Bicontinuous Phase Structure Research Articles

Effect of Phase Structure on the Viscoelasticity and Mechanical Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene Multicomponents Polymerized with Non-Conjugated α,ω-Diene.

Increasing of rubber content in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene-propylene rubber (iPP/EPR) alloys can extend the applications of this kind of polyolefin. The EPR content and phase structure of isotactic polypropylene multicomponents have great effect on the viscoelasticity and mechanical properties. iPP/EPR in-reactor alloys with a high EPR content were obtained through the in situ crosslinking of EPR chains with α,ω-diene. The morphological observation results indicate that the crosslinked iPP/EPR in-reactor alloys have a good spherical shape with clean and rough external surfaces. The high EPR content is finely dispersed in the crosslinked iPP/EPR alloys in areas ranging in size from tens of nanometers to several micrometers, which implies that a sufficient crosslinking degree of EPR chains can effectively prevent their aggregation and restrict macro-phase separation. The rheological results show a clear plateau in the terminal region, which reveals an entangled polymer chain network in the crosslinked iPP/EPR alloys. The well-dispersed EPR and the bi-continuous phase structure have a great effect on the mechanical properties of the isotactic polypropylene multicomponent which were assessed.

Heterogeneous Acrylic Resins with Bicontinuous Nanodomains as Low-Modulus Flexible Adhesives.

Adhesives play a critical role in the assembly of electronic devices, particularly as devices become more diverse in form factors. Flexible displays require highly transparent and rapidly recoverable adhesives with a certain stiffness. In this study, novel structured adhesives are developed that incorporate bicontinuous nanodomains to fabricate flexible adhesives with low moduli. This structure is obtained via polymerization-induced microphase separation using a macro chain transfer agent (CTA). Phase separation is characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. By optimizing the length of the macro CTA, an adhesive with both hard and soft nanodomains is produced, resulting in exceptional flexibility (strain recovery = 93%) and minimal modulus (maximum stress/applied strain = 7kPa), which overperforms traditional adhesives. The optimized adhesive exhibits excellent resilience under extensive strain, as well as strong adhesion and transparency. Furthermore, dynamic folding tests demonstrate the exceptional stability of the adhesive under various temperature and humidity conditions, which is attributed to its unique structure. In summary, the distinct bicontinuous phase structure confers excellent transparency, flexibility, and reduced stiffness to the adhesive, rendering it well-suited for commercial foldable displays and suggesting potential applications in stretchable displays and wearable electronics.

Bicontinuous Ionogel Electrolyte with Conductive Nanochannels for Flexible Supercapacitors.

Ionogels with excellent mechanical performance and conductivity have been considered as ideal candidates for flexible ionotronics. However, current ionogels suffer from the well-known trade-off between mechanical strength and conductivity. Herein, we construct an ionogel with bicontinuous phase structures, a polymer-rich phase, and a solvent-rich phase. The synergy of the polymer-rich phase as an energy dissipation mechanism and the solvent-rich phase as a conductive nanochannel enables the resultant bicontinuous ionogel to show comprehensive properties, a tensile strength of 4.2 MPa, a toughness of 14.4 MJ/m3, a conductivity of 4.3 mS/cm, excellent self-healing capability, and reprocessability. Benefiting from the remarkable mechanical performance and high conductivity, the integrated supercapacitor achieves a high specific capacitance of 118 mF/cm2 (at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2) and a capacitance retention of up to 90% (1000 charge-discharge cycles). More significantly, the resultant supercapacitor retains outstanding electrochemical performance even after being subjected to various deformations and even under harsh conditions. This study provides a reliable strategy for developing a high-performance ionogel electrolyte and broadens its application in flexible ionotronics.

