Bicarbonate Solution Research Articles

Degree of Dissolution of Nickel(II) Hydroxide in Mixtures of Aqueous Solutions of Ammonia and Ammonium Bicarbonate

Degree of Dissolution of Nickel(II) Hydroxide in Mixtures of Aqueous Solutions of Ammonia and Ammonium Bicarbonate

Экспериментальные исследования гидратообразования природного газа в пористой среде в присутствии растворов хлорида и гидрокарбоната натрия

The paper presents the results of investigation of the natural gas hydrates formation and decomposition in quartz sand in the presence of fresh water, sodium bicarbonate (0,25 and 2 mass%) and chloride (5 mass%) solutions. The selected solutions are models of stratum water of subpermafrost aquifers of the Vilyui syneclise. The study of the porous medium and salinity influence on the hydrate formation was carried out by differential thermal analysis at initial gas pressures from 4 to 7 MPa. Equilibrium conditions and kinetic parameters of the hydrate formation were determined. The kinetic parameters of the hydrate formation in porous media, depending on salinityand at each value of the initial pressure decrease in the following sequence: 0,25 mass% NaHCO3 H2O > 2 mass% NaHCO3 > 5 mass% NaCl. The stability of hydrates obtained in porous media with different salinity has been studied. It has been established that the hydrates stability in porous media decreases with an increase of the solution concentration.

Stereoselective Synthesis of γ‐(Acyloxy)carboxylic Acids and γ‐Lactones Featuring the Switch of Stereopreference of Candida antarctica Lipase B in Sodium γ‐Hydroxycarboxylate Homologues

AbstractScalable protocols of straightforward synthesis of enantiomeric γ‐(acyloxy)carboxylic acids and γ‐lactones are presented. The key step is lipase‐catalyzed stereoselective acylation of γ‐hydroxycarboxylic acid sodium salt in organic solvent followed by acidification of the product, extraction and acidic relactonization of the unreacted enantiomer. The mixture of γ‐(acyloxy)carboxylic acid and γ‐lactone is separated either by extraction with solution of sodium bicarbonate or by distillation. A switch of enantioinduction of Candida antarctica lipase B along homologous nucleophiles from R configuration of γ‐hydroxyhexanoic acid salt to S configuration of the C7 and longer‐chain homologues has been disclosed. Both enantiomers of γ‐(acyloxy)pentanoic acids; γ‐(acetyloxy)octanoic and ‐nonanoic acids with S configuration; [(1S,5R)‐5‐(chloroacetyloxy)cyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐yl]acetic acid and enantiomeric γ‐lactones derived from them were prepared with e. r. >98.5/1.5. The rates of acylation of C5 to C9 homologous salts differ by three orders of magnitude but remain applicable for preparative synthesis by variation of the enzyme loading and reaction time.

A Green, Economic Method for Bench-Scale Activation of a MIL-101(Cr) Nanoadsorbent

Research teams have been showing an increasing interest in using MIL-101(Cr) in a variety of applications, in recent years. Furthermore, the removal of unreacted terephthalic acid (ur-H2BDC) during post-synthesis purification is also among the greatest challenges in the synthesis of MIL-101(Cr), which if dealt with through simple, environmentally-friendly, and inexpensive methods can constitute a stride in the path to the commercial production and application of MIL-101(Cr). This research is focused on the development of a method based on the application of aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with various concentrations, as well as applying various reaction times to remove ur-H2BDC to evaluate the efficiency of the method. The obtained results were compared to those of conventional activation methods, indicating the high efficiency of using a 0.06 M NaHCO3 solution for 24 h, which led to an acceptable BET surface area of 3271 m2·g–1 without any damages to the framework as indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The study also provides a novel approach to quantifying ur-H2BDC residuals (trapped inside of framework pores) using back-titration (1.67% residual ur-H2BDC in 1 g of the nanoadsorbent). CO2, CH4, and N2 adsorption isotherms on the activated MILs were acquired using a volumetric laboratory facility at pressures ranging from 1 to 35 bar and 298 K. Data of the adsorption of CO2 on activated MIL-101(Cr)-NaHCO3 revealed great gas separation ability (23.1 mmol/g at 35 bar). According to the adsorbed ideal solution theory (IAST), the selectivity values of CO2/CH4 and CO2 /N2 were around 11.60 at 1 bar and 5.85 at 35 bar and 135.44 at 1 bar and 48.96 at 35 bar, respectively. Furthermore, the procedure was associated with bench-scale MIL-101(Cr) activation with satisfactory results.

