Bidirectional Counter Research Articles

System for Statistical Measurement of Atomic Efficiency for Graphical Interface Elements

Relevance. Currently, the interfaces quality often plays a decisive role in solving problems by a person using information services. To evaluate interfaces, the efficiency concept was previously introduced, consisting of the following indicators: effectiveness ‒ a conditional errors number measure when working with an information system; efficiency ‒ the speed of the user's work with the information system to obtain the desired result; 3) resource efficiency ‒ the degree of user psycho-emotional stress when entering and processing data. Nevertheless, the previously obtained model requires not only the mathematical apparatus usage to determine such indicators, but also knowledge of the graphic elements atomic (i.e. individual or isolated) efficiencies associated with the features of the user's interaction with them.The article purpose is to improve the efficiency of information service interfaces, which requires calculating the individual graphic elements atomic efficiencies.The proposed solution essence is the visual system for statistical measurement of the atomic efficiency for 6 graphic elements (text field, drop-down list, classic and checkbox button, bidirectional counter and "slider") based on the performing various tasks results by users with their help. For example, the text field efficiency compared to a drop-down list will be higher for short words ‒ since their input from the keyboard is faster than selecting from the list, but lower for long sentences ‒ since in this case it is faster for a person to select the desired one than to provide correct input. The measuring principle the efficiency by the proposed system is based on the sequential output of graphic forms with different types (and in some cases, quantities) of elements, indicating the task to the user and measuring the correctness and data entry duration. To reduce subjectivity in actions, various techniques are used, such as different duration timers. A special survey at the end of the element test groups is used to assess the psycho-emotional load. The system has an implementation as a Web site in PHP, individual Web pages of which and their interpretation are given in the article. Experiments with the use of this system for 50 users allowed us to obtain the desired all elements atomic efficiencies.The scientific novelty of the solution lies in the obtaining possibility estimates of the interface elements efficiency in a completely formal way, taking into account only the features of user interaction with them, as well as the data specifics (size, type).The theoretical significance lies in expanding the class of methods for assessing the graphical interfaces efficiency obtained through assessing the elements that make it up.The practical significance lies in the possibility of directly using the obtained atomic efficiencies graphs to compare interfaces and optimize them.

Bidirectional Visitor Counter with Automatic room load controller

Bidirectional Visitor Counter with Automatic room load controller

Technique Bidirectional Visitor Counter

Bidirectional counters, electronic devices, or systems that track and count people or objects entering and exiting a specific space offer valuable insights into various applications. In marketing and sales, bidirectional counters are crucial in understanding customer behaviour, optimizing strategies, and enhancing overall performance. This paper investigates the design of a simple bidirectional counter application and evaluates its impact on marketing and sales. By tracking visitors, conversion rates, and visitor patterns, bidirectional counters enable data-driven decision-making and improved customer experiences. The paper highlights the potential of bidirectional counters as powerful tools for marketers and sales professionals, maximizing sales opportunities and driving effective marketing strategies to satisfy customers and increase profits.

Role of IoT in Crowd Management using Bidirectional Attendance Counter

Abstract: Crowd management is one of the most challenging tasks in public spaces like airports, train stations, and stadiums. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has made it possible to automate the crowd management process. Bidirectional attendance counters are IoT devices that can help monitor the number of people entering and leaving a specific location. This paper discusses the role of IoT in crowd management using bidirectional attendance counters. The paper explains the design and working of the bidirectional attendance counter and how it can be used to manage crowds in public spaces.

Design and Development of Bidirectional Visitor Counter using Arduino Uno Micro-Controller and IR Sensors

Design and Development of Bidirectional Visitor Counter using Arduino Uno Micro-Controller and IR Sensors

Bidirectional Visitor Counter with Automatic Light Controller

In state-of-the-art international, there is a non-stop need for automated equipment. With the increase in this international, there may be an immediate need for developing circuits that might trade the complexity of existence to simplicity. This undertaking's called “Bidirectional visitor Counter using Arduino " is designed to matter the number of visitors in the auditorium, in a function hall, offices, department stores, sports venue, and so on. The tool counts all people getting into and exiting the auditorium or corridor or different vicinity. Relying upon the sensor’s interruption, the device identifies the access and exit of someone. At the hit implementation of the device, it displays the variety of human beings present in the auditorium or corridor. That is a cost-powerful, fee decreasing system even as implemented in locations in which the site visitors need to rely on and control.

BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER USING ARDUINO

The project of “Bidirectional visitor counter” is based on the interfacing of some components such as sensors, display etc. with arduino microcontroller. Bidirectional visitor device is a device through which we can able to count number of people entering the room and leaving the room , in this we will connect a LCD to the device which will show the no.of people present in the room. This device is widely used in public areas or in the conference mostly. Often we see visitor counters at stadium, mall, offices, class rooms etc. The working of this device and all details are given in this report.

