Good Zone Of Inhibition Research Articles

Effectiveness of aqueous extract of green, black and red tea leaves against some types of gram positive and negative bacteria

Objective: An evaluation for Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Green, Black, Red, and Tea Leaves against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcu sepidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus feacalis, Streptococcus mutanus, Streptococcus feacalis and gram negative bacteria Escherichiacoli, Salmonella typhi, Moraxalliacatarralis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter spp. Acinetobacter, Serratia spp. Methods: Three types of aquatic extract of green, black and red tea leaves were used to determine the antibacterial activity. Agar well diffusion method was used in this study. Results: All three types of tea aquatic extract exhibited excellent and best antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and show good inhibition zone and better than the effect of ciprofloxacin against different types of bacteria. Conclusion: aqueous extract of Green, Black, Red, and Tea Leaves show high antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, therefore most types of tee can provide protection to a certain extent against our natural enemies like bacterial pathogens.

Effect of potassium on structural, photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles

ZnO and potassium doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized through wet chemical method. The samples were characterized by UV, XRD, SEM, TEM and EDAX. XRD analysis reveals that the prepared nanoparticles exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure. TEM and SEM analyses disclose that synthesized samples were porous structure with needle shape. It also confirms that potassium was dispersed on ZnO surface. The influence of potassium on ZnO surface modulates the degradation of textile dyeing wastewater by improving its rate of decomposition to 0.007 min−1 with decoloration. A better zone of inhibition of about 20 mm against Staphylococci aureus and Pseudomonas aernginosa by ZnO and potassium doped ZnO nanoparticles were measured. The findings suggest that these nanoparticles have the potential to be a good photocatalyst and applied in water treatment to inhibit the bacterial growth.

Synthesis of Ag-NPs impregnated cellulose composite material: its possible role in wound healing and photocatalysis.

Cellulose is the natural biopolymer normally used as supporting agent with enhanced applicability and properties. In present study, cellulose isolated from citrus waste is used for silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) impregnation by a simple and reproducible method. The Ag-NPs fabricated cellulose (Ag-Cel) was characterised by powder X-rays diffraction, Fortier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability was studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis. The antibacterial activity performed by disc diffusion assay reveals good zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by Ag-Cel as compared Ag-NPs. The discs also displayed more than 90% reduction of S. aureus culture in broth within 150 min. The Ag-Cel discs also demonstrated minor 2,2-diphenyl 1-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity and total reducing power ability while moderate total antioxidant potential was observed. Ag-Cel effectively degrades methylene-blue dye up to 63.16% under sunlight irradiation in limited exposure time of 60 min. The Ag-NPs impregnated cellulose can be effectively used in wound dressing to prevent bacterial attack and scavenger of free radicals at wound site, and also as filters for bioremediation and wastewater purification.

Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites.

BackgroundLeishmaniasis and malaria are the two most common parasitic diseases and responsible for large number of deaths per year particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Majority of Pakistan population rely on medicinal plants due to their low socio-economic status. The present review was designed to gather utmost fragmented published data on traditionally used medicinal plants against leishmaniasis and malaria in Pakistan and their scientific validation.MethodsPub Med, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ISI Web of knowledge and Flora of Pakistan were searched for the collection of data on ethnomedicinal plants. Total 89 articles were reviewed for present study which was mostly published in English. We selected only those articles in which complete information was given regarding traditional uses of medicinal plants in Pakistan.ResultsTotal of 56 plants (malaria 33, leishmaniasis 23) was found to be used traditionally against reported parasites. Leaves were the most focused plant part both in traditional use and in in vitro screening against both parasites. Most extensively used plant families against Leishmaniasis and Malaria were Lamiaceae and Asteraceae respectively. Out of 56 documented plants only 15 plants (Plasmodia 4, Leishmania 11) were assessed in vitro against these parasites. Mostly crude and ethanolic plant extracts were checked against Leishmania and Plasmodia respectively and showed good inhibition zone. Four pure compounds like artemisinin, physalins and sitosterol extracted from different plants proved their efficacy against these parasites.ConclusionsPresent review provides the efficacy and reliability of ethnomedicinal practices and also invites the attention of chemists, pharmacologist and pharmacist to scientifically validate unexplored plants that could lead toward the development of novel anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial drugs.

