Bidding Game Research Articles

Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Community-Based Health Insurance in Ethiopia: National Household Survey

The existing evidence on households' participation in Ethiopia's community-based health insurance (CBHI) scheme is limited, lacks representativeness, and lacks disaggregation. Thus, this study aims to assess households' willingness to pay (WTP) for CBHI membership and identify the factors that influence their decision to enroll. From February to May 2020, a nationwide cross-sectional household survey was conducted involving CBHI member and non-member households. The primary theories that informed this study were utility theory, social capital theory, and the health belief model. Sample included 5,976 households from 166 EAs—118 in CBHI regions and 48 in non-CBHI regions. A two-stage stratified cluster sampling used to select enumeration areas (EAs) and households from within these areas. The maximum amount of money at which participants responded "yes" in the bidding game exercise was used to measure WTP. Data were analyzed using STATA Version 16. Household expenditure was adjusted for key factors. Analyses explored WTP for CBHI by region, membership, and livelihood, with WTP based on mean maximum values. Linear regression identified influencing factors. The findings reveal that 30.9% of participants were active CBHI members. The average WTP increased with each additional family member, both in rural (AMD = 9.3 [6.8, 11.9]) and urban areas (AMD = 7.2 [1.0, 13.4]). In urban areas, WTP was also positively associated with the ability to pay (ATP) for CBHI (AMD = 64.1 [6.3, 121.8]). Male respondents and those who were literate in urban areas had higher mean WTP values of AMD = 39.8 [13.1, 66.4] and AMD = 56.8 [26.1, 87.4], respectively. Additionally, holding leadership positions in health and women's development initiatives positively influenced WTP. The study found that 30.9% of participants were active CBHI members. WTP for CBHI was higher among larger families. In urban areas, WTP was positively associated with the ability to pay (ATP) for CBHI, particularly among male and literate respondents. Community leadership roles in health and women's development also positively influenced WTP. To improve the CBHI scheme, adjustments should be made to premiums based on households' ability to pay. Community engagement should be strengthened, service quality enhanced, regional disparities addressed, and performance regularly monitored.

Non-Cooperative Bidding Game Strategies of Power Generation Companies in the Electricity-Carbon Market Environment

This research scrutinizes the non-cooperative bidding strategies of power generation firms within the integrated electricity and carbon market framework. It aims to furnish pivotal insights for market strategy formulation and underpin policy development toward a greener power sector. Key innovations include a non-cooperative game model elucidating the interplay and competitive conduct among power providers in dual markets, alongside an empirical analysis showcasing how strategic bidding influences economic and environmental outcomes. This study significantly contributes to understanding market dynamics in promoting sustainable and environmentally sound power systems.

A bargaining perspective on vertical integration

AbstractWe analyze vertical integration incentives in a bilaterally duopolistic industry with bargaining in the input market. Vertical integration incentives are a combination of horizontal integration incentives upstream and downstream and depend on the strength of substitutability and complementarity and the shape of the unit cost function. Under particular circumstances, vertical integration can convey more bargaining power to the merged entity than a horizontal merger to monopoly. In a bidding game for an exogenously determined target firm, a vertical merger can dominate a horizontal one, while pre‐emption does not occur.

How healthy participants value additional diagnostic testing with amyloid-PET in patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment — a bidding game experiment