Fabrication of novel Hydrogel/Epoxy resin composites with Soft-Hard combined Bi-Continuous aqueous load-bearing electrolytes and application in structural energy storage devices

Structural electrolytes with both mechanical and electrochemical properties are of great significance in structural energy storage devices. In this paper, we succeeded to synthesize a novel epoxy resin/hydrogel bicontinuous phase structure electrolyte for the first time by the ingenious design of the hydrophobic curing agent and the substitution of hydrogel for water, and filled the application of bicontinuous electrolyte in aqueous electrochemical energy storage system. The fine structure composition of electrolyte was divided and analyzed in detail by X-ray micro-CT technology. The epoxy resin phase is composed of a reasonable distribution of skeleton structures of various sizes, the largest of which is able to support heavy weights. And a large number of tiny skeletons are distributed to connect the skeletons of different sizes, which improves the three-dimensional interconnection of the epoxy resin phase and makes it excellent mechanical properties (Tensile strength 11.91 Mpa). The large size PVA gel phase constitutes the main pathway for conducting ions. Furthermore, the large-diameter gel phases are coupled in three dimensions with a huge number of micro-diameter gel phases, increasing the number of micro-ion transport channels and decreasing the distance of ion transport with good ionic conductivity (0.15 mS cm−1). Using carbon cloth coated in slurry as the electrode, an integrated structural energy storage bearing device was created in situ using layer brush technology, which exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance during in-situ variable load tests. We have successfully solved the construction of aqueous bicontinuous phase structure electrolyte, which made the application of various water chemistry systems in structural energy storage possible.

The effect of agar on rheological properties and thermal stability of rennet-induced casein micelle gel

Effects of agar on the rheological property and heat stability of casein micelle gels induced by rennet were investigated. The interactions between casein micelle and agar were investigated. Electrostatic interactions between casein micelle and agar were not observed. The movement of agar characteristic bonds indicated the hydrogen bond interaction existed in the casein micelle/agar mixture. The addition of agar promoted the casein micelles aggregation and decreased the rennet coagulation time (RCT) and the storage modulus (G'). The strip-like network microstructure changed into a sheet-like network after the addition of agar. The composite gels were present as a bicontinuous phase structure. The agar and protein were both present as continuous phases. The addition of 0.5% agar increased the water holding capacity (WHC) from 63.30% to 92.44% and decreased the gel hardness from 73.41 g to 60.57 g. The protein digestion rate of gels increased after agar addition during gastric digestion. The WHC increased from 35.20% to 83.56% and the microstructure of gels improved by the addition of 0.5% agar after heating at 80 °C for 30 min. In conclusion, the WHC and thermal stability of the gels improved after the addition of agar.

Unique bi-continuous phase structure can facilitate the development of fire-resistant surface

Selectively localizing flame retardants and smoke suppressants on the surface can maintain fire resistance properties and other bulky properties while reducing additives usage. However, achieving this with traditional processing techniques remains challenging. In this work, taking immiscible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) and expanded graphite (EG) as an example, we attempted to localize EG within single or dual polymer phases, culminating in the development of three bi-continuous ternary composite systems. It was interesting to find that selective EG localization in EVA phase (low smoke emission) gave rise to a distinct fire-resistant surface, showcasing the highest flame retardancy (limiting oxygen index), smoke suppression properties (both experimental and simulation data), mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The formation of such functional surface was attributed to the distinct rheological behaviors between EVA/EG and PVC. These inspiring results proved that the combination of flame retardants/smoke suppressants with a low-smoke-emission polymeric phase in bi-continuous composite systems could create fire-resistant surface via tuning rheological characters, which stands out as universal, efficient, simple, and green methodology compared to more complex synthetic surface chemistry approaches.

Low‐cost and high‐performance poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/thermoplastic starch blends prepared by an eccentric rotor extruder: Morphology, rheological behavior, thermal and mechanical properties

