Corrosive Sublimate Research Articles

Factors That Affect the Potential of the Saturated Corrosive Sublimate (in Ethylenediamine) Electrode.

Factors That Affect the Potential of the Saturated Corrosive Sublimate (in Ethylenediamine) Electrode.

SEX DIFFERENCES IN RENAL TOXICITY OF MERCURY IN THE RAT.

A PRONOUNCED sex difference was found to exist in the renal tubules of rats injected intravenously with minimally toxic doses of bichloride of mercury. Mercury, in toxic doses, produces an acute tubular necrosis in a wide variety of experimental animals and man1,2. Histologically, when minimally toxic doses are given to rats, the lesions are confined to the straight portions of the proximal tubules.

CHANGING PATTERNS OF SENSITIVITY TO COMMON CONTACT ALLERGENS.

The most important factors influencing the incidence of allergic sensitivity to contact allergens are discussed. A comparison is made in selected patient populations between the incidence of allergic contact sensitivity (index of sensitivity) to nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, mercury bichloride, paraphenylenediamine, and formaldehyde in 1937 and in 1961-1962. No significant changes have taken place in the index of sensitivity to nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate. However, the index of sensitivity to the other substances has increased as follows: mercury bichloride 180%, paraphenylenediamine 140%, and formaldehyde 290%. These changes are attributable to increased opportunities for exposure to these substances. Most of the test reactions are considered to be indicative of latent sensitivity (immunologic imprints) rather than the result of allergic sensitization associated with clinical disease due to these substances.

ACUTE MERCURIAL INTOXICATION TREATED BY HEMODIALYSIS.

Excerpt The availability of bichloride of mercury makes it a convenient, though not a pleasant, way of committing suicide or homicide. Accidental poisoning occurs, although each tablet is clearly l...

腹膜吸収機能測定法に関する研究

The tests of peritoneal absorptive function with PSP by Matsunaga and Matsuda were reexamined. And the results were as follows.1. In healthy rabbits, the maximum concentration of excretion into urine was 16.6% the arival time to the maximum value was 45 minutes and it was a little different to the results and it was same to that by the method which took the value at 1 or 2 hours after the injection of pigment as the standard value.2. In the rabbits with damage by chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, the decline of maximum value, the delay of arrival time to the maximum value and the prolongation of course etc. were not defined in the former, but the delay of the arrival time to the maximum value was only observed of the letter. It was thought that these results showed not only the decline of peritoneal absorptive function in liver damage by the above drugs, but also the kidney damage by drugs, 3. In the cases with kidney damage by corrosive sublimate, the maximum value of excretion was 4.5-5.0%, the arrival time to the maximum value was 3 hours and the intervention of the factor by kidney damage was remarkable.

A Cylinder-Plate Method for the Quantitative Determination of Diffusion of Antibacterial Drugs from Ointments

Plotting the squares of the diameters of the inhibition zones produced by varying concentrations of antibacterial drugs against the logarithms of the concentrations resulted in straight line curves for mercury bichloride, chlortetracycline hydro-chloride, oleandomycin phosphate, salicylic acid, and sodium sulfacetamide. A cylinder-plate method for quantitative determination of diffusion of antibacterial drugs from ointments by reference to the standard curves is presented. The results of simple cylinder-plate-inhibition zone diffusion tests in six different ointment bases are compared with the quantitative data obtained in testing diffusion from the six ointments by the cylinder-plate standard curve method.

Diplostomulum elongatus n. sp. (Trematoda), from a Freshwater Fish, Trichogaster fasciatus, from India