Synthesis, characterization and in silico designing of diethyl-3-methyl-5-(6-methyl-2-thioxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamido) thiophene-2,4-dicarboxylate derivative as anti-proliferative and anti-microbial agents

A series of eight compounds diethyl-3-methyl-5-(6-methyl-2-thioxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxamido) thiophene-2,4-dicarboxilate (KM10–17) analogues have been prepared by conventional methods and characterized by IR, Mass, NMR and elemental analysis. In silico docking studies on Human topoisomerase IIbeta (PDB Id: 3QX3) have been performed for all molecules (KM10–17) synthesized. The compounds were tested for in vitro anti-proliferative activity on VERO and 786-O cell lines. Out of all the synthesized compounds, KM11 &KM16 showed moderate activity on both cell lines. In vitro anti-microbial activity was also checked against Bacillus subtilis (BS), Staphylococcus aurous (SA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Escherichia coli (EC) and Candida albicans (CA) by well diffusion method. The compound KM11 was found to have highest zone of inhibition against BS, SA, PA and EC. The molecules KM13 and KM16 exhibited good activity against CA. The compounds KM14 and KM16 indicated good zone of inhibition against BS.

Phân lập và tuyển chọn dòng vi khuẩn lactic có khả năng kháng khuẩn từ dưa lê non (Cucumis melo L.) muối chua

The study was carried out with the purpose of isolation and selection of lactic acid bacterial strains which have highly antibacterial activity from fermented small melon (Cucumis melo L.). This was the basis for the improvement and enhancement of the quality of fermented products. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was isolated from fermented small melon at various fermentation periods. It was found that 19 isolates had opalescent or milky white colonies, rod cells, spherical and chain cells and exhibited a clear zone and growth on MRS agar supplemented with CaCO3. Only 9 strains showed good inhibition zone diameters on agar when Bacillus subtilis; Salmonella enteritidis; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as indicators for detection of antagonistic activity. The strains which exhibited the widest zones of inhibition against all the indicator were L22, L61, L64 and L123. Using 16s rDNA sequence analysis, L22 was identified as P. acidilactici, while L123, L61, L64 were similar levels over 99% of the 16S rRNA gene sequence with Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus brevis, respectively.

Highly effective heterogeneous doxycycline stabilized silver nanocatalyst for the degradation of ibuprofen and paracetamol drugs

In this work, a new doxycycline stabilized silver nanocatalyst (Dox-Ag (0) NPs) was synthesized in aqueous solution (green method) by one-pot simple synthetic method for the ultra-fast catalytic degradation of ibuprofen and paracetamol. The formation of the Dox-Ag (0) NPs was monitored using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy which confirmed the formation of Dox-Ag (0) NPs by exciting the typical surface plasmon absorption maxima at 404nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the spherical morphology and monodispersed Dox-Ag (0) NPs with particle size 6.87±2.2nm. The newly synthesized Dox-Ag (0) NPs had an excellent catalytic activity as a catalyst for the 100% degradation of ibuprofen and paracetamol, which was carried out in 60s. The antimicrobial activities of this catalyst were also evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria Mycoplasma hominis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus flavus and Micrococcus luteus by the disk diffusion method. Whereas standard antibiotic showed no zone of inhibition, the Dox-Ag (0) NPs showed good inhibition zone. The antimicrobial results therefore reveal that newly synthesized Dox-Ag (0) NPs had a tremendous catalytic and antimicrobial activity as a catalyst. They were recovered easily from reaction medium and reused with enhanced catalytic potential seven times. The current findings are equally extendable for safeguarding the aquatic environment against the pollution caused by drugs and microbial activity via a facile, highly economical, rapid and efficient reduction/degradation method based on the catalytic potential of Dox-Ag (0) NPs.

Bioactive Potential of Marine Derived Strain Streptomyces brasiliensis VITJS9 Isolated from South East Coast of Tamil Nadu, India

The aim of the present investigation was to screen the bioactivity of Streptomyces sp. VITJS9 strain isolated from Kanyakumari, South East coast of India. The morphological, physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic properties of the strain was confirmed by conventional methods. The ethyl acetate crude extract tested for antibacterial activity showed better zone of inhibition at 30 mg/ml concentration against bacterial pathogens. In DPPH scavenging assay the IC50 value of the crude extract was found to be 150 µg/ml and showed cytotoxic effect with IC50 of 125 µg/ml on HeLa cells. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of three major chemical constituents namely N-Hexadecanoic acid, Octadecanoic acid and Dimethylsulfoxonium formylmethylide.

