency of the bifacial panel in the experimental setup was enhanced by placing a reflective surface on the structure wall behind it. According to the complete annual analysis results obtained from the PVsyst analysis, the bifacial panel in the south produced 401.65 kWh, the monofacial panel produced 379.41 kWh, the panel on the eastern facade produced 313.34 kWh, and the rooftop panel, where the highest production was recorded, generated 505.64 kWh of energy. Therefore, it is anticipated that the use of bifacial panels with reflective surfaces on the roof under the meteorological conditions of Şanlıurfa will demonstrate the highest performance for the BIPV system.

A comparative simulation between monofacial and bifacial PV modules under palestine conditions

During the last period, solar energy gained a lot of attraction and is expected to be the replacement for non-renewable energy due to its great potential and advantages, one of these advantages is that solar energy is scalable, which means it can be used on an industrial scale or lesser, another advantage is that solar energy is a clean source, this means it causes no pollution to the environment, in addition, solar energy is the future, as its cost is going down and non-renewable energy is becoming more and more expensive. This project aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the performance of bifacial and monofacial solar panels under diverse conditions. The investigation involves examining the influence of varying albedo levels and the type of surface beneath the PV panels, including sand, white paint, black asphalt, or artificial grass. The renowned software tool PVsyst will be employed to simulate and analyze PV systems. The location selected for this study is An-Najah National University in Nablus, Palestine. The PV panels will be oriented towards the true south, and a tilt angle of 28˚ will be employed. Through meticulous simulations and thorough analysis, this research seeks to provide comprehensive insights into the contrasting performance characteristics of bifacial and monofacial solar panels across different environmental contexts. The ultimate objective is to contribute valuable knowledge regarding the suitability and optimal utilization of these PV technologies. The study aims to evaluate and compare the electrical output, energy yield, and overall performance of bifacial and monofacial solar panels under different scenarios. The project will analyze factors such as the energy gain achieved by the bifacial panels due to rear-side irradiance reflection, the impact of albedo on the performance of bifacial panels, and the influence of shading on both panel types.

Comparison of mono and bifacial modules for building integration and electric vehicle charging: A case study in Sweden

Future energy systems have a major difficulty in ensuring a reliable supply of electricity without affecting the environment, and numerous innovative renewables-based solutions are being introduced to meet this issue. This paper proposes a building photovoltaic (PV) system design for residential and electric vehicle (EV) charging demand and evaluates the techno-economic and environmental performance of the system in Orebro, Sweden, as it aims to become net zero carbon economy by 2045. Literature review shows that, although many studies exist, most of them did not fully consider the techno-economic and environmental aspects of PV systems for residential and EV charging loads in the chosen location. Two different PV technologies monofacial and bifacial monocrystalline panel in three different roof slopes 15°,30° and 45° has been analyzed to find the optimized system that can meet a typical house's annual energy demand. Economic indicators such as cumulative cash flow, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), payback period and cost of EV charging have been evaluated for the PV system without discount and with discount which affects the system's profitability. PVSyst software was used to simulate the system for energy generation. Results have shown that the bifacial PV system performed better in energy generation, which is approximately 10% higher than the monofacial panel. However, in terms of economics, Case 6, a bifacial PV system with a roof angle of 45°, shows the lowest payback period of 7.3 years. In contrast, monofacial PV system with roof slope of 30° showed LCOE of 0.8988 Swedish Krona per kilowatt hour (SEK/kWh), EV charging cost of 0.1471 Swedish Krona per kilometer (SEK/km). Environmental parameters such as greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction have been analyzed. Results showed that GHG savings due to EV was higher than PV plant as Sweden's grid emission factor is very low due to less dependency on fossil fuels. The significance of this study will enable us to understand the performance of PV systems in Swedish aspect and methods can be extended to other countries for meeting location-specific energy demand.