Desorption of Ammonia Adsorbed on Prussian Blue Analogs by Washing with Saturated Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate Solution

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) have been reported as promising ammonia (NH3) adsorbents with a high capacity compared to activated carbon, zeolite, and ion exchange resins. The adsorbed NH3 was desorbed by heating and washing with water or acid. Recently, we demonstrated that desorption was also possible by washing with a saturated ammonium hydrogen carbonate solution (sat. NH4HCO3aq) and recovered NH3 as an NH4HCO3 solid by introducing CO2 into the washing liquid after desorption. However, this has only been proven for copper ferrocyanide and the relationship between the adsorption/desorption behavior and metal ions in PBAs has not been identified. In this study, we investigated the adsorption/desorption behavior of PBAs that are complexes of first row transition metals with hexacyanometalate anions. Six types of PBAs were tested in this study and copper ferricyanide exhibited the highest desorption/adsorption ratio. X-ray diffraction results revealed high structural stability for cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (CoHCC) and nickel ferricyanide (NiHCF). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the NH3 adsorbed on the vacancy sites tended to desorb compared to the NH3 adsorbed on the interstitial sites as ammonium ions. Interestingly, the desorption/adsorption ratio exhibited the Irving-Williams order.

Predicting the risk of acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass: development and assessment of a new predictive nomogram

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and severe complication of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study aimed to establish a model to predict the probability of postoperative AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, multicenter study to analyze 1082 patients undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used to optimize feature selection for the AKI model. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to build a prediction model incorporating the feature selected in the previously mentioned model. Finally, we used multiple methods to evaluate the accuracy and clinical applicability of the model.ResultsAge, gender, hypertension, CPB duration, intraoperative 5% bicarbonate solution and red blood cell transfusion, urine volume were identified as important factors. Then, these risk factors were created into nomogram to predict the incidence of AKI after cardiac surgery under CPB.ConclusionWe developed a nomogram to predict the incidence of AKI after cardiac surgery. This model can be used as a reference tool for evaluating early medical intervention to prevent postoperative AKI.