BackgroundTo estimate the perceived value of additional testing with amyloid-PET in Euros in healthy participants acting as analogue patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsOne thousand four hundred thirty-one healthy participants acting as analogue MCI patients (mean age 65 ± 8, 929 (75%) female) were recruited via the Dutch Brain Research Registry. Participants were asked to identify with a presented case (video vignette) of an MCI patient and asked whether they would prefer additional diagnostic testing with amyloid PET in this situation. If yes, respondents were asked how much they would be willing to pay for additional diagnostic testing. Monetary value was elicited via a bidding game in which participants were randomized over three conditions: (A) additional testing results in better patient management, (B) Same as condition A and a delay in institutionalization of 3 months, and (C) same as A and a delay in institutionalization of 6 months. Participants who were not willing to take a test were compared with participants who were willing to take a test using logit models. The highest monetary value per condition was analyzed using random-parameter mixed models.ResultsThe vast majority of participants acting as analogue MCI patients (87% (n = 1238)) preferred additional testing with amyloid PET. Participants who were not interested were more often female (OR = 1.61 95% CI [1.09–2.40]) and expressed fewer worries to get AD (OR = 0.64 [0.47–0.87]). The median “a priori” (i.e., before randomization) monetary value of additional diagnostic testing was €1500 (IQR 500–1500). If an additional amyloid PET resulted in better patient management (not further specified; condition A), participants were willing to pay a median price of €2000 (IQR = 1000–3500). Participants were willing to pay significantly more than condition A (better patient management) if amyloid-PET testing additionally resulted in a delay in institutionalization of 3 months (€530 [255–805] on top of €2000, condition B) or 6 months (€596 [187–1005] on top of €2000, condition C).ConclusionsMembers of the general population acting as MCI patients are willing to pay a substantial amount of money for amyloid-PET and this increases when diagnostic testing leads to better patient management and the prospect to live longer at home.

Health-related quality of life and willingness to pay measurement among patients on warfarin in Thailand

BackgroundComplex dosage regimens and the high incidence of adverse events associated with warfarin therapy can affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and willingness to pay (WTP) among patients on warfarin. No such previous study has been conducted to assess the HRQoL and WTP among Thai patients on warfarin; therefore, this study aimed to measure these parameters and identify some sociodemographic factors associated with those aspects among patients on warfarin in Thailand.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey study involving 260 patients on warfarin between June 2022 and June 2023 used a quantitative method for data collection. Face-to-face interviews with well-trained interviewers were conducted and patients were required to complete the questionnaires of both World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and EQ-5D-5L to assess and measure their HRQoL levels. WTP was assessed using a bidding game technique. Descriptive statistics with mean and standard deviations were used to report HRQoL scores and WTP, whereas a generalized linear model was employed to identify factors associated with both HRQoL and WTP.ResultsThe mean EQ-5D index and mean EQ-VAS score were 0.89 ± 0.15 and 76.92 ± 15.95, respectively, whereas the mean WHOQOL-BREF domain scores were 59.18 ± 14.13, 68.56 ± 15.47, 59.13 ± 19.64, and 65.23 ± 14.04 for the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains, respectively. Elderly participants (age > 60 years) and those with comorbidities had lower HRQoL scores than their counterparts. The mean WTP was 22.25 ± 32.19 USD for one patient’s visit. The presence of comorbidities was the only factor significantly associated with WTP values.ConclusionsThai patients on warfarin have lower mean EQ-5D indexes and EQ-VAS scores than members of the general Thai population. Patients on warfarin with comorbidities have diminished HRQoL and WTP values. Therefore, all healthcare professionals should pay more attention to this group of patients on warfarin to achieve better outcomes.

Fair-Share Allocations for Agents with Arbitrary Entitlements

We consider the problem of fair allocation of indivisible goods to n agents with no transfers. When agents have equal entitlements, the well-established notion of the maximin share (MMS) serves as an attractive fairness criterion for which, to qualify as fair, an allocation needs to give every agent at least a substantial fraction of the agent’s MMS. In this paper, we consider the case of arbitrary (unequal) entitlements. We explain shortcomings in previous attempts that extend the MMS to unequal entitlements. Our conceptual contribution is the introduction of a new notion of a share, the AnyPrice share (APS), that is appropriate for settings with arbitrary entitlements. Even for the equal entitlements case, this notion is new and satisfies [Formula: see text], for which the inequality is sometimes strict. We present two equivalent definitions for the APS (one as a minimization problem, the other as a maximization problem) and provide comparisons between the APS and previous notions of fairness. Our main result concerns additive valuations and arbitrary entitlements, for which we provide a polynomial-time algorithm that gives every agent at least a [Formula: see text] - fraction of the agent’s APS. This algorithm can also be viewed as providing strategies in a certain natural bidding game, and these strategies secure each agent at least a [Formula: see text] - fraction of the agent’s APS. Funding: T. Ezra’s research is partially supported by the European Research Council Advanced [Grant 788893] AMDROMA “Algorithmic and Mechanism Design Research in Online Markets” and MIUR PRIN project ALGADIMAR “Algorithms, Games, and Digital Markets.” U. Feige’s research is supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation [Grant 1122/22].