AbstractDue to similar processing and mechanical properties, poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) is expected to be a fully‐biodegradable alternative to low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) packaging films, thereby alleviating environmental pollution caused by waste packaging films. However, the higher price of PBAT limits its large‐scale practical application in the packaging field. Blending with thermoplastic starch (TPS) to prepare PBAT/TPS blends can reduce the cost. In this work, the PBAT/TPS blends with different compositions were prepared using a novel eccentric rotor extruder dominated by an extensional flow field. With increasing the TPS content, a transition from the sea‐island phase structure to the bicontinuous phase structure occurred near the composition ratio of 50/50. Moreover, the dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that the compatibility between PBAT and TPS first improved and then deteriorated as the TPS content increased. As a result, the elongation at break first decreased slightly from ~1585% for the PBAT/TPS(90/10) blend to ~1263% for the PBAT/TPS(70/30) blend and dropped sharply to ~130% for the PBAT/TPS(40/60) blend. The knowledge obtained from this study will help us further understand the effect of the TPS phase on the micro‐morphology and macro‐properties of the PBAT/TPS blends, which is important for the future preparation of high‐performance PBAT/TPS blends.

Preparation, compatibility and barrier properties of attapulgite/poly (lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch composites

In this study, AT (attapulgite)/PLA/TPS biocomposites and films were prepared by melt blending technique using PLA and TPS as matrix, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticizing modifier of PLA and AT clay as additive. The effect of AT content on the performance of AT/PLA/TPS composites was investigated. The results showed that, as the AT concentration increased, the fracture surface of the composite showed a bicontinuous phase structure when the AT content was 3 wt%. The rheological properties showed that the addition of AT resulted in more significant deformation of the minor phase, which reduced the phase size and led to lower complex viscosity, and more processability from the industrial perspective. The mechanical properties showed that the addition of AT nanoparticles could simultaneously improve the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites, reaching a maximum at 3 wt% load. The water vapor barrier performance results showed that AT significantly improved the WVP of the film, and the moisture resistance performance was increased by 254 % compared with the PLA/TPS composite film within 5 h. In conclusion, the obtained AT/PLA/TPS biocomposites showed potential in packaging engineering and injection molding products, especially when renewability and full biodegradability of the material are required.

Preparation and Properties of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic Hydroxypropyl Starch Composite Films Reinforced with Nano-Silica.

The use of biodegradable plastics is gradually increasing, but its expensive cost limits promotion. In this study, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic hydroxypropyl starch reinforced with nano-silica (PBAT/TPHSg-SiO2) composite films with high hydroxypropyl starch content were prepared in a two-step process. The effect of reinforced thermoplastic hydroxypropyl starch on the mechanical, thermal, processing properties, and micromorphology of the composite films was investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength of the composite films was significantly improved by the addition of nano-silica, with 35% increase in horizontal tensile strength and 21% increase in vertical tensile strength after the addition of 4 phr of nano-silica. When the content of thermoplastic hydroxypropyl starch reinforced with nano-silica (TPHSg-4SiO2) is 40%, the horizontal and vertical tensile strengths of the films are 9.82 and 12.09 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break of the films is over 500%. Electron micrographs show that TPHSg-4SiO2 is better homogeneously dispersed in the PBAT and exhibits a bi-continuous phase structure at a TPHSg-4SiO2 content of 40%. In this study, the blowing PBAT/TPHSg-4SiO2 composite films effectively reduce the cost and still show better mechanical properties, which are suitable for packaging applications.

Impact-Protective Bicontinuous Hydrogel/Ultrahigh-Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fabric Composite with Multiscale Energy Dissipation Structures for Soft Body Armor.

Soft body armor greatly improves the comfort and security of the wearers. Although laminates based on high-performance fabrics have been adopted, it remains an enormous challenge to develop fabric laminates having flexibility, low bulge deformation, and ballistic protection capability simultaneously. Herein, we report a bullet-proof bicontinuous hydrogel (BH)/ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene fabric (UPF) composite. The presence of the BH significantly improves the impact resistance performance of the UPF, without compromising its flexibility. In specific, the multiscale energy dissipation structures composed of hydrogen bond associations in the chain scale, bicontinuous phase structures in the nanoscale, and fibers in the microscale are broken to dissipate energy. As a result, the impact energy of the bullet is greatly absorbed and the bulge height of the composites is significantly reduced in contrast to the neat UPF laminates. This study indicates that the flexible BH-UPF composites with multiscale energy dissipation structures have a promising application in soft body armor.