СИНТЕЗ И ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИОННЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ 99mТс-ДТПА-ГДОФ КАК НОВОГО ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО ГЕПАТОТРОПНОГО ПРЕПАРАТА ДЛЯ СЦИНТИГРАФИЧЕСКИХ И ОФЭКТ-ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Purpose: Was to obtain a radiopharmaceutical (RPH) ‒ 99mTc bound with DTPA-GDOF (2-(2-carboxymethyl-(4-hexa-decyloxyphenyl-carbamoyl-methyl)-aminoethyl)-aminoethyl-(4-hexadecyl-oxyphenyl-carbamoyl methyl)-aminoacetic acid) and evaluate in an in vivo experiment on laboratory rats the possibility of using as hepatotropic RPH for scintigraphy and SPECT. Material and methods: The synthesis of DTPA-GDOF was carried out according to the original method of M.L. Belyanin e.a. at the N.M. Kizhner Center of TPU, by the interaction of 4-hexadecyloxyaniline with diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid (d-DTPA) anhydride in dimethylformamide medium. Then 2 mg of GDOF-DTPA powder was mixed with 0.5 ml of 5 % sodium bicarbonate solution and heated to 100 oC until completely dissolved. 2 mg of tin dichloride powder were added to the solution, stirred and incubated at 25 oC for at least 20 minutes. The resulting solution was mixed with 99mTc eluate with an activity of 3 MBq and incubated for 10 min at 25 oC. Control of the labelling efficiency of 99mTc with DTPA-GDOF was carried out by chromatography on paper, according to the method of Zimmer and Pavel (1977). An in vivo study of the absorption kinetics of 99mTc-DTPA-GDOF was performed on male rats of the Wistar line (n = 12) 300–350 g. 99mTc-DTPA-GDOF at a dosage of 0.025 mmol/kg, 3 MBq was injected into the femoral vein. All scans are performed using the SPECT/CT Siemens Symbia T. Dynamic planar study included recording 4 sec/frame for the first two minutes, 128 × 128 pixels, and then up to 20 min – as 15 s/frame, followed by a SPECT/CT of the whole body. The value of the fraction of extraction (retention) of RPH in the liver was calculated. The values of the organ accumulation of RPH were determined as the organ fraction of uptake of the agent relative to the total dose administered to the animal Results. The labeling efficiency of DTPA-GDOF with 99mTc in fresh eluate of a standard molybdenum generator was in all cases more than 94 % (on average 95.6 ± 2.1 %, thus the proportion of free technetium was up to 4‒4.5 %). When storing 99mTc-DTPA-GDOF at room temperature on a shelf for up to 5 hours, the release of 99mTc-from the complex with DTPA-GDOF did not exceed 3.1 ± 0.3 %. The extraction fraction of 99mTc-DTPA-GDOF in the liver is as high as 0.78 ± 0.04. The fraction of the injected dose taken up by the liver is up to 70 % (68.9 ± 8.9). The quota of the spleen uptake is 14.1 ± 4.2 %. The level of accumulation of 99mTc-DTPA-GDOF in the liver was then maintained steadily without a significant decrease for up to 16‒18 hours. Conclusion: The 99mTc-DTPA-GDOF complex is a original RFP, with a high 99mTc labeling efficiency, long-lasting stability after labelling, and providing in vivo highly specific long-term imaging of the liver and spleen with gamma scintigraphy and SPECT.

Unified-Hydrophilic-Interaction/Anion-Exchange Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Unified-HILIC/AEX/MS): A Single-Run Method for Comprehensive and Simultaneous Analysis of Polar Metabolome.

One of the technical challenges in the field of metabolomics is the development of a single-run method to detect the full complement of polar metabolites in biological samples. However, an ideal method to meet this demand has not yet been developed. Herein, we proposed a simple methodology that enables the comprehensive and simultaneous analysis of polar metabolites using unified-hydrophilic-interaction/anion-exchange liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (unified-HILIC/AEX/MS) with a polymer-based mixed amines column composed of methacrylate-based polymer particles with primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines as functional groups. The optimized unified-HILIC/AEX/MS method is composed of two consecutive chromatographic separations, HILIC-dominant separation for cationic, uncharged, and zwitterionic polar metabolites [retention times (RTs) = 0-12.8 min] and AEX-dominant separation for polar anionic metabolites (RTs = 12.8-26.5 min), by varying the ratio of acetonitrile to 40 mM ammonium bicarbonate solution (pH 9.8). A total of 400 polar metabolites were analyzed simultaneously through a combination of highly efficient separation using unified-HILIC/AEX and remarkably sensitive detection using multiple reaction monitoring-based triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (unified-HILIC/AEX/MS/MS). A nontargeted metabolomic approach using unified-HILIC/AEX high-resolution mass spectrometry (unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS) also provided more comprehensive information on polar metabolites (3242 metabolic features) in HeLa cell extracts than the conventional HILIC/HRMS method (2068 metabolic features). Our established unified-HILIC/AEX/MS/MS and unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS methods have several advantages over conventional techniques, including polar metabolome coverage, throughput, and accurate quantitative performance, and represent potentially useful tools for in-depth studies on metabolism and biomarker discovery.