The in-Vitro Antibacterial Effect of Three Selected Plant Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine Mastitis

The present study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014 in Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia on the in-vitro antibacterial activities of the steam bark of Combretum molle, the leaves of Xanthium strumarium and FR1 against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. The in-vitro antimicrobial test was found with encouraging results against the test bacteria. Among the plant preparations which were tested the Mean Zone of Inhibition (MZI) of Xanthium strumarium was found with the widest zone of inhibition when compared with the other two with Mean Zone of Inhibition (mm) of 20.5, 18.5, 16, 15.25, and 13 to the 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0.625% concentrations, respectively against Staphylococcus aureus. The Mean Zone of Inhibition (mm) of FR1 was found to be 23.25, 21.25, 18.75, 16.5 and 13.75 to the 10 %, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, and 0.625% concentrations, respectively, which was the widest MZI when compared with the other two plant extracts of similar concentrations against Streptococcus agalactiae. The plant extracts were found with dose dependent inhibition zone against both bacterial isolates. The 10% preparations of the plant extracts were comparable with the standard antimicrobial used (Gentamicin) as positive control which show better zone of inhibition than Tetracycline. The result of the present study is indicative that these herbal preparations might be considered as an alternative option for the treatment of resistant isolates of clinical bovine mastitis after studying their safety of margin in-vivo.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of vasicine acetate synthesized from vasicine isolated from Adhatoda vasica L.

Adhatoda vasica (L.) (Acanthaceae) is used in the indigenous system of medicine in India. The alkaloid Vasicine was isolated from ethanolic extract of the leaves of A. vasica using column chromatography. Vasicine acetate was obtained by acetylation of Vasicine. Vasicine acetate exhibited good zone of inhibition against bacteria: 10 mm against E. aerogenes, 10 mm against S. epidermidis, and 10 mm against P. aeruginosa. Vasicine acetate showed minimum inhibitory concentration values against bacteria: M. luteus (125 μg/mL), E. aerogenes (125 μg/mL), S. epidermidis (125 μg/mL), and P. aeruginosa (125 μg/mL). The radical scavenging activity of Vasicine acetate was the maximum at 1000 μg/mL (66.15%). The compound showed prominent cytotoxic activity in vitro against A549 lung adenocarcinoma cancer cell line. Quantification of Vasicine and Vasicine acetate by HPLC-DAD analysis showed their contents to be 0.2293% and 0.0156%, respectively, on dry weight basis of the leaves. Vasicine acetate could be probed further in drug discovery programme.

Synthesis, spectral characterization of some new 3-heteroaryl azo 4-hydroxy coumarin derivatives and their antimicrobial evaluation

In the present research study, 3-heteroarylazo 4-hydroxy coumarin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their preliminary antibacterial activities against four different pathogenic bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity of each compound was compared with standard drug, Ampicillin. The compounds were interpreted by UV, IR, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Solvatochromic behaviour of these compounds was also investigated by UV–vis spectra. Zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration revealed that all the products exhibited greater antibacterial potential against all bacterial strains except 4g.3-Thiazolylazo and 3-(4-phenyl thiazolylazo) of 4-hydroxy coumarin, which have been exhibiting good zone of inhibition against both gram +ve strains and gram −ve strains, where as the compound pyrazolone azo analogue 4e has tremendous antibacterial activity. Finally we concluded that the compounds having thiazole, pyrazole and triazole nucleus in individual molecular structure clubbed with potent antibacterial pharmacophore of 4-hydroxy coumain showed antibacterial activities.

Biocidal potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against fungal threats

Microbes are the major cause for the hospital-acquired infections which lead to prolonged illness, disability or even death. The increasing microbial resistance calls for the search for newer drugs. Evolving nanotechnology in drug delivery produces drug action in lesser amounts and with several times more potency. In the present work, we have synthesized AgNPs using the aqueous extracts of Amaranthus dubius, Amaranthus polygonoides, Alternanthera sessilis, Portulaca oleracea, Pisonia grandis, and Kedrostis foetidissima. Sonication method yielded a facile and rapid method of biogenic synthesis of nanosilver. The TEM images revealed the synthesized AgNPs to be of size ranging between 6 and 23 nm without agglomeration. Antifungal activity of the synthesized AgNPs against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae carried out by agar well diffusion method showed good zones of inhibition disclosing the antifungal potential of the biogenic silver nanoparticles.