An impact resistant hydrogel enabled by bicontinuous phase structure and hierarchical energy dissipation.

High performance hydrogels have essential applications in many fields such as tissue engineering and soft robot. Herein, we develop an impact resistant hydrogel composed of bicontinuous structures of polymer-hard phase and polymer-soft phase. This unique bicontinuous phase structure is formed by modulating various hydrogen bonding interactions. During loading, the polymer-hard phase is broken accompanied by the dissociation of hydrogen bonds to dissipate energy, while the polymer-soft phase distributes the load to avoid stress concentration, thus enabling the bicontinuous hydrogel to achieve excellent strength and toughness simultaneously. Furthermore, the fracture of hierarchical energy dissipation structures efficiently reduces impact strength and increases buffer time. Owing to the synergy of the bicontinuous phase structure and hierarchical energy dissipation, the resulting bicontinuous hydrogel remains intact even if it undergoes impact at a strain rate of ∼13 000 s-1. Based on these findings, it is expected that the bicontinuous hydrogel has a potential application in the field of articular cartilage repair.

Simultaneous optimization of the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites through PES and AgNP functionalized BNs

In this work, polyether sulfone (PES) and silver nanoparticles functionalized boron nitride nanoplates (AgBNs) were adopted to simultaneously improve the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin (EP) composites. The 0D silver nanoparticles (AgNP), successfully manufactured by the reduction reaction of DMF and AgNO3, were conductive to increase the interfacial contact of 2D boron nitride nanoplates (BNs), thus also improving the heat conduction paths of AgBNs. SEM and optical microscopy observations revealed that the 3D continuous thermal conduction paths of AgBNs were constructed based on PES/EP bi-continuous phase structures, and were perfected as the AgBNs contents increased. Consequently, the thermal conductivity of PES-EP/AgBNs achieved a maximum value of 0.54 W m−1 K−1 at 10 wt% AgBNs loading, which was much higher than that of both EP/AgBNs (0.45 W m−1 K−1) and EP/BNs (0.36 W m−1 K−1) at the same filler content. Meanwhile, the fracture mode of PES-EP/AgBNs changed gradually from brittle to ductile, and PES-EP/AgBNs further exhibited satisfactory tensile strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness, in comparison with EP/AgBNs due to the introduction of PES. This approach reconciles efficiently the conflict of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites, presenting conceivable applications in high performance thermal conductivity devices.

Self-assembled microstructures with localized graphene domains in an epoxy blend and their related properties

Locating nanoparticles in selected areas via the mixing of two immiscible polymers is widely studied for achieving nanocomposites with next-level performance, however, the formation of a phase-separated domain constructed with nanofillers from entirely miscible molecules is rarely achieved in the literature. Here we demonstrate a method to fabricate a self-constructed bi-continuous phase structure with localized amine-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (A-GNPs) in a liquid processable multi-component epoxy blend. Atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) was employed to identify the compositions of the phase-separated microdomains formed during self-assembly by A-GNP in the multi-component epoxy blend, with incorporating 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEPIP) found to be the driving force for the formation of the graphene microdomains. Nanoindentation measurements show that a Young’s modulus of 6.3 GPa for the graphene domain was achieved, which is nearly twice that of the epoxy resin (3.2 GPa). Transient thermoreflectance results indicate that the thermal conductivity of nanocomposite with phase-separated graphene domain reached 0.48 W/mK, exhibiting a significant enhancement (70%) when compared to epoxy resin, while maintaining excellent dielectric properties. Overall, this study provides a simple and effective route to fabricate phase-separated microstructure with nanoparticles from a liquid processable nanocomposite blend, which shows the great potential of this promising new approach to fabricate nanocomposite films with excellent performance for microelectronics applications.