Corrosion Properties of DLC Film in Weak Acid and Alkali Solutions

As an important joint material, tantalum (Ta) needs to be studied intensively in terms of wear and corrosion resistance. Two films of Ta/Ti/DLC (diamond-like carbon) (referred to as TD film) and Ta/Ti/TiN/Ti/DLC (referred to as TTTD film) were prepared by magnetron sputtering technology, and their electrochemical corrosion performance in lactic acid and sodium bicarbonate solutions was also investigated. The morphology observation, electrochemical corrosion experiment, and static contact angle measurement were carried out using a scanning electron microscope, electrochemical workstation, and a contact angle meter. This paper mainly discusses and analyzes the corrosion influencing factors and corrosion mechanisms of these two films under two different environments. The 20-day immersion experiments show that the TD film in both solutions results in severe surface corrosion due to its loose structure and many internal defects. In contrast, the surface of the TTTD film with a dense structure, a multilayer structure, and a thicker thickness is not corroded under the same conditions. The electrochemical corrosion experiments show that the corrosion resistance of the TD film is worse than that of the Ta substrate, while the TTTD film has the strongest corrosion resistance, improving the corrosion resistance of the Ta substrate. Although the TD film had a higher sp3 content than the TTTD film, it does not provide protection to the Ta substrate due to increased structural defects in the TD film. The results of the contact angle show that the contact angle of the TTTD film is smaller than that of the TD film in both solutions. However, the TTTD film has the lowest roughness and the densest structure, and thus the TTTD film is more resistant to corrosion. It is finally concluded that the surface morphology and internal structure of the films are the main factors affecting corrosion resistance. This provides an important reference for the application of DLC film in weak alkaline and weak acid environments.

Eutectic solvents formed by (+)-DTTA and L-menthol as novel chiral recognition and separation media for enantioselective extraction of valsartan enantiomers

The enantioseparation of valsartan enantiomers using chiral eutectic solvents (ESs) as extractants was initially studied. The hydrophobic ESs (LM-DTTA) formed by L-menthol and (+)-Di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid is a suitable chiral medium for the enantioselective extraction of R- and S-valsartan. Four principal parameters affecting chiral extraction, such as phase volume ratio, initial rac-valsartan concentration, extraction temperature, and system pH, were evaluated. The results showed that LM-DTTA has better and higher enantioselectivity levels, and one-step chiral extraction achieved an ee value of S-valsartan up to 91% under the optimized conditions. In addition, this chiral medium can be recycled through simple back-extraction with sodium bicarbonate solution and reused at least five times, giving similar results. This work provides a clear example of enantioseparation of the rac-valsartan via liquid–liquid enantioselective extraction using the LM-DTTA as a novel chiral recognition and separation medium. As a result, the established enantioselective extraction method can efficiently separate the R- and S-enantiomer and promote sustainable development for the production of S-valsartan.

Reactive Halogen Species-Mediated Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Arsenite(III)

Electrocatalytic advanced oxidation processes have long been considered among of the most viable ways to remediate aquatic contaminants, including As(III). Although direct electrochemical oxidation of As(III) is thermochemically facile, a high reaction rate is not easily achieved because of the competitive oxygen evolution reaction (OER), particularly at high potentials. This study examines the effect of three halides (Cl-, Br-, and I-) on the electrochemical oxidation of As(III) with nanoparticulate TiO2 electrodes in an aqueous bicarbonate solution at pH 8.7. The halides significantly enhance As(III) oxidation kinetics by >4, >8, and >20 times, respectively, under optimal conditions. Faradaic efficiencies of As(V) production (AsV-FEs) are also enhanced by a maximum of 10 times by the halides, even at high potentials at which the OER occurs. Pre-electrolysis of each halide solution produces reactive halogen species (ClO-, BrO-, and I3-). As(III)-spiking of the pre-electrolyzed halide solutions allows simultaneous concentration changes at near-stoichiometric ratios (R2 > 0.98) between each halogen species and As(V). Among the three halides, iodide imparts the strongest effect on As(III) oxidation owing to its lowest redox potential. Finally, technical considerations of reactive-halogen-species-mediated As(III) oxidation are discussed.