In vitro efficacy of triclosan coated polyglactin 910 suture against common bacterial pathogen causing surgical site infection

Surgical-site infections (SSIs) increase morbidity and mortality in post-surgical patients as well as represent an economic burden to healthcare systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro efficacy of triclosan coated polyglactin 910 suture against the common bacteria isolated from post-operative wound infection. Our goal was to establish whether the use of a triclosan coated suture would reduce the incidence of microbial colonisation of suture material thus reducing the rate of surgical site infection. Similar length (4cm) of triclosan coated and uncoated sutures were put on the lawn culture made on Mueller Hinton agar by 0.5 McFarland standard suspensions prepared by touching 4-5 colonies of each bacterium isolated from post-operative wound infections. after overnight incubation at 37°C, the zone of inhibition around triclosan coated sutures was compared to the zone of inhibition that was found around uncoated sutures. among 271 (81.87%) positive cultures from 331 post-operative wound samples, the commonest bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (29.52%), followed by Escherichia coli (17.34%), Klebsiella spp. (15.13%), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (9.96%), Pseudomonas spp. (9.22%), Proteus spp. (6.64%), Enterococcus spp. (5.53%), Citrobacter spp. (3.69%), and Acinetobacter spp. (2.95%). It was found that after overnight incubation at 37°C, a good zone of inhibition was present around triclosan coated sutures in all isolates except Pseudomonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. – but minimal or no such zone was seen around uncoated sutures. Triclosan coated suture showed good antibacterial activity in-vitro and may be assumed to significantly reduce the SSI rate, cost and duration of hospital stay as it is highly effective in-vitro against the common bacteria isolated from post-operative wound infection.

Microbe-mediated synthesis of antimicrobial semiconductor nanoparticles by marine bacteria

Development of bio-mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles is one of the important fields in nanoparticles. The present investigation demonstrates the eco-friendly synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles using Enterococcus sp. (RMAA). The formation of an intense peak at 410 nm in the UV–Vis spectrum reveals the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles. The crystalline natures of the synthesized CdS nanoparticles were identified by X-ray diffraction assay. The scanning electron microscope analysis shows the formation of spherical-shaped CdS nanoparticles with a size range of about 50–180 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectrum shows that the synthesized CdS nanoparticles are capped with bimolecular compounds which are responsible for the reduction of cadmium sulfate to sulfide nanoparticles. The resulting CdS nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method against the test cultures of Serratia nematodiphila, Escherichiacoli, Klebsiellaplanticola, Vibrio sp. and Planomicrobium sp. having good zone of inhibition. The fungicidal activity of CdS nanoparticles against pathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus produced a good zone of inhibition. The novel green chemistry approach is an eco-friendly and reliable process and suitable for large-scale production.

Preparation and characterization of ampicillin-incorporated electrospun polyurethane scaffolds for wound healing and infection control

Electrospinning is a desired method to produce interconnected flexible nanofibrous structures suitable for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound healing. Ampicillin-loaded polyurethane (PU) nanofiber mats were electrospun with the antibiotic dispersed in well-oriented nanofibers. The identification of functional groups, molecular interactions and surface morphology of the fibers were analyzed using Infrared, Raman, 1H NMR, SEM, and TEM. Weak interactions exist between the functional groups of ampicillin and PU in electrospun fibers at ratios 1:10, 1.5:10, and 2:10. The effect of β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin on the characteristics of electrospun PU was studied using XRD, TGA, and DSC. Their antibacterial property is proved by good zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. Cytotoxicity tests on the electrospun scaffolds were performed with normal human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cells). Results indicate that ampicillin-incorporated PU scaffolds are well suited for applications in wound healing and infection control. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:541–548, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

Antimicrobial and anticoagulant activities of the spine of stingray Himantura imbricata

Objective: To study the spine structure of stingray Himantura imbricata (H. imbricata) and to evaluate the anticoagulant properties of the spine extract obtained through various solvents extracts followed by antibacterial activity against human pathogens. Methods: Spines of H. imbricata were collected from Nagappattinam coast, Tamil Nadu, India and their spines were observed under the light microscope. The grounded spines were subjected to extraction of metabolites using methanol, ethanol, chloroform and acetone. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion technique against 10 human pathogens. Similarly, anticoagulant activity was also assessed by following United States Pharmacopeia method. Results: Light microscopic observation of spine revealed that the venom apparatus of the stingray H. imbricata consisted of two to three spines, glandular tissue and a sheath. The spine extract showed potent antibacterial activity against all tested pathogen. Maximum activity (14 mm) was found against Staphylococcus aureus. Crude extract showed 91.50 USP units/mg of anticoagulant activity. Conclusions: Microscopic observations gave new insight about the spine structure of the stingray. The spine extracts of H. imbricate showed potent activity against human pathogens revealed by the good zone of inhibition. Chloroform extracts conferred the most prominent antibacterial activity. The anticoagulant activity was also comparable with that of standard heparin.

Development and characterization of in situ oral gel of spiramycin.