A Low-Cost Bidirectional People Counter Device for Assisting Social Distancing Monitoring for COVID-19

Accurately estimating the number of people is a useful information to monitor the occupancy level of spaces due to the COVID-19 pandemic in order to keep social distancing. Automated counters are responsible for accurately counting people movement. This paper proposes a cost-effective automatic counting system based on a microcontroller through an infrared sensor integration to monitor occupancy of indoor spaces. In order to evaluate the proposed system in real-world scenarios, experiments were carried out at the main campus of the University of Campinas—Brazil. For the first case, two prototypes were installed at both the front and rear door of a bus in order to count the number of passengers boarding and alighting on the vehicle during its operation. In the second case, three prototypes were installed in the university restaurant ticket gates in order to count the number of people entering during lunchtime. Experimental results showed an accuracy of 91.45% and 98.65% for Cases 1 and 2, respectively. The results are promising, showing that the device has potential to be used for different proposes, such as controlling access to public and indoor spaces, public transportation planning, occupancy monitoring, and security system.

Bidirectional Visitor Counter using Microcontroller with Sanitization and Thermal Screening

In the modern world there is continual requirement for automated devices. The COVID-19 pandemic is the expounding global health emergency of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced in many years. Authors have to move on by implementing strong protective measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19. This model is designed and presented in order to count the visitors along with their sanitization and thermal screening. This system can be used in any auditorium, halls, schools, offices, malls, etc. Authors have designed a model which can keep a track on number of people entering and exiting from the hall. It sanitizes the visitors entering and exiting from the hall, and check the temperature of each visitor entering in the hall. If the temperature is not according to COVID – 19 standards then a buzzer will buzz indicating that visitor cannot enter in hall. Depending upon the sensors interruption the system recognize entry and exit of visitor.

Analysis of Electrical Energy Consumption Control System in A-205 JTE PNB Lecture Building Based on Bidirectional Visitor Counter

Electrical energy is needed in the A-205 JTE PNB lecture building during the teaching and learning process (PBM). The use of electrical energy includes lighting, Air Conditioning (AC), computers, laptops and LCD projectors. The dominant use of electrical energy is about 8 hours a day. The regulation of electrical energy requires high skilled human resources in making effective use of electrical energy, activating energy-saving behaviors or cultures such as turning off air conditioning and lighting after use. Other efforts are to increase the efficiency of the use of electrical energy, improve the power factor, and replace equipment such as more efficient lighting, more efficient air conditioners. In addition, it can also be done with a tool in the form of a bidirectional visitor counter-based electrical energy control system by installing the control system in each classroom. This control system functions on the use of electrical energy, namely when the classroom is used (there are students/people) the control system works to connect the electric current to the load. On the other hand, when the classroom is not used (there are no students/persons) the control system does not work (does not connect) the electric current to the load. It was found that the use of the control system in the A-205 JTE PNB classroom can save electrical energy by 0.6935 kWh, which is a percentage saving of 23%. This means that the control system based on the bidirectional visitor counter used in the A-205 classroom is more effective in regulating the use of electrical energy so that it can save electrical energy.

Automatic Room Light Controller Bi-Directional Visitor Counter

The objective of this project is to make a controller Based model to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room. Here we can use sensor and can know present number of persons. In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances. With the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life. also if at all one wants to know the number of people present in room soaps not to have congestion, this circuit proves to be helpful. This project "automatic room light controller with visitor counter using microcontroller" is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of persons/visitor in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into the room will be switched ON and when anyone. the light in room will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of Person inside the room also displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. it receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in rom. Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the infrared receivers, when any object passed through the IR rays falling on the receivers are obstructed this obstruction is sensed by the microcontroller.

Post COVID-19 implementation of a bidirectional counter with reduced complexity for people counting application

This paper presents a system for counting people through infrared detection. The system tallies the count and update based on people moving in/out through the supervised area/premise. The counter requires two steps: detection coming in and leaving the area. Obstacle detection from infrared sensor updates the counters and the current value will be displayed in a thin-film-transistor module. With minimal hardware configuration, the developed system is robust and easier to install.

Designing Bi-directional Counters Using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology

One of the major problems in designing highly compact integrated circuits is the power consumption of the circuits. Therefore, several technologies have been introduced to overcome the problems facing MOSFET technology. One of these technologies is the Quantum-Dot Cellular Atomata (QCA), which has several advantages. In this paper, we focus on computational logic gates based on the T-Latch circuit. T-latch is the basis of many circuit in arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The proposed structure for T-latch has a lower number of cells, occupied area and lower power consumption than existing methods. In the proposed T-Latch, compared to previous best designs, 6.45% cross section area and 44.49% power consumption were reduced. Also in this paper, for the first time a T-latch with reset terminal and a T-Latch with both set and reset terminals were designed. In addition, using the proposed T-latch, a 3-bit bidirectional up-down counter which consists of 204 quantum cells, 0.26 µm2 cross-sectional area, delay of 5.25 clock cycles, a three-bit up-down counter with a reset pin and a three-bit up-down counter with set and reset terminals were made. The proposed up-down circuits are designed for the first time in QCA technology. All the design and simulation results are done in QCADesigner software.