Willingness to pay brand premiums for generic medicines in Kenya: A bidding game experiment.

Recent growth in the market share of higher priced branded generic medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has raised concerns around affordability and access. We examined consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for branded versus unbranded generic non-communicable disease (NCD) medicines in Kenya. We randomly assigned NCD patients to receive a hypothetical offer for either a Novartis Access-branded medicine or for an unbranded generic equivalent. We then analysed WTP data captured using a bidding game methodology. We found that WTP for Novartis Access medicines was on average 23% higher than for unbranded generic equivalents (p=0.009). The WTP brand premium was driven almost entirely by wealthier patients. Our findings suggest that the dominance of branded generics in LMICs like Kenya reflect in part consumer preferences for these medicines. Governments and other health sector actors may be justified in intervening to improve access to these medicines and equivalent non-branded generics, particularly for the poorest patients who appear to have no preference for branded medicines.

Economic Valuation of Sentul Chicken in the Framework of Providing Incentives and Sustainability of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) in Ciamis District, West Java

The purpose of this study was to examine the economic valuation of Sentul chicken to determine the amount of incentive farmers should receive. A survey method has been conducted as the research methodology. The research location was determined purposively, namely in accordance with the research objectives, on the basis of several considerations, the location where the research was located was the Sentul chicken development center where there were active farmer groups. A total of 39 farmers who had a minimum of 100 Sentul chickens/year were censused to become respondents. Data collection was carried out in May - August 2022. The data were analyzed by the contingent valuation method (CVM) using the willingness to accept (WTA) approach in the bidding game. The WTA value sought is the Total WTA (TWTA) and Mean WTA (EWTA) which are converted into incentive values for farmers. Multiple regression analysis has been applied to investigate any significant factors that affected the WTA value. The study results show an estimated total WTA value of IDR 191,220,000 per year and an estimated WTA value of IDR 178,974.36 per chicken per year. Education, experience, land area, income, livestock orientation, and pride are WTA factors that impact farmers, as income (0,024) and pride (0,000) become the most influential factors. Efforts to conserve Sentul chickens can be realized using the incentives indicated by a high WTA value. Therefore, policy makers can conserve Sentul chickens using an incentive approach.

Factors affecting ability and willingness of community members to enrol Improved Community Health Fund in Dodoma and Iringa regions

Financial protection has been recognised as an important element within the healthcare financing system of many low and middle-income countries. Pre-payment schemes have been advocated as a means of curbing high out of pocket expenditure and achieving universal health coverage. A number of financing reforms have been taking place, however there is a limited rigorous contextual evidence on the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the recently Improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) in Tanzania. The study took place in district councils of Dodoma and Iringa regions. Data were collected from a household survey conducted in 2021. Contingent valuation methodology was used to elicit households’ the willing to pay (WTP) for iCHF premium using the bidding game technique. In addition, the relationship between WTP and other socio-economic variables was examined using logistic regression models. Majority 88% respondents said they will repay their package after expiry considering the quality of the services provided by health insurance. The results showed a statistically significant negative relationship 0.526 (p = 0.034) between household aged above 55 years of age and WTP. More specifically, as age increases above 55 years, the likelihood to pay for health insurance premium decreases. We also found a positive statistically significant relationship 1.882 (p = 0.034) between the household with small business and WTP, which suggest the individuals with small business are in a better position to pay for iCHF premium compared to those with formal employment. It is important to educate the households to raise awareness about the benefits of being a member of insurance scheme in both formal and informal sector. The households should be encouraged to formalize their small business, this will improve their income and enrolment into the insurance schemes. The benefit packages should be revised to fit the need of the people as WTP was also influenced by the nature of the packages.