The present investigation deals with the optimization, formulation, and characterization of oral in situ gel of spiramycin. Sodium alginate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were used as cross-linking and viscosifying agents, respectively. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a floating agent. In preformulation studies, the melting point, pH, and partition coefficient were found to be 133°C, 9.5, and 0.193, respectively. The drug had retention time at around 2.65 minutes in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During compatibility studies of drug with all polymers, we observed that there were no changes in the FTIR spectra of a mixture of drug and polymers. All the formulations showed good pourability. Floating time and total floating time were ~30 sec and >12 hours, respectively. During in vitro drug release studies, the drug was released from the formulation around 80–100% for 12–16 hrs. In TEM analysis, we found that the drug molecules were well entrapped in the polymer and the drug was released slowly for up to 12 hrs. In these studies, we found that the concentration of sodium alginate and HPMC had significant influence on floating lag time, gelling capacity, and cumulative percentage drug release. During antimicrobial studies, we found that the formulation containing spiramycin showed good zone of inhibition against different microbial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli).

Antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of honey bee hive extracts using in vitro models

Biological evaluation of honey bee hive extracts was estimated using a set of chemical and biological in vitro models. Extractions of bee hives were done in methanol and acetone solvents. Well-tolerated yield was observed in case of acetone solvent (12.34 ± 1.28 %) and methanol solvent (5.98 ± 0.94 %). Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were found in the range of 359 ± 4.06–755 ± 6.03 and 0.952 ± 0.08–1.266 ± 0.04 mg/100 g dry extract, respectively. Antioxidant potential was tested using most reliable in vitro models, such as DPPH free radical scavenging model, lipid peroxidation inhibition in linoleic acid system and ABTS radical scavenging assay. The DPPH scavenging assay showed 28–55 % radical scavenging, while the peroxidation inhibition in linoleic acid system showed low peroxidation inhibition 6–26 %. TEAC value showed 4.12 ± 0.19 and 3.63 ± 0.5 μM TE/g for methanol and acetone extract, respectively. The antibacterial assay of methanol and acetone extracts showed good zone of inhibition in following order S. aureus (19.1 ± 1.15, 14.9 ± 0.53 mm) >B. subtilis (15.4 ± 0.07, 13.1 ± 0.72 mm) >E. coli (13.8 ± 0.95, 9.9 ± 0.35 mm). Overall result demonstrated promising antioxidant and antibacterial potential of honey bee hive extracts.

Phytochemical, cytotoxic, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-microbial investigation of ethanolic leaf extract of Zizyphus rugosa lam.

Zizyphus rugosa Lam. (Family: Rhamnaceae), locally known as Bon Boroi or as Jongli Boroi in Bangladesh generally found as a herb on the hills in bunches on thorny branches of the Zizyphus rugosa trees. Its bark and wood are used medicinally for dysentery in China, India, Laos, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Phytochemical screening of the Leaf extract of Zizyphus rugosa Lam showed different phytoconstituents including carbohydrates (monosaccharides, reducing and mixed-reducing sugars), alkaloid, glycosides, steroids, tannins and saponin. No flavonoid was detected. In DPPH and NO radical scavenging methods, IC50 was moderately satisfactory. IC50 was found 179.713µg/ml and 769.909µg/ml respectively compare with the reference ascorbic acid (15.707µg/ml and 82.642µg/ml respectively). In LPO (Lipid peroxidation) assay the Leaf fraction extract showed moderate inhibition potentiality (IC50 402.835µg/ml) in comparison to standard drug BHT (IC50 32.94µg/ml). In CUPRAC assays, the fraction was found to possess low Total antioxidant content, good flavonoid, and moderate amounts of phenolics, tannin and alkaloid content. The Leaf fraction extract was found to show good toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii, (LC50 212.402µg/ml & LC90 10715.91µg/ml) compare with the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate (LC50 2.47µg/ml & LC90 42µg/ml). In the antimicrobial study the fraction showed moderate activity against only one bacterium (Shiggla sonni) while the standard drug Chloramphenicol showed very good zone of inhibition against all five types (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shiggla sonni, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella grb) of bacteria. These findings provide scientific basis for the use of Zizyphus rugosa Lam. leaf ethanolic extract in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. The plant also possesses moderate antimicrobial activity,

Synthesis Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of N‐[(5′‐Substituted 2′‐phenyl‐1H‐indol‐3′‐yl)methylene]‐5‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐amines

The main aim of the present study was to develop antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. As a part of systematic investigation, several new compounds 3a–c, 4a–c, and 5a–f were synthesized and screened for their biological activities. Compound 5f showed good zone of inhibition versus E. coli, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae, whereas the compound 3a showed promising radical scavenging activity, ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ions (Fe2+) metal chelating activity.