Smart Digital Bi-Directional Visitors Counter Based on IoT

This research presents the design of a smart digital bidirectional visitor counter (SDBVC). The million religious visits especially in Iraq increased the need for accurate smart counting systems for human to count the largest gathering of people in one place. The major focus is on counting huge number of humans enter one place from multiple entrance gates. The central processing unit (CPU) receives all the data from these gates and finally makes the studies about the overall human number, men number, women number, the period of the day that this number reach the highest and smallest number and etc. The proposed project hardware contains multiple Wi-Fi based Arduino microcontrollers (like Node-MCU Arduino): one Arduino in each gate which is called transmitter and one in CPU which is called receiver, multi ultrasonic sensors for each transmitter placed on the entrance gates (men gates data separated from women gates data). ThingSpeak.com is used to save the large recorded data for long time for example many days and give results and records about the number as Arba’een Pilgrimage for Imam Hussein shrine in Iraq. The proposed system gives accurate results on the number of entered and exit people to and from one place.

A 13.56-MHz Active Rectifier With SAR-Assisted Coarse-Fine Adaptive Digital Delay Compensation for Biomedical Implantable Devices

This letter presents an active rectifier with SAR-assisted coarse-fine adaptive digital delay compensation technique for biomedical implantable devices. Both on- and off-delays are compensated by adjusting the comparator offset. In order to achieve accurate zero-voltage switching against process, voltage, and temperature variations, a two-step coarse-fine digital tuning method is introduced. The coarse-tuning phase and the fine-tuning phase are controlled by a 7-bit SAR controller and a 3-bit bidirectional counter, respectively. Meanwhile, the tuning frequency is designed to be much smaller than the switching frequency to minimize the power consumption. The proposed rectifier has been fabricated in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with a core area of 0.203 mm2 and a maximum output power of 54 mW. With the input ac voltage ranging from 1.5 to 2 V, the measurement results show that the peak power conversion efficiency and voltage conversion ratio are 92.6% and 95.7% for the load resistor of 2 $\text{k}\Omega $ , respectively.

Industrial Automation with Bidirectional Visitor Counter

This paper displays the plan of Industrial Automation utilizing Arduino. This circuit will do the task of tallying the number of persons or workers in an industry bi directionally. This count will be very accurate and it will beep a warning alarm if the number of people exceeds the limit. The aggregate number of people will appear on the LCD. In the circuit an Arduino UNO Board is utilized. This will help in the accurate measurement of the visitors and is less complex compared to a microcontroller. The arduino will get signals from the sensors and those signals work under the control of a programming code which is put away in the ROM of the arduino. The Infrared Receivers will continuously monitor any entity which passes both outside the building and inside the building. According to the number of guest inside the industry, electronic appliances like lights, fans and coolers will be trigerred on and off. This automation will save lots of electricity. There will also be a temperature and humidity sensor which will detect the temperature of an industry. If the temperature exceeds for any reason the circuit will beep, a warning alarm

Fundamental diagrams for pedestrian traffic flow in controlled experiments

Heavy casualties in stampede accidents in recent years have brought new challenge to crowd management and public safety as well. Therefore, a series of controlled experiments were conducted to investigate traffic dynamics of pedestrians in this paper. The fundamental diagrams for unidirectional flow, bidirectional counter flow, bidirectional cross flow and four-directional cross flow are surveyed by using the improved Voronoi diagram measurement method. The maximum specific flow and the optimal density are obtained from the density–flow relation. Furthermore, difference of fundamental diagrams for different pedestrian flows is also discussed. Evolution of individual density and individual velocity in the Voronoi cell is explored and the dangerous area for pedestrians is identified. Movement efficiency under different densities is investigated when passing through the intersection. The study is helpful to develop a modular approach that serves as a basis for the planning and evaluation of large scale public events.

Bidirectional Visitor Counter for Smart Power Management

Bidirectional Visitor Counter for Smart Power Management

ARM based Bidirectional Visitor Counter and Automatic Room Light Controller using PIR sensors

ARM based Bidirectional Visitor Counter and Automatic Room Light Controller using PIR sensors

High-Precision Digital Constant Current Controller with Demagnetization-Time Compensation for Primary-Side Regulation Flyback Converter

A novel digital constant output current controller with demagnetization-time compensation for flyback converter is proposed in this paper. The secondary winding demagnetization time [Formula: see text] is sampled from the comparison module output signal by output voltage sampling state machine. The ratio between [Formula: see text] and switching period [Formula: see text] is kept constant by bidirectional counter module to achieve constant output current based on invariable primary-side peak-current. Meanwhile, demagnetization-time compensation is proposed in order to enhance load regulation ratio. The compensation [Formula: see text] acquired from a look-up table, is utilized to compensate the impacts caused by the delay [Formula: see text] from the process of sampling the signal of [Formula: see text]. The digital controller (DC) is implemented by hardware description language Verilog HDL. Experimental results of the proposed 2A constant current output flyback converter based on FPGA(EP2C8Q208C8N) indicate that the constant current precision is within [Formula: see text]1% in a wide range of universal-input AC voltage from 110[Formula: see text]V to 240[Formula: see text]V and the voltage load range between 2[Formula: see text]V and 8[Formula: see text]V.