Seventy specimens of a fresh-water fish, Trichogaster fasciatus, were examined in Lucknow, India, and 2 of these were found to harbor larval cysts of a digenetic trematode. It was determined that the forms were of the genus Diplostomulum, and inasmuch as they could not be identified as to species from existing material, they are described herein as new, and so named to designate the elongate, slender form and the comparative size. The transparent cysts were found attached loosely to the mesentery inside the body cavity. The 2 specimens recovered differ greatly in size, but apparently they are 2 stages of the same species. While alive the larvae showed active movement, both inside and outside the cyst. The specimens were fixed in corrosive sublimate and mounted in balsam. All measurements given below are in millimeters, and were taken from the larger specimen. not well-marked) into flattened forebody slightly concave ventrally, 0.972 long by 0.558 wide, and small hindbody, 0.2 long. Comparatively small oral sucker somewhat ventral, muscular, 0.045 in diameter. Mouth opening sub-ventral. Lateral suckers appear as slightly muscular papillae, postero-lateral to oral sucker. Oral sucker leads directly into muscular pharynx, 0.03 in diameter; prepharynx absent. Short esophagus bifurcates into 2 intestinal ceca, running posteriorly well into hindbody. Muscular acetabulum, 0.07x0.04, rounded in living condition and transversely elongated when fixed, present in anterior to middle of body, 0.5 from anterior end. Hold-fast organ, much posterior to acetabulum near posterior end of forebody, longitud- inally elongated in living state and rounded when fixed, 0.136 in diameter. Compact, elongated hold-fast gland, 0.132x0.03, seen with difficulty in living larva, stains deeply with carmine. Genital anlagen, consisting of irregular mass of undifferentiated cells, present between ceca in hindbody, somewhat posterior to hold-fast gland. Primary excretory system and flame cells obscured by reserve excretory system and not seen. Reserve excretory system divisible into ventral ducts, forming major part of system, and comparatively few dorsal ducts. Excretory pore, present posteriorly, leads into small vesicle that divides into 2 main lateral excretory ducts running anteriorly. Lateral ducts with smaller ducts form excretory system ventrally. Two outer lateral ducts joined by transverse connection just posterior to oral sucker. Main excretory ducts joined in hindbody by 2 posterior transverse excretory ducts. Latter, dorsally, has apparently blind median process directed anteriorly, and connected to 2 lateral excretory ducts at same point. Two lateral excretory ducts joined in hindbody by 2 or 3 short ducts. In forebody, 2 medial lateral excretory ducts connected first by anterior transverse duct, and, proceeding anteriorly, several ducts join 2 lateral excretory ducts up to region of acetabulum. Several ducts loop and rejoin medial ducts on medial side. Anterior to acetabulum, 3 to 4 excretory ducts connect lateral ducts. From posterior side of transverse connection of outer lateral excretory ducts near oral sucker, small duct running posteriorly joins median excretory vesicle just posterior to intestinal bifurcation. Slightly posterior to opening, 2 inner lateral excretory ducts also join median excretory vesicle, latter running behind intestinal bifurcation to hold-fast organ. Posterior end of elongated, spindle-shaped median excretory vesicle passes ventral to transverse con- nection. Vesicle opening into transverse connection anterior to hold-fast organ not seen. Dorsal excretory ducts arise from 2 main lateral ducts in posterior region and branch, in hindbody, to form fine network, of which finer ducts regroup and form duct leading anteriorly into forebody, there branching dorsally to hold-fast organ to form fine network. Fine ducts

Studies of the Mechanism of Allergic Eczematous Contact Dermatitis: I. Findings on Human Skin with Radioactive Bichloride of Mercury

Studies of the Mechanism of Allergic Eczematous Contact Dermatitis: I. Findings on Human Skin with Radioactive Bichloride of Mercury

Disturbance of consciousness caused by intracerebral injection, particularly by mesencephalic injection of dilute solution of corrosive sublimate.

Disturbance of consciousness caused by intracerebral injection, particularly by mesencephalic injection of dilute solution of corrosive sublimate.

Activity ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline in various colour reactions.

Activity ratios of adrenaline to noradrenaline in various chemical methods, such as the permanganate, the corrosive sublimate, the iodine, the phosphotungstic acid and arsenomolybdic acid methods were estimated. The mean value (adrenaline: noradrenaline) obtained was 1.16:1 in the permanganate method, 1.31:1 in the corrosive sublimate method, 2.4:1 in the iodine method, 2.17:1 in the phosphotungstic acid method and 7.6:1 in the arsenomolybdic acid method.

Acute renal insufficiency due to bichloride of mercury; observations on gastrointestinal hemorrhage and BAL therapy.

THE clinical management of the oliguric patient still represents a difficult and challenging problem despite the advances in knowledge of the underlying pathologic physiology of acute renal insufficiency. The difficulties stem largely from the fundamental nature of the syndrome and the course it pursues, both of which render the patient particularly susceptible to many grave complications. The case described below illustrates a number of the complications, including massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and the important problem of British anti-lewisite (BAL) therapy in the oliguric patient is discussed in some detail. Case Report M. H. (G. U. H. 28,266), a 28-year-old married woman, . . .

Acrodynia following ingestion of mercurial ointment; late dental sequelae.

IN THE comprehensive survey of allergy to drugs by Carr,1 reactions to mercurial compounds are only briefly mentioned. Recent reports2 have indicated a relation between the clinical syndrome of acrodynia and exposure to mercury or its compounds. Sources of mercury have included teething powders, mercurial ointments applied externally, mercury bichloride diaper rinses and calomel compounds used in the treatment of intestinal parasites. Recently, Bancroft, Grant and Tanner3 reported the occurrence of acrodynia following the ingestion of ammoniated mercury ointment. The 2 cases reported below represent additional examples of the development of acrodynia following exposure to mercury through ingestion of ammoniated . . .