Development of bicarbonate buffer flow-through cell dissolution test and its application in prediction of in vivo performance of colon targeting tablets

The purpose of this study was to develop a bicarbonate buffer flow-through cell (FTC) dissolution test. Mesalazine colon targeting tablets of a generic development product (test formulation, TF; Mesalazine 400 mg tablet) and the original product (reference formulation, RF; Asacol® 400 mg tablet) were used as model formulations. A clinical bioequivalence (BE) study was conducted on 48 healthy male subjects under fasting conditions. The oral absorption time profiles were calculated by point-area deconvolution. The compendial paddle and FTC apparatus were used for dissolution tests. Bicarbonate or phosphate-citrate buffer solutions (McIlvaine buffer) were used as the dissolution media. A floating lid was used to maintain the pH value of the bicarbonate buffer solution in the vessel (paddle) or the reservoir (FTC). In the development of bicarbonate FTC method, the pH changes of bicarbonate buffer solution (pH 5.5–7.5; 5–50 mM bicarbonate) were evaluated. For the evaluation of colon targeting tablets, the dissolution profiles of TF and RF were measured at a pH of 7.5. The TF and RF formulations were exposed to 0.01 HCl (pH 2.0) for 2 h before pH 7.5. In the clinical BE study, drug dissolution started 4–8 h after oral administration and continued slowly more than 10 h. Both the area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of TF were approximately twice as high as those of RF. In the development of the bicarbonate FTC method, the pH change of the bicarbonate buffer solution was suppressed by the floating lid within ∆pH < 0.1 over 10 h. In the dissolution test of McIlvaine buffer solutions, TF and RF showed faster disintegration and higher dissolution than those observed in the clinical BE study. When using the paddle apparatus the dissolution profiles of TF and RF in both buffer solutions were not consistent with those of the clinical result. In bicarbonate FTC, the disintegration time, dissolution rate, and dissolution inequivalence between TF and RF were consistent with the results of the clinical BE study. In conclusion, the bicarbonate FTC method was constructed for the first time in this study. This method is simple and practically useful for predicting in vivo performance of colon targeting tablets during drug development.

A new process to produce battery grade lithium carbonate from salt lake brines by purification, synergistic solvent extraction and carbon dioxide stripping

There are abundant lithium resources in China, and the demand for lithium salts is high. However, lithium resources of the sulfate salt lakes in Tibet, such as Baqiancuo Salt Lake, have not been effectively utilised. This study proposes a synergistic extraction system composed of LIX 54, TRPO, and surfactant ADD-1 for efficient lithium extraction from the brine and separation of impurities. The CO2 gas stripped lithium and produced high-purity lithium bicarbonate solution. Thermal decomposition produced lithium carbonate solid from the loaded strip solution. The comprehensive yield of lithium was higher than 95%, and the quality of the lithium carbonate product reached the battery chemical grade standard. This new process offers a new way for the utilisation of lithium resources in salt lakes.

Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study on the Photophysical and Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms of ortho-Methylbenzophenone in Selected Solutions.

The photophysical and photochemical reaction pathways of ortho-methylbenzophenone (o-MeBP) in different solutions were investigated by employing femtosecond to nanosecond transient absorption and nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy methods. In pure acetonitrile, neutral or pH 1 aqueous solutions, o-MeBP exhibit similar excited-state evolutions upon excitation in which o-MeBP will experience excitation to an excited state then undergo intersystem crossing and solvent arrangement followed by 1,5 hydrogen atom transfer processes to form the first singlet excited state, triplet state (n, π*), biradical intermediates, and enol form transients, respectively. However, in a pH 0 acidic solution, the protonation of o-MeBP will form the cation biradical intermediate that facilitates radical coupling to generate a benzocyclobutanol product, which causes a dramatic reduction of the lifetime of the enol form transients. In contrast, in sodium bicarbonate solution, the biradical intermediate may be quenched by the bicarbonate ion to construct a C-C bond and form the carboxylic acid that causes a fast decay of biradical intermediate. These results demonstrate that the photophysical and photochemical reaction pathways of o-MeBP are pH-dependent in aqueous solution which may be very useful for the capture of CO2 capture by photoexcitation of aromatic ketones.

