Bidirectional Longitudinal Associations Research Articles

Bidirectional longitudinal associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and physical health in a large cohort dataset

Bidirectional longitudinal associations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and physical health in a large cohort dataset

Concurrent and longitudinal associations among insomnia symptoms, internalizing problems, and chronic pain in youth.

Although insomnia symptoms and chronic pain are associated, less is known about the temporal nature of the associations between these variables or the impact of internalizing symptoms on the associations. Concurrent and longitudinal associations were examined among insomnia symptoms, internalizing symptoms, and pain in youth with chronic pain in this retrospective analysis of clinical records. We hypothesized the following: (a) pain, insomnia symptoms, and internalizing symptoms would be significantly interrelated at all waves, (b) insomnia symptoms would more strongly predict future pain than the reverse, and (c) internalizing symptoms would mediate the longitudinal association between insomnia symptoms and pain. Youth (N = 132; age M = 15.34 years, SD = 1.86 years) were assessed at their initial and two subsequent appointments (time between appointments M = 6.48 months, SD = 4.43 months). At each appointment, youth reported their pain severity, insomnia symptoms, and internalizing symptoms. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and cross-lagged panel models using structural equation modeling were conducted. CFAs and the cross-lagged panel model with pain and insomnia symptoms as latent constructs converged. Pain and insomnia symptoms were positively correlated within each wave. We found bidirectional longitudinal associations between insomnia symptoms and pain. Overall, these data demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between insomnia symptoms and pain, as well as weak support for internalizing symptoms mediating the association between pain and insomnia symptoms. Treatment of youth with chronic pain should prioritize concurrent or early treatment of comorbid insomnia symptoms to maximize response to pain treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization: Prospective Within-Person Associations

Bidirectional associations between bullying and cyberbullying have consistently identified during adolescence. However, little is known about how this relationship works on the within-person level, after controlling for potential overlap at the between-person level. This study examined the bidirectional longitudinal associations between bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization during 18-month period over four time points. A total of 2835 participants, aged 11 to 16 years in time 1 (50% girls; Mage = 13.13, SD = 1.06) were surveyed. Random intercept cross-lagged analyses revealed the stability of bullying perpetration and victimization. Cyberbullying victimization predicted inversely bullying and cyberbullying perpetration. The results indicate spirals of positive long-term associations between bullying (perpetration and victimization) and cyberbullying perpetration but no long-terms spirals of victimization.

The bidirectional longitudinal association between health-related quality of life and academic performance in adolescents: DADOS study

PurposeAlthough previous evidence has suggested a relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and academic performance, the directionality of this association is understudied and remains to be clarified. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to explore the bidirectional association between HRQoL and academic performance in adolescents between two timepoints with a 24-month interval. A secondary aim was to analyze whether this association varies between boys and girls.MethodsThis is a bidirectional longitudinal analysis with 257 adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years at baseline) from the DADOS study. HRQoL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire. Academic performance was assessed through academic grades and the Spanish version of the Science Research Associates Test of Educational Ability.ResultsCross-lagged analyses revealed that HRQoL at baseline was not associated with academic performance 24 months later, while all the academic grades and the overall score of academic abilities at baseline were positively associated with HRQoL at follow-up in adolescents. Results of the stratified analyses by sex were largely similar. Specifically, in girls, math, language, physical education, and grade point average at baseline were positively associated with HRQoL 24 months later, while in boys, all the academic grades indicators (except physical education), numeric ability, and the overall score of academic abilities at baseline were positively associated with HRQoL at follow-up.ConclusionThese findings suggest that academic performance in early adolescence may predict HRQoL 24 months later. Health and education professionals could benefit from collaborating to achieve both improved academic performance and HRQoL in youth.

1.9 The Longitudinal Associations Between Rumination and Depression in Late Adolescence

Few studies have explored the bidirectional longitudinal associations between a repetitive thinking style called rumination and depression in adolescence. This is important to determine if rumination is a risk factor for depression. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to examine such longitudinal associations in an adolescent age group over a 4-year period.

Bidirectional longitudinal associations of parent and child health following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Bidirectional longitudinal associations of parent and child health following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Tobacco and Alcohol Use by Muslim Indonesian Adolescents: Longitudinal Associations With Religiosity and Problem Behavior.