Adrenaline load of the suprarenal glands of rabbits in histamine poisoning.

From the evidence reported by Satow that the glycemic action of histamine is quite different, in using the different manner. of applications, the interest was evoked, and the present studies were undertaken to know whether the similar evidence can be found or not concerning, the influence of histamine upon the adrenaline load of the suprarenal. gland. Rabbits were used. The adrenaline load of the suprarenal glands was estimated by the corrosive sublimate method of Suto-Kojima. Histamine was injected intravenously in a dose of 0.5mg per kg of body weight in 10 seconds or in 60 seconds. Some rabbits died several minutes after histamine injection and others were able to recover. In the former the suprarenals were removed soon after death and in the latter it was removed 30 minutes after injection. In these experiments we could not find any definite alteration of adrenaline load after histamine. Subcutaneous in-jection of histamine in a dose of 20mg per kg was also applied. In this series of experiments the reduction of adrenaline load was observed.

Hemangioma of the larynx.

Recently I found among some of the material which I had brought with me from Germany the two accompanying pictures from a case of hemangioma of the larynx, which, so far as I am aware, is quite unique. Hemangioma of the larynx. A laborer, aged 35, was referred to me by a general practitioner for relief from severe attacks of suffocation. Examination revealed laryngeal hemangiomas of such size that they could completely obstruct the airway when they were swollen. On the advice of Professor von Eicken, I injected a few drops of 1:1,000 mercury bichloride solution. The effect was rapid. The hemangiomas disappeared completely, and so far as I know there was no recurrence. The patient did not return for further treatment, and he was soon lost to follow-up.

Serum Lipids Following Nephrectomy and In Mercuric Chloride Poisoning

The mechanism of disturbed lipid metabolism observed nephrotic stage of chronic glomerulonephritis and true lipoid nephrosis of children has been subject of considerable speculation and investigation, but still remains obscure. I t has been suggested that lipoid nephrosis is a primary disturbance of lipid metabolism, and that renal changes with subsequent hypoproteinemia and anasarca are secondary manifestations. Others have taken an opposite view and believe that primary renal disease can, on occasion, result hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia. The chief support for latter view seems to stem from reports of Heymann • who produced hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia dogs by unilateral and bilateral nephrectomy, and by subcutaneous injections of bichloride of mercury, uranium nitrate, and potassium bichromate. However, oral administration of mercuric chloride to dogs and rats did not induce hyperlipemia, and carbon tetrachloride given orally to dogs periodically for 12 to 18 days prior to subcutaneous injection of mercuric chloride inhibited development of hyperlipemia. These latter results indicate that liver injury can inhibit development of hyperlipemia, otherwise reported as occurring regularly after parenteral administration of bichloride of mercury. Farr, Smadel, and Holden observed marked elevations lipid fractions during first two weeks o'f experimental nephritis produced rats by injections of nephrotoxic sera. I t should be noted that Heymann observed effect of unilateral nephrectomy only two dogs. He states that in both animals, level of blood lipids rose for from 4 to 7 days and then returned to normal 12 or 14 days after operation. He concludes from this that the increase is obviously connected with sudden removal of one kidney, while return to normal level may well be due to subsequent hypertrophy of remaining kidney. Sham operations performed as controls produced no demonstrable effect on blood lipid levels. He later found that intravenous administration of Ringer's solution and glucose limited, but did not abolish, extent of postnephrectomy hyperlipemia dogs. He concluded that the tubular apparatus of kidneys of dogs possesses a regulatory influence on blood lipids such as has hitherto been unknown, and further states that it is probable that human kidney exerts same function. . In same paper, however, Heymann reported no change total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids (such as lecithin) following unilateral nephrectomy three patients with hydronephrosis, pyohydro-

Administration of BAL in selenium poisoning.