Screening of Aggregatum Onion Varieties for Sodicity Tolerance

Sodicity is a major factor affects crop growth and productivity at global level. In the cultivablel and at global level, 23% is affected by salinity and 37% land by sodicity. Two seed propagating aggregatum onion varieties (CO 5, CO 6) and two bulb propagating aggregatum onion varieties (Permbalurlocal, thuraiyurlocal) were screened by employing germination test in an osmatic solution of NaHCO3 (Sodium bicorbanate). Three Replications of 20 seeds of each variety were counted and distributed over two layers of paper towel (21x21 cm) previously moistened with water equivalent to three times the dry weight of the paper and tied both ends with rubber band and kept in a plastic tray with different concentrations (0, 10 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM) of NaHCO3 (sodium bicorbanate). Also another bulb propagated varieties, perambalur and thuraiyur local varieties bulb directly sown in beaker have 1.5 kg sand. Control beaker irrigated with only water and other beakers irrigated with different concentrations (25 mM, 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM) of sodium bicarbonate solution. Germination percentage was recorded 7 days after. At the end of the 21th day,in four aggregatumonion varieties where final germination per cent, root length, shootlength, vigourindex, stresstolerant index, relative water content and membrane stability index, were recorded in NaHCO3 solution as against the distilled water was calculated. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized design with two factors. As a result a decline in all onion growth paramers, with increasing sodicity stress has been recorded. Significant differences were observed betweenthe varieties and different NaHCO3 concentrations. Irrespective of NaHCO3 concentrations two seed propagating aggregatum onion varieties, CO 6 recorded significantly maximum stress tolerant indexcompare with CO 5 and two bulb propagating aggregatum onion varieties, Thuraiyur local variety recorded significantly maximum stress tolerant index compare with Perambalur local in all sodicity concentation. Based on stress tolerant index, CO 6 and thuraiyur local variety tolerant to sodicity stress and CO5, perambalurlocal variety susceptible to sodicity stress.

Simultaneous formic acid production by hydrothermal CO2 reduction and biomass derivatives conversion in a continuous reactor

The reduction of CO2 to obtain formic acid in hydrothermal media can contribute to the reduction and valorization of CO2 emissions, but in order to apply it industrially, scalable continuous-flow reactors must be developed. In this work, a continuous flow reactor is developed that can process up to 1.2 L/h of bicarbonate solution. Glucose as model compound of the products of the hydrothermal decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass is used as reducing agent. Feed stream is suddenly heated at the inlet of the reactor by mixing it with a preheated water stream and instantaneously cooled after the reactor by decompression Joule-Thompson effect, allowing a precise control of the residence time and enabling to apply short residence times down to 1 s that are not feasible in batch reactors. Several operational parameters, as residence time, temperature and additives, were studied. Yields to formic acid up to 63 % were achieved at 300 °C with residence times lower than 1 min. In order to better understand the process, NaH13CO3 was used in selected experiments to check if the origin of formic acid was the reduction of bicarbonate or the hydrolysis of glucose It was found that almost 50 % of formic acid was produced due to the reduction of NaHCO3 after 10 min of reaction, a proportion significantly higher than that observed in batch experiments at similar reaction times. Furthermore, experiments performed without NaHCO3 or with other alkaline buffers demonstrate that NaHCO3 also promotes the transformation of glucose into formic acid, increasing the overall selectivity of the process and facilitating downstream processing.

Bifunctional Artificial Carbonic Anhydrase for the Integrated Capture and Electrochemical Conversion of CO2