Reaction-driven solvent transport in UV-curable phase-separating coatings

We experimentally examined the time-evolutions of local compositions in photocurable, monomer-solvent-initiator ternary liquid film coatings using attenuated total-reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The coatings exhibited phase separation upon UV exposure owing to the inherent partial miscibility between the solvent and the polymer. The solvent concentration at the bottom of the coating increased when exposed to UV light for 1 s from the top, showing a solvent transport along the irradiation direction. The differences in solvent concentration before and after UV exposure showed good agreement with model predictions based on stress-induced non-Fickian solvent mass transport. The solvent concentrations at the bottom remained constant in the case of discrete phase structures, whereas it exponentially decayed over time in bicontinuous phase structures. These results suggest that light-tunable microstructures enable the relaxation of the reaction-driven nonuniformity in solvent concentration distributions.

Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly for the Preparation of Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐b‐Poly(4‐tert‐butoxystyrene‐co‐pentafluorostyrene) Particles with Inverse Bicontinuous Phases†

Main observation and conclusionPolymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) is an effective method to prepare block copolymer (BCP) particles with various morphologies. However, BCPs with inverse bicontinuous phase structure have been rarely prepared via PISA. Herein, we report the preparation of particles, consisting of poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide‐b‐poly(4‐tert‐butoxystyrene‐co‐pentafluorostyrene) BCP, with inverse bicontinuous phases via PISA in ethanol/water. The effects of solvent composition and the degree of polymerization of the core‐forming were investigated. The bicontinuous structure of BCP particles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy.

Preparation and structural characteristics of composite alginate/casein emulsion gels: A microscopy and rheology study

Composite polysaccharide-protein emulsion gels are ubiquitous in real food systems, but the underlying formation mechanism has not been well understood. In this study, binary alginate/casein systems were selected as a template to prepare four types of composite gels, where the casein concentration was 8.0% (w/v) and the alginate (Alg) concentration varied (0.2, 0.4 & 0.75%, w/v). Based on the composite gel systems, the Alg/casein emulsion gels with 20% oil phase fraction (v/v) were further prepared by dispersing emulsified oil droplets into the binary polymer systems, followed by adding glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) to induce gelation. It was found that irrespective of the polymer types that were used to prepare and/or stabilize emulsions, the oil droplets were always located into the casein-dominant regions. At low Alg concentrations, the emulsion gels featured a casein-dominant network with small Alg-enriched liquid droplets entrapped inside; with increasing Alg addition, the emulsion gels tended to converse into a bicontinuous phase structure, as in the case of composite Alg/casein gel matrices (without oil droplets). Depending on emulsion preparation strategies, the incorporation of oil droplets also affected the phase separation rate and extent between the Alg and the caseins. Moreover, with increasing Alg concentration, the gelation time of the composite emulsion gels was shortened, possibly because a higher concentration of Alg exerted a more pronounced effect on promoting casein aggregation. Overall, our study is anticipated to not only give an insight into the formation of composite polysaccharide-protein emulsion gels, but also to offer a methodology for developing novel emulsion-gel related foods.

Gelation mechanism and physical properties of glucono-δ-lactone induced alginate sodium/casein composite gels

Designing composite food gels with polysaccharide-protein mixtures as building materials has recently attracted increasing attention in the food industry. By this way, it is feasible to produce the composite gels with hierarchical microstructures and desired physical properties. In this study, we fabricated a class of glucono-δ-lactone (GDL)-induced composite gels with a fixed casein concentration (8.0%, w/v) and varying alginate addition amounts (Alg, 0–1.0%, w/v). As the Alg concentration increased, the gel hardness was initially increased, but followed by a decreasing trend, which was corresponding to the structural transition of the composite gels. At low Alg concentrations (e.g., 0.1% Alg), the composite gel featured casein-dominant network; with increasing Alg addition (e.g., 0.2–0.5%), the caseins acted as the continuous gelling phase and the Alg served as the dispersed phase. When the Alg concentration was further increased (e.g., 0.75–1.0%), a bicontinuous phase structure was observed. In addition, it was found that with increasing Alg addition, the gel-setting time (Tgel) was monotonously decreased. Despite this, however, the structural evolution of the gels was still observed even after reaching the gelation point, which was dominantly ascribed to the electrostatic attraction between the two polymers that occurred at a pH range below the isoelectric point (pI) of the caseins. Overall, the composite Alg/casein systems may emerge as a promising template for designing novel gel-related foods.