This three-wave (10th to 12th grade) longitudinal study explored the interrelations of religiosity, tobacco and alcohol use, and problem behavior in Indonesian Muslim adolescents. The sample included 721 Muslim Indonesian adolescents (48% girls) who participated in at least one assessment when they were in 10th, 11th, or 12th grade. Of these, 499 were recruited in 10th grade, with others added at 11th and 12th grades. Prior month use for 10th-grade boys and girls, respectively, was 49.2% and 5.2% for tobacco and 19.0% and 3.6% for alcohol. Tobacco use and alcohol use were negatively associated with religiosity for boys, but these associations were more inconsistent for girls. Consistent with U.S. findings, there was a bidirectional longitudinal association between tobacco and alcohol use. The longitudinal models and associations with problem behavior were similar for both sexes. These results provide evidence of negative longitudinal associations between religiosity and tobacco use. The more frequent use of tobacco than alcohol may be attributable to religion, cost differentials, and social norms. Despite large gender differences in the frequencies of use, the similar predictors of tobacco and alcohol use for boys and girls suggest that models accounting for substance use are comparable for both sexes. These results have implications for the design of prevention programs in Indonesia and other culturally and religiously similar countries.

Longitudinal Associations of Children’s Hyperactivity/Inattention, Peer Relationship Problems and Mobile Device Use

Children with emotional, behavioral or relationship problems may be more inclined to use mobile touchscreen devices (MTSDs: mobiles and tablets) to regulate their emotions or compensate for the lack of social relationships, which, in turn, may affect their symptoms. Bi-directional longitudinal associations between behavioral difficulties and MTSD use were analyzed. Participants were parents of children aged 4–6 years old at first data collection (n = 173), and 7–9 years old at second data collection (n = 98). They reported on their child’s MTSD use and behavioral difficulties at two time points (T1 and T2). It was analyzed whether T1 MTSD use predicts T2 behavioral difficulties (controlling for demographics and T1 behavioral difficulties); and whether T1 behavioral difficulties predict T2 MTSD use (controlling for demographics and T1 MTSD use). Additionally, cross-sectional associations between behavioral difficulties and MTSD use were analyzed. Children’s T1 hyperactivity/inattention score positively associated with T2 MTSD use, and peer relationship problems and MTSD use positively associated in T2. Pre-schoolers with more hyperactive inattentive symptoms may use MTSDs more to regulate their emotions. The association between peer relationship problems and MTSD use in T2 is consistent with poorer socio-cognitive skills in MTSD user children and may be bi-directional.

Reciprocal associations of posttraumatic stress symptoms and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults: The mediating role of depression.

People with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may have cognitive decline, a risk which can be particularly threatening at old age. However, it is yet unclear whether initial cognitive decline renders one more susceptible to subsequent PTSD following exposure to traumatic events, whether initial PTSDprecedes cognitive decline or whether the effects are reciprocal. This study examined the bidirectional longitudinal associations between cognitive function and PTSD symptoms and whether this association is mediated by depressive symptoms. The study used data from two waves of the Israeli component of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected in 2013 and 2015. This study focused on adults aged 50 years and above (N = 567, mean age = 65.9 years). Each wave used three measures of cognition (recall, fluency, and numeracy) and PTSD symptoms following exposure to war-related events. Data were analyzed using mediation analysis with path analysis. Initial PTSD symptoms predicted cognitive decline in recall and fluency two years later, while baseline cognitive function did not impact subsequent PTSD symptoms. Partial mediation showed that older adults with more PTSD symptoms had higher depressive symptoms, which in turn were linked to subsequent cognitive decline across all three measures. This study reveals that PTSD symptoms are linked with subsequent cognitive decline, supporting approaches addressing this direction. It further indicates that part of this effect can be explained by increased depressive symptoms. Thus, treatment for depressive symptoms may help reduce cognitive decline due to PTSD.

Bidirectional Relationship Between Body Pain and Depressive Symptoms: A Pooled Analysis of Two National Aging Cohort Studies.

AimsTo investigate the bidirectional longitudinal association between pain and depressive symptoms and explore whether gender modifies the association.MethodsThis study used data of 17,577 participants without depressive symptoms and 15,775 without pain at baseline from waves 1–8 (2002/2003 to 2016/2017) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) and waves 1 to 3 [2011–2015] of the China Health Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Cox regression models were performed at the cohort level to evaluate the potential longitudinal associations, and then random-effect meta-analyses were conducted to pool the results. The potential modifying effect was detected by Z-test.ResultsDuring 103,512 person-years of follow-up in participants without depressive symptoms, baseline pain intensity was associated with incident depressive symptoms. Compared with individuals who reported no pain at baseline, the pooled adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident depressive symptoms for participants with mild to moderate pain and for those with severe pain was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.22–1.55, p < 0.001) and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.34–1.73, p < 0.001), respectively. During 81,958 person-years of follow-up in participants without pain, baseline depressive symptoms were associated with a significantly higher incidence of pain, and the pooled adjusted HR of incident pain was 1.71 (95% CI: 1.60–1.82, p < 0.001). These associations were not modified by gender.ConclusionsA bidirectional longitudinal association between pain and depressive symptoms was demonstrated, not modified by gender. Family doctors should be aware of the bidirectional association and advice individuals with pain or depressive symptoms to be screened for both kinds of symptoms.