Selenium causes “alkali disease” or “blind staggers” in livestock in the Dakotas, Kansas, Montana, Wyoming, and other Western States where the soil and vegetation are high in selenium content. Therefore the toxic properties of selenium and its compounds are of great importance in these areas. As far as we know, there is no reliable agent which is of value in preventing or curing the symptoms of selenium poisoning, though protective action of arsenic has been demonstrated by Moxon et al. Peters, Stocken, and Thompson described the effectiveness of BAL in counteracting the effects of arsenical poisoning. The protective action of this compound in arsenical poisoning was believed to be due to the release of SH groups by BAL which could compete with the tissue SH groups for the arsenic, and act as a detoxifying agent. The nature of the reaction between arsenic and BAL made it seem probable that BAL would react similarly with other metals, and Gilman, Allen, and Philips have reported its effectiveness as an antidote for bichloride of mercury and cadmium poisoning, and Braun, Lusky, and Calvery showed similar results against poisoning by antimony, bismuth, chromium and nickel. However, they demonstrated that lead and selenium were made more toxic by BAL. Our experiments performed using BAL as an antagonist against selenium poisoning confirmed the results already described However, we have found no explanation in the literature of the apparent synergism between BAL and selenium, hence our work has been directed along this line. Experimental. Healthy white rats 6 to 8 weeks old, 120 and 150 g of weight were used. Selenium was administered by intraperitoneal injections in the form of a freshly prepared aqueous solution of sodium selenite (SS).

ASPERGILLUS ROOT-STALK ROT OF SANSEVIERIA (SANSEVIERIA LAURENTII, WILDEM)

The results of the experiments conducted at Mr. Charles Pennok's farm in Río Piedras, (North and South nurseries) during the two-month period from December 1945 to January 1946, to find an effective commercial control for aspergillus rootstalk rot of Sansevieria, revealed the practical fungicidal value of Spergon, Semesan Jr. and bichloride of mercury; the latter followed by thorough washings. Dusting with Spergon and Semesan Jr. is easy and inexpensive. Spergon, which is easily recognized in treated cuttings by its yellow color, was finally selected for the commercial treatment of Sansevierias slips prior to shipping. This treatment of root-stalk cuttings also lessens considerably decay in seed beds. It can be used either in powder form or in water suspension.

The Reversal in Vivo by Bal of Inactivation of Influenza a Virus and Diplococcus Pneumoniae by Bichloride of Mercury

Summary Influenza A virus after 25 minutes contact with a 1:10,000 dilution of HgCl2 is completely inactivated as determined by intranasal instillation of the treated virus into mice. This inactivation is completely reversible in vivo when 0.1 ml of a 1:200 aqueous dilution of BAL is given intramuscularly 5 minutes before the intranasal instillation of the inactive virus. When BAL is given 10 minutes after the instillation of the inactive virus there is a sharp drop in the degree of reactivation and when given 30 minutes after the inactive virus essentially no reactivation is obtained. Diplococcus pneumoniae, type III, inactivated by HgCl2 and injected intraäbdominally or instilled intranasally can also be reactivated by BAL. However in contrast to the results obtained with influenza A virus reversal is obtained when BAL either precedes or follows the inactivated bacteria. The difference between the pattern of reversal obtained with the viral and bacterial infections suggests that the rapid adsorption of influenza A virus onto the lungs of the mouse removes the virus from the action of BAL. Possible applications of the reversal technic are discussed.

CONTAMINATED OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS

OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS have been, and are, prescribed and used by ocular surgeons throughout the civilized world. By far the most commonly used by the family physician is yellow mercuric oxide. The American lay public long used this ointment as a household remedy for external diseases of the eye; it is now to be replaced by sulfathiazole ointment. In the experience of one of us (L. L.), the same collapsible tube containing an ointment of mercury bichloride U.S.P., boric acid ointment U.S.P. or ammoniated mercury ointment U.S.P has been used in the treatment of numerous patients in office practice, with a thought to economy, until the last wormy drip has been expressed. At the Wills Hospital, it was our experience for years to use an ointment containing mercury bichloride (1:3,000) after all cataract operations, merely because we had seen our predecessors use the same technic. Not more than seven years ago,

THE BACTERIOSTATIC AND BACTERICIDAL ACTIONS OF SOME MERCURIAL COMPOUNDS ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

Mercurial compounds have been employed as disinfectants since the beginning of bacteriology. Indeed, for a long period mercurial compounds, such as bichloride of mercury, headed the list of chemicals which were thought to be effective in the killing of microorganisms. This perhaps may be attributed to the favorable publicity which Koch 1 in 1881 gave to bichloride of mercury during his work with the organism causing anthrax. In substance he stated that, without special preparation of the objects to be disinfected, bichloride kills by a single application of a very dilute solution, and in a few minutes even the most resistant forms of the organisms are killed. Geppert 2 in 1889 first pointed out that false inferences were drawn that bacteria were killed by the action of bichloride of mercury when growth of the organisms was prevented by traces of the chemical in the culture medium. In support of his