To valorize waste and atmospheric CO2, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are currently receiving a lot of attention. Alkali base solutions have shown to be efficient capture solutions, and the electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO2R) is a promising approach to convert CO2 using renewable energy. However, the capture and conversion have been investigated almost exclusively as separate processes to date. This strategy has the disadvantage that CO2 must be desorbed and compressed after capture, which increases the capital and operational costs of the technology significantly. To improve the valorization potential of CCU technologies, integrating both the capture and electrochemical conversion steps by directly utilizing the postcapture solution as an electrolyte (in the form of bicarbonate) for the eCO2R is a highly promising approach. However, bicarbonate electrolysis cannot compete yet in terms of energy efficiency with analogous CO2-fed electrolyzers. Nevertheless, given its huge potential, there is interest in optimizing the overall technology by, for instance, decreasing the costs of capturing the CO2 by shortening the operational time or promoting the electrochemical conversion of CO2 in bicarbonate solutions. In this study, we have synthesized and optimized for the first time ever bioinspired catalysts that were able to fulfill and improve steps in a combined CO2 capture and conversion system. In the best-case scenario, the rate of the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate (mimicking the capture step in CCU) increased by 91% when the biomimetic catalyst [Zn(cyclen)]2+ was present in the capture solution. On the other hand, the same catalyst promoted the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formate from a bicarbonate postcapture solution by inhibiting the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The partial current density toward the HER decreased from 18 mA cm–2 in control experiments to 0.7 mA cm–2 in the presence of [Zn(cyclen)]2+.

Determination of the effective component on hatching media of Echinococcus granulosus eggs

The present study deals with the determination of effective component in the hatching media . it reaveled that there is a large variability in the effects of different solutions on the percentage ofhatching . The hatching index of the different solutions showed that bile was most effective component and respond for 55.3% of hatching . The second factor was sodium bicarbonate ( NaHCO3 ) solution 42.83%, trypsin gave 14.0% of hatching and then the pancreatin which gave10.2% . Each of hydrochloric acid and pepsin solution doesn’t affect the percentage of hatching. The component of Artificial Intestinal Solution ( AIS ) is very important for the completion of hatching process , where the absence of each component resulted in a change of the hatching rate . There were significant differences between the percentage of hatching.

Comparative, observational study of the use of artesunate injections along with standard-of-care treatment versus only standard-of-care treatment in moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome cases of COVID-19-positive infections

Introduction: COVID-19 is a type of coronavirus disease belonging to the family Coronaviridae. In late December 2019, this virus emerged from Wuhan, Hubei province, China, and resulted in an outbreak in China and expanded globally. In India, the mortality rate today was 521,691 till the date-time of writing this article. Several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based comparative, observational study of the use of artesunate injections with standard-of-care (SOC) treatment (group A) versus only SOC (group B) treatment in moderate-to-severe cases of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients, on a total of 130 patients (comparative group of 65 patients each). The study was done on hospitalized COVID-19-positive moderate and severe cases of ARDS from October 2020 to June 2021 at MGM Hospital and Research Centre, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Results: One hundred and thirty patients were divided into two groups of 65 each; group A was compared with group B; group A received SOC with artesunate injections and group B received only SOC treatment. The mean age of patients in group A was 57.3 ± 12.5 years (standard deviation [SD]: 54.2–60.3) and in group B was 55.8 ± 12.5 years (SD: 52.8–58.9). Diabetes mellitus was the most comorbid condition. The inflammatory markers, respiratory rate, and SpO2 improved in group A as compared to group B. The proportion of patients progressing to noninvasive and invasive ventilation was more in group B as compared to group A (P &lt; 0.05). About 93.8% of patients (61 patients) recovered in group A compared with 72.3% of patients (47 patients) who recovered in group B. The overall death in group A was 6.2% (four patients) and 27.7% (18 patients) in group B (P &lt; 0.05), indicating the proportion of dead patients is significantly more where only SOC treatment was given. Conclusions: Artesunate injection administration accelerated recovery in our patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 disease by controlling hyperimmune response. The clinical improvement was seen by decreased levels of inflammatory markers, reduced respiratory rate, and improved oxygen saturation and showed significant survival in group A compared with group B. Artesunate injections were given 2 mg/kg body weight diluted in 1 mL 5% sodium bicarbonate solution as a bolus followed by 1 mg/kg body weight after 6 h and 2 mg/kg body weight with 1 mL sodium bicarbonate solution for next 2 days at an interval of 24 h. Patients tolerated the injections well and recovery improved, so artesunate can be considered a therapeutic option in moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 ARDS.

Chem-bio interface design for rapid conversion of CO2 to bioplastics in an integrated system

Chem-bio interface design for rapid conversion of CO2 to bioplastics in an integrated system