Bidirectional associations of vision loss, hearing loss, and dual sensory loss with depressive symptoms among the middle-aged and older adults in China

BackgroundMost studies on the relationship between sensory loss and depression focus on the unidirectional association between sensory loss and the risk of depression based on cross-sectional designs. The present study aimed to explore the bidirectional longitudinal associations of vison loss (VL), 11VL: vision loss; hearing loss (HL), 22HL: hearing loss; and dual sensory loss (DSL)33DSL: dual sensory loss. with depressive symptoms among Chinese population. MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted among 13,690 participants aged 45 years and older over four years. VL, HL, and DSL were identified through self-reporting, and depressive symptoms were assessed using a 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed to estimate the bidirectional associations of VL, HL, and DSL with depressive symptoms. ResultsParticipants with self-reported VL (HR: 1.14, 95%CI: 1.04–1.24), HL (HR: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.07–1.37), and DSL (HR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.08–1.49) were associated with higher risk of developing depressive symptoms, compared with those without VL, HL, and DSL, respectively. In comparison with those without depressive symptoms, participants with depressive symptoms in the baseline had higher risk of developing VL (HR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.33–1.54), HL (HR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.36–1.63), and DSL (HR: 1.76, 95%CI: 1.59–1.95). LimitationsSensory loss was defined only based on participants’ self-report. ConclusionsSignificant bidirectional associations exist between self-reported VL, HL, or DSL and depressive symptoms. The mental health of people with VL and HL should be focused on, and regular assessments of vision and hearing in people with depressive symptoms are recommended.

Exploring bi-directional temporal associations between timed-up-and-go and cognitive domains in the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA)

IntroductionThe bi-directional longitudinal associations between mobility and cognition in older adults are poorly understood. Our objective was to study the temporal associations between timed-up-and-go (TUG) and five cognitive function domains: global cognition, processing speed, verbal fluency, executive function, and sustained attention. MethodsWe designed two longitudinal samples: A (for cognition as predictor of mobility), and B (for mobility as predictor of cognition). To examine the associations between the five cognitive domains at wave 1 and change in TUG times up to wave 5 (eight years), five linear mixed-effect models were fitted. To examine the associations between TUG times at wave 1 and change in the five cognitive domains between waves 1 and 3 (four years), five linear-regression models were fitted. ResultsAfter removing participants with missing data, sample A numbered 4913 participants (mean age 62), and sample B 3675 (mean age 61). Baseline cognitive domains were all significant predictors of future change in TUG times. Baseline TUG time was also a significant predictor of future change in all five cognitive domains. In both cases, poorer performance at baseline predicted greater future loss of function. ConclusionThere was evidence of bi-directional temporal relationships between cognition and mobility. In both directions, the effect of the explanatory variable was small, though cognition as predictor of future mobility may have greater clinical relevance than vice versa. Our findings underscore the importance for clinicians of considering the bi-directional associations between cognition and mobility when observing subtle changes in either, especially as impairments emerge.

An investigation into the bidirectional relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation: A nine year study

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in adolescents; a frequent precursor of suicide is suicidal ideation (SI). Literature indicates that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and SI are robust cross-sectional correlates of one another, with PTSD often being conceptualized as a risk factor (i.e., conferring risk) for SI. Indeed, PTSD is a well-established risk factor for SI; however, SI is an understudied risk factor for PTSD. It is possible that, yet unknown if, PTSD and SI promote each other over time in a bidirectional fashion. We investigated the bidirectional longitudinal associations between PTSD and SI in a large, diverse sample, who at baseline were adolescents. Participants were interviewed between 1995 and 1998 and again between 2004 and 2008. We hypothesized that PTSD and SI would be cross-sectionally, longitudinally, and bidirectionally related and that the number of traumas endorsed at baseline would be positively associated with PTSD and SI at baseline and follow-up. Indeed, PTSD and SI were cross-sectionally correlated at baseline, but not follow-up. PTSD predicted SI over nine years; however, SI during adolescence did not predict PTSD in adulthood. Finally, poly-trauma endorsed at baseline was associated with increased risk of SI, but not PTSD, over nine years.

Executive Function and Self-Regulation: Bi-Directional Longitudinal Associations and Prediction of Early Academic Skills.