Local resource mobilization for malaria vector control among Rwandan rice farmers: a pilot study into the role of community ownership

BackgroundEvidence suggests a vicious cycle between rice cultivation and malaria control in Rwanda. Rice fields offer an attractive breeding ground for malaria vectors, which increases the disease burden in rice farming communities, and, consequently, reduces productivity in the rice sector. Community-based larval source management in rice fields is propagated as a sustainable solution to break this cycle. A sense of agency and ownership of malaria control interventions, as well as the mobilization of resources at the local level, are often considered preconditions for success. However, an evidence gap exists regarding the interaction between the agentive and financial dimension of local sustainability.MethodsWe conduct a larviciding pilot involving three groups; one group where rice farmers sprayed their fields under expert supervision, one group where rice farmers organised the larviciding campaign themselves, and a (non-sprayed) control group. We test whether the difference in agency between the intervention groups affects farmers’ willingness-to-pay for a larviciding campaign. Willingness-to-pay is elicited in a contingent valuation exercise, more specifically a bidding game, and is assessed both before and after the pilot (n = 288). Difference-in-difference estimates are computed, using a propensity score matching technique. Supplementary data were collected in a survey and two focus group discussions for triangulation.ResultsThe high-agency (self-organised) group significantly outperforms the low-agency (expert-supervised) group in terms of maintaining its willingness to contribute financially. However, higher willingness-to-pay in the high-agency group does not appear to be driven by a stronger sense of ownership per se. The supplementary data indicate high levels of ownership in both treatment groups compared to the control group. A tentative explanation lies in diverging perceptions concerning the effectiveness of the pilot.ConclusionsThe study supports the idea that community-led organization of larval source management can prove instrumental in mobilizing finance for malaria control in low-income settings where rice production interferes with the fight against malaria. However, the causality is complex. Feelings of ownership do not appear the main driver of willingness-to-pay, at least not directly, which opens up the possibility of initiating community-driven malaria control interventions that promote the agentive and financial dimension of local sustainability simultaneously.

Analysis of willingness to pay (WTP) to support the sustainability of geotourism at Wediombo Beach, Gunung Kidul

The increase in tourism activities in the geotourism area of Wediombo Beach have triggered a cascade of effects, including economic growth and environmental degradation. To mitigate further environmental harm and support its preservation, financial backing is essential, particularly as this area is part of the UNESCO Global Geopark Gunungsewu. This research investigates the Willingness to Pay (WTP) of visitors at Wediombo Beach, seeking to determine their willingness to contribute to environmental protection and analyzing the factors influencing their WTP. The approaches used in this study are Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Travel Cost Method (TCM) to calculate WTP, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis to assess the impact of independent variables on WTP. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis to determine the effect of the independent variable on WTP. Through interviews conducted with 67 respondents of accidental sampling using the bidding game dichotomous question method.The findings reveal that Wediombo Beach is currently undervalued, as the average WTP to support the sustainability of geotourism at the site is IDR15,615.00 per individual per visit, totaling IDR99,782,308.00. The key factors influencing visitors to the WTP at Wediombo Beach are perceived attractiveness and educational value.

Using an Online Bidding Game to Teach Costing in Management Accounting

This paper describes an online multi-player game (Bidding Game), which was developed to reinforce the understanding of cost behavior and cost concepts taught in an introductory management accounting undergraduate course. The Bidding Game was motivated by the aim to facilitate active learning as students apply the theories that they have learnt in a fun and interactive manner. A survey was independently administered by the Centre for Teaching Excellence from the authors’ university. A total of 196 students voluntarily participated in the survey. The survey results suggest that the game significantly improves students’ perceived knowledge of the costing topic. Students also agreed that the game enhanced their learning and that they had a positive experience playing the game.

Willingness to pay for and willingness to vaccinate with the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose in China.