A comprehensive methodological workflow to maximize solar energy in low-voltage grids: A case study of vertical bifacial panels in Nordic conditions

The large-scale deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels in residential and commercial buildings affects the local distribution grid. Voltage rises during times when PV production exceeds consumption can limit the hosting capacity of the distribution grid. This study presents a comprehensive methodological workflow that moves from the solar analysis of an ideal district to the identification of the PV hosting capacity of a distribution grid. The workflow aims to be highly flexible: the input parameters (i.e., PV technology, PV orientation, global horizontal solar irradiation, and grid properties) can be varied to simulate different cases and compare the corresponding hosting capacities. This workflow enables the analysis of the influences of PV systems’ properties and orientation, electricity consumption, and grid characteristics on a grid’s hosting capacity. A case study was conducted in which the IEEE European Low Voltage Test Grid was used, and conventionally mounted monofacial photovoltaic (MPV) panels were progressively replaced with east–west oriented, vertically mounted bifacial photovoltaic (VBPV) panels that can provide a better match with the electricity load and a higher daily total to daily peak electricity production ratio. The benefits of VBPV are highlighted at high-latitude locations, such as Nordic countries. Therefore, Turku, Finland, which is at a representative Nordic latitude considering the locations of the most important population centers, was chosen as the location for the case study. The results showed that applying VBPV increased a grid’s PV hosting capacity significantly, up to 46% with the optimal system (30% MPV and 70% VBPV).

Realistic performance evaluation and optimal energy management of a large-scale bifacial photovoltaic system

This paper introduces an optimal energy management and a comprehensive innovative comparison between on-grid monofacial and bifacial solar photovoltaic systems in terms of energy production, reliability, economic feasibility, ecological impact, footprint area, and other performance indicators. This is to satisfy the load demand of Al-Husainya city, Jordan. Realistic measured data are obtained from authoritative companies in Jordan. This includes ambient temperature, solar irradiance, and a utility-scale load demand. The optimal sizing and energy management strategy are achieved using Marine Predators optimization algorithm. This is done by minimizing Loss of Power Supply Probability. The decision variable is the number of photovoltaic modules. The unit investigation shows that the maximum power of the bifacial panel is increased compared with a monofacial module. So, this will highly affect system size and hence reliability, footprint required area, cost and ecological indicators are impacted too. Results show that the minimized values of the objective function of Loss of Power Supply Probability for monofacial and bifacial systems are 0.3534 % and 0.2511 %, respectively. The number of monofacial and bifacial panels are 12,940 and 11,584 respectively. In addition, the area required to install the bifacial array is decreased by 10.4791 % compared with the monofacial array. Finally, four additional optimization algorithms were used to validate and compare with the obtained results using the Marine Predators algorithm. The methodology described in this paper, which adopts the bifacial photovoltaic technology, is recommended and it can be applied anywhere to get highly reliable, feasible, and more environmentally friendly solar energy systems.

Field optimization for bifacial modules

Bifacial modules are gaining more and more interest in PV market applications and strategies of major manufacturers. The bifacial photovoltaic module is able to generate energy from both sides of the photovoltaic cell, thus increasing the energy production compared to a standard photovoltaic module. In order to obtain the maximum production from a bifacial panel, all the characteristics that influence its performance must be studied and optimized. The specific aim of this research work is the design of a bifacial photovoltaic field optimized for the exploitation of the albedo of the soil. The study for minimizing losses due to light reflection on the ground was conducted considering the following aspects: identification of suitable materials, optical simulations of possible configurations, field measurements on a small-scale system. To improve the RetroReflectivity (RR) of the ground the optimal RR material is the one with a diameter of microspheres of 200–300 μm regardless of density. From the optical simulations the best configuration is a mixed ground with diffusive parts and a RR part. The results of the measurements show that once the ground is prepared in an appropriate way, we can have more than a 10% improvement in maximum power achieved and 2/3 of the light that hits the ground can be recovered.