Despite a tendency to study executive function (EF) and self-regulation (SR) separately, parallel lines of research suggest considerable overlap between the two abilities. Specifically, both show similar developmental trajectories (i.e., develop rapidly in the early years), predict a broad range of overlapping outcomes across the lifespan (e.g., academic success, mental and physical health, and social competence), and have overlapping neural substrates (e.g., prefrontal cortex). While theoretical frameworks diverge in how they reconcile EF and SR – ranging from treating the two as functionally synonymous, to viewing them as related yet distinct abilities – there is no consensus and limited empirical evidence on the nature of their relationship and how this extends developmentally. The current study examined bi-directional longitudinal associations between early EF and SR, and their longitudinal associations with subsequent early academic skills, in a sample of 199 3- to 5-year-old pre-school children. The adopted measures permitted EF and SR to be modelled as composite indices for these analyses, thereby decreasing task-specific components of these associations. Early academic skills were captured by a standardized direct assessment. Bi-directional associations between EF and SR were found, with both accounting for unique variance in early academic skills 7 and 19months later. The current results provide important evidence to distinguish between EF and SR abilities, yet also for their reciprocal influence in situ and across early development.

The bidirectional longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and HbA1c : A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AimTo investigate whether there is a bidirectional longitudinal association of depression with HbA1c.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE for observational, longitudinal studies published from January 2000 to September 2020, assessing the association between depression and HbA1c in adults. We assessed study quality with the Newcastle‐Ottawa‐Scale. Pooled effect estimates were reported as partial correlation coefficients (rp) or odds ratios (OR).ResultsWe retrieved 1642 studies; 26 studies were included in the systematic review and eleven in the meta‐analysis. Most studies (16/26) focused on type 2 diabetes. Study quality was rated as good (n = 19), fair (n = 2) and poor (n = 5). Of the meta‐analysed studies, six investigated the longitudinal association between self‐reported depressive symptoms and HbA1c and five the reverse longitudinal association, with a combined sample size of n = 48,793 and a mean follow‐up of 2 years. Higher levels of baseline depressive symptoms were associated with subsequent higher levels of HbA1c (partial r = 0.07; [95% CI 0.03, 0.12]; I238%). Higher baseline HbA1c values were also associated with 18% increased risk of (probable) depression (OR = 1.18; [95% CI 1.12,1.25]; I20.0%).ConclusionsOur findings support a bidirectional longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and HbA1c. However, the observed effect sizes were small and future research in large‐scale longitudinal studies is needed to confirm this association. Future studies should investigate the role of type of diabetes and depression, diabetes distress and diabetes self‐management behaviours. Our results may have clinical implications, as depressive symptoms and HbA1c levels could be targeted concurrently in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and depression.RegistrationPROSPERO ID CRD42019147551.

Internalising and externalising in early adolescence predict later executive function, not the other way around: a cross-lagged panel analysis

ABSTRACT Developmental changes in the brain networks involved in emotion regulation are thought to contribute to vulnerability to mental health problems during adolescence. Executive control is often viewed as allowing top-down regulation of emotional responses. However, while associations between executive control and mental health are commonly observed in both clinical and non-clinical populations, the direction of these associations remains unclear. Low, or immature, cognitive control could limit emotion regulation. Reversely, high emotionality could impede cognitive functioning. The scarcity of longitudinal studies testing for bi-directional effects, particularly in adolescence, has made it difficult to draw conclusions. This study analysed data from 1,445 participants of a longitudinal cohort in a cross-lagged panel design to understand bi-directional longitudinal associations between executive function and emotional behaviours across adolescence. Executive function was assessed using experimental working memory and inhibitory control tasks, emotional behaviours through parental report of internalising and externalising behaviours. Cross-sectional associations were replicated. Controlling for cross-sectional associations, early executive functions were not found to predict later emotional behaviours. Instead, early emotional behaviours predicted later executive function, with the strongest link observed between early externalising and later working memory. These results suggest that emotional well-being may affect the maturation of executive function during adolescence.