Objective: The present study aims to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for and willingness to vaccinate (WTV) with the Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine booster dose in China when the pandemic is under adequate control and the majority of the population is vaccinated. This study is also to identify significant factors associated with the WTP. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on adults with no past or present COVID-19 infection. An online questionnaire was distributed to collect data on vaccination status, quarantine experience, and factors related to health beliefs on vaccination. The WTV was assessed through the vaccination preference. The WTP was examined by payment scale (PS) and iterative bidding game (IBG) administered in random order. Three IBG algorithms with different starting-price were presented randomly. The average WTP of PS and IBG were analyzed as primary outcomes using univariate and multivariate analyses. Multivariate ordered logistic regression was performed to identify significant factors for the WTP. Results: The survey recruited 543 participants with a mean age of 32 years and 57.80% being female. The WTV rate was 86.74%, while 94.66% of participants completed full-schedule or enhanced vaccination. The mean WTP was CNY 149 (±CNY 197) and the median WTP was CNY 80. Regarding significant factors for the WTP, urban residents were 57% more likely (95% CI: 1.11-2.22) to pay for a high-priced vaccine than rural residents. Respondents who completed full-schedule vaccination were 46% more likely (95% CI: 1.03–2.07) to pay for a high-priced vaccine than those who completed enhanced vaccination. Respondents with a low household income of CNY 40k or lower were 62% less likely (95% CI: 0.21–0.66) to pay for a high-priced vaccine than those with a middle household income of CNY 110k–210k. Other significant factors associated with the WTP included the perceived benefit of vaccination and peer environmental pressure in the health belief model. Conclusion: The WTV with the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose was high in China. The WTP was influenced by the place of residence, vaccination status, household income, perceived benefit of vaccination, and environmental peer pressure. Study findings can inform policymakers to better design vaccination programs and financial schemes involving out-of-pocket payments.

Sustaining Protected Forests and Forest Resources in Ghana: An Empirical Evidence

ABSTRACT The increasing concern for sustainable forest and protected forest resources motivates this study. In the wake of rising protected forest depletion, climate change and public health problems, this study through a bidding game format develops a sustainability index to show households’ sustainability behavior toward the protected forests in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Relying on a cross-section of household survey data and regression analysis, this study finds that overall, approximately 79% of respondents exhibited sustainable behavior toward protected forests in GAR. Also, this sustainable behavior is associated with expected revenue of GH¢ 80,837,594 (USD$ 15,368,398) per annum. We also find that socioeconomic, psychological, and environmental factors are the main drivers of protected forest sustainability in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. This study has important implications for institutions working toward sustaining protected forest and forest resources in Ghana.

Willingness to Pay for HIV Prevention Commodities Among Key Population Groups in Nigeria.

Key population (KP) groups, such as female sex workers and men who have sex with men, in Nigeria rely on free HIV prevention commodities, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits, provided through foreign aid. We investigated the willingness of KP groups to use and pay for HIV prevention commodities to support improved sustainable HIV prevention programming. In 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 3 states with KP groups. The survey covered sociodemographic characteristics and willingness to use and pay for PrEP, HIVST, and condoms, and we used a bidding game iteration process to collect data on factors that influence willingness to use and pay for the commodities. We performed bivariate and multivariable regression analyses to explore factors that may determine willingness to pay and the maximum amount willing to pay. Of the participants surveyed, 73% were willing to pay for PrEP services, 81% were willing to pay for HIVST, and 87% were willing to pay for condoms. Willingness to pay varied between the commodities and was associated with, among other variables: age, KP group, marital status, level of education, employment status, place of residence, average monthly income, and familiarity with the commodity in question. We demonstrate that KP groups are willing to pay for HIV prevention commodities, but there is a need to bridge the gap between the maximum amount they are willing to pay and retail prices. If prices are reduced, the willingness to pay may result in high consumption and positive returns for the private sector.

Analysis of Willingness to Pay And Willingness to Accept for The Existence of Broiler Chicken Farm

The development of broiler chicken farm business is not only able to meet the community need for protein, but also causes disturbance to the surrounding environment, especially when it is closely located to residential areas. Business waste can be in the form of physical waste such as wastewater and the presence of flies, as well as social waste in the form of unpleasant odors. This study was aimed to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of chicken owners for the impact of the waste produced, willingness of the community around the farm to accept compensation (WTA) for the impacts received, the percentage of environmental costs to the total cost structure and the factors that affect the value of willingness to accept compensation. The data analysis used is the Contingent Valuation Method with a bidding game question system and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that mean WTP value from farm owners for physical waste was Rp. 3.103.300,-/owner/production period and for social waste was Rp. 280,000,-/head of family/production period. Moreover, the mean WTA value of the community was Rp. 271,866,74,-/head of family/production period. Factors that affected the WTA value included education, income, knowledge, and number of family members.