Phase separation affects the rheological properties of starch dough fortified with fish actomyosin.

Starch and protein are common polymers in food, and their phase separation often occurs during food processing. Protein-fortified starch dough can be considered as a triple phase separation system, and the effect of phase separation on dough rheology warrants further research. In this study, starch doughs fortified with fish actomyosin were used, and their rheological properties were researched and explained with respect to phase separation. The results suggested that the phase separation of actomyosin-binder-starch granules in the raw dough affected the quality of dough. The addition of actomyosin significantly decreased stiffness and shear sensitivity but increased the fluidity of the blended dough. Moreover, it was found that the interaction between mung bean starch and actomyosin was very weak. The polymer molecules were connected by physical links. Owing to phase separation, it was presumed that “wall slip” occurred between the binder, starch granule, and actomyosin. The blended dough containing 30% of the added actomyosin (R3) showed the best recovery ability and the weakest molecular interaction (interaction type Z′ = 0.40 for storage modulus G′ and 0.31 for loss modulus G′′). Additionally, the phase structure of the model doughs was investigated. It was found that the starch network played a dominant role when 10% (R1) actomyosin was added. With the addition of actomyosin, the protein network formed gradually. A bicontinuous phase structure with interpenetrating network was observed in R3 (actomyosin = 30%). In summary, our findings demonstrate the feasibility to make blended doughs by mixing fish actomyosin and mung bean starch. Moreover, in terms of use in traditional noodle making, the blended R3 dough was found to be the best in terms of recovery ability and flow characteristics.

Reactive compatibilization and properties of low-cost and high-performance PBAT/thermoplastic starch blends

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is widely used for production of biodegradable films due to its high elongation, excellent flexibility and good processability properties. However, PBAT is costly with prices approximately double or even triple the prices of traditional plastics like polyethylene. Fully biodegradable PBAT/TPS blends are prepared through melt extrusion of PBAT and thermoplastic starch (TPS) to significantly reduced PBAT cost. Effects of reactive epoxy compatibilizer (REC) and preparation methods on morphology and properties of PBAT/TPS blends were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical analysis, rheological measurement, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential canning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results indicated that REC effectively improves compatibility of PBAT/TPS blends and extends polymer chains of PBAT. Blends obtained through two-step extrusion showed a bicontinuous phase structure without phase separation or starch particles, which were observed in blends prepared through one-step extrusion. Excellent mechanical properties were obtained even with high contents of TPS through two-step extrusion in the presence of REC.

A flexible, ion-conducting solid electrolyte with vertically bicontinuous transfer channels toward high performance all-solid-state lithium batteries

All-solid-state lithium batteries, featuring high security and volume energy density, hold great potential as next-generation energy storage device. However, their development needs the fabrication of ionic conductive and structural stable solid electrolyte. Herein, Li0.33La0.557TiO3 (LLTO) framework with interlocked porous structure is synthesized by sintering the gel permeated nylon. Then, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is incorporated in the pores to produce PEO-LLTO framework solid electrolyte (PLLF electrolyte) with vertically bicontinuous phase. We demonstrate that LLTO framework fast transports Li+ through the intrinsic vacancy; meanwhile the confined PEO with low crystallization displays fast Li+ transfer ability, thus synergistically realizing efficient Li+ conduction. This novel PLLF electrolyte exhibits a remarkable ionic conductivity of 2.04 × 10−4 S cm−1, which is ~72 times higher than that of traditional PEO-based electrolytes and superior to most reported solid electrolytes. Moreover, the interconnected networks endow PLLF electrolyte with excellent structural stability. Thus, the LiFePO4 (LFP)/Li cell exhibits extraordinary cycling stability: the discharge capacity of 154.7 mAh g−1 at 1 C after 150 cycles with capacity decay of only 0.03% per cycle. Briefly, such a vertically bicontinuous phase structure maximizes the cooperation between the conduction function of ceramic framework and the stability of polymer, offering a promising approach for all-solid-state batteries.