The day-to-day bidirectional longitudinal association between objective and self-reported sleep and affect: An ambulatory assessment study

BackgroundAmbulatory assessments offer opportunities to evaluate daily dynamics of sleep and momentary affect using mobile technologies. This study examines day-to-day bidirectional associations between sleep and affect using mobile monitoring, and evaluates whether these associations differ between people without and with current or remitted depression/anxiety. MethodsTwo-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and actigraphy data of 359 participants with current (n = 93), remitted (n = 176) or no (n = 90) CIDI depression/anxiety diagnoses were obtained from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Objective sleep duration (SD) and efficiency were obtained from actigraphy data. Self-reported SD, sleep quality (SQ), positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) were assessed by electronic diaries through EMA. ResultsA bidirectional longitudinal association was found between self-reported SQ and affect, while no association was found for self-reported SD and objective SD and efficiency. Better SQ predicted affect the same day (higher PA: b = 0.035, p < 0.001; lower NA: b = -0.022, p < 0.001), while lower NA on the preceding day predicted better SQ (b = -0.102, p = 0.001). The presence of current depression/anxiety disorders moderated the association between better SQ and subsequent lower NA; it was stronger for patients compared to controls (p = 0.003). LimitationsObservational study design can only point to areas of interest for interventions. ConclusionsThis 2-week ambulatory monitoring study shows that, especially among depression/anxiety patients, better self-reported SQ predicts higher PA and lower NA the same day, while lower NA predicts better self-reported SQ. The value of mobile technologies to monitor and potentially intervene in patients to improve their affect should be explored.

Bidirectional Longitudinal Associations Between Cognitive Abilities and Social Relationships in Old Age

Individuals’ social connections can both shape and be shaped by cognitive abilities in aging process. This study examined bidirectional longitudinal associations between cognitive abilities and social relationships using 12-year longitudinal data (3 waves) from 499 German older adults who were born between year 1930 and 1932. Cognitive abilities were assessed as a latent construct consisting of five cognitive tests, i.e., picture completion, block design, information, similarities, and word finding. Social relationships were assessed by the self-reported number of free time partners and scales of perceived social relationships. Using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model, we focused on within-person causal relations. Results showed that higher cognitive abilities predicted higher number of free time partners over four years and that more positive perceived social relationships predicted higher cognitive abilities at four-year follow-up. In sum, the bidirectional longitudinal associations indicate social relationships and cognitive abilities mutually maintain each other in old age.

Bidirectional Longitudinal Relationships Between Homebound Status and Falls Among Older Adults

Research has shown an association between homebound status and falls among older adults. However, this association was primarily drawn from cross-sectional studies. Using the National Health and Aging Trends Study, we examined 1) whether prior-wave falls predicted homebound status in a later wave in 2,916 non-homebound participants in Wave 1 and 2) whether prior-wave homebound status predicted falls in 2,512 participants with no falls in Wave 1. Homebound status (non-homebound and homebound) was determined by the frequency, difficulty, and needing help of outdoor mobility. Falls were ascertained by asking participants whether they had a fall in the last year. Generalized estimation equation models were used to examine their bidirectional association, adjusting for demographics, health-related, and behavioral factors. Participants who had fallen in later waves were more likely to be older non-Hispanic black, comorbid, and have more pain, depression, disabilities, worse health status vision impairment, and low physical activities. Participants who were homebound in later waves tended to older, female, non-Hispanic black, less-educated, living alone or with others only, comorbid, obese, and have more pain, depression, disabilities, worse health status, more hospitalizations, vision and hearing problems, and low physical activities. Previous falls significantly predicted later homebound status (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09-1.50). Prior wave homebound status also significantly contributed to falls in the next year (adjusted OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.12-1.46). The bidirectional longitudinal association between homebound status and falls suggests a vicious circle between them. Fall prevention programs should particularly target homebound older adults for falls reduction.

Bidirectional longitudinal associations between loneliness and pain, and the role of inflammation.

Pain and loneliness are consistently associated, but the direction of the relationship is uncertain. We assessed bidirectional associations over a 4-year period in a sample of 4906 men and women (mean 65.1 ± 8.72 years) who were participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The role of inflammation in these links was also investigated. Pain was defined by reports of being often troubled by pain at a moderate or severe intensity, whereas loneliness was measured using the shortened UCLA scale. Age, sex, ethnicity, educational attainment, wealth as a marker of socioeconomic resources, marital status, physical activity, and depressive symptoms were included as covariates. We found that baseline loneliness was associated with pain 4 years later after adjusting for baseline pain and other covariates (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.47, P = 0.007). Similarly, baseline pain independently predicted loneliness 4 years later (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.14-1.58, P = 0.001). Associations remained significant after additional adjustment for baseline mobility impairment. Likelihood of pain on follow-up was heightened when baseline loneliness was accompanied by elevated C-reactive protein concentration (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.00, P = 0.006), whereas inflammation did not predict future loneliness or contribute to the association between baseline pain and future loneliness. Both pain and loneliness are distressing experiences that impact well-being and quality of life. We conclude that there were bidirectional longitudinal relationships between pain and loneliness in this representative sample of older men and women, but that the mechanisms underlying these processes may differ.