Willingness to pay for social health insurance and its associated factors among public servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAs a means of establishing a sustained and fair health care financing system, Ethiopia has planned and ratified a legal framework to introduce a social health insurance program for employees of the formal sector to protect them against financial and health burdens. However, the implementation has been delayed due to the resistance of public servants to pay the proposed premium. The aim of this study was to estimate the magnitude of willingness to pay the proposed amount of premium set by the government for the social health insurance program and the factors associated with it among public servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the study. Multistage sampling was employed to select a total of 503 from 12 randomly selected public sectors. Data were collected using pretested, interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. A contingent valuation method with an iterative bidding game was used to elicit willingness to pay. Finally, logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of willingness to pay. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05 with adjusted odds ratios calculated at 95% CIs.ResultsOnly 35.4% were willing to pay the proposed premium (3% of their monthly salary). Those who had children from 6–18 years old (AOR = 3.252; 95% CI: 1.15, 9.22), had a history of unaffordable health service costs during the last 12 months (AOR = 9.631; 95% CI: 4.12, 22.52), and had prior information about the social health insurance program (AOR = 11.011, 95% CI. 3.735–32.462) were more likely to pay for the proposed social health insurance program compared to their counterparts.ConclusionThe willingness to pay the proposed amount premium for social health insurance among public servants in Addis Ababa was very low that implies the implementation will be challenging. Thus, the government of Ethiopia should consider reviewing the amount of premium contributions expected from employees before implementing the social health insurance scheme.

Assessing the drivers of vessel tracking systems adoption for improved small-scale fisheries management

The use of vessel tracking systems (VTS) on small-scale fishing vessels can provide data necessary for improved fisheries management. Nevertheless, the adoption of mandated VTS is still limited in small-scale fisheries given the hardship of establishing and enforcing vessel tracking regulations in this fishing sector. However, there is potential for incentivizing voluntary adoption of tracking programs in small-scale vessels. We surveyed small-scale fishers from Indonesia (n = 124) and Mexico (n = 87) to identify which attributes and conditions increase the likelihood of adoption of VTS programs. The survey included a choice experiment to elicit fishers' preferences over attributes of safety, privacy, and data ownership of hypothetical VTS programs along with a bidding game to gauge fishers' willingness to pay. Our results indicated that most fishers in Indonesia and Mexico are willing to pay for VTS programs. VTS programs that included a safety feature were preferred over those that did not. Fishers also indicated that they would prefer VTS programs that provide ownership of the data to fishers or the government instead of the industry or the public. Additionally, we found that individual fisher characteristics are strongly related to willingness to pay and are better predictors of fishers' willingness to pay than the program attributes. Understanding which VTS programs are more likely to be adopted, and by whom, is crucial to uncover the potential of this technology in informing small-scale fisheries management and supporting resource governance.

How conjoint analysis contributes to mitigating intergroup conflict? a case study of ageing policy in Taipei city (Taiwan)

ABSTRACT The debate on universalism and targeting approach in distribution policy leads to intergroup conflict and social categorization. This article proposed a theoretical framework considering the beneficiaries’ demands as a critical part of mitigating intergroup conflict and introduced a new approach – conjoint analysis with a bidding game to help the government better understand citizens’ policy preferences. The effects of six attributes on Taipei’s aging policy preference were investigated using data from 400 elders in Taipei’s heterogeneous administrative districts. The results revealed that, due to their lack of understanding, the elderly perceived the policy change as benefiting advantaged groups, which made them oppose the policy changed and created social conflict.

A visualization method for bidding games in the electricity spot market

Under the electricity market, generation companies (GenCos) maximize their own revenue through strategic bidding, and the Nash equilibrium (NE) formed by the game between GenCos is an effective tool to assist in the design and regulation of the electricity market. However, the power market bidding game is usually modeled as a nonlinear nonconvex complex model, and it is difficult for researchers to intuitively analyze the game process and discover the laws. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a visualization method for the GenCos optimal offer model, based on which a visualization method for the GenCos bidding game process is proposed. The case study shows that the visualization-based analysis method can help researchers to visually infer the game evolution process, analyze the pattern of NE and evaluate the game results, and ultimately provide a reference for further market analysis.