Betel Research Articles

In vitro Evaluation of Fungicides against Anthracnose of Betelvine (Piper betle L.)

Background: Betelvine is important commercial crop and the most profitable among all cultivated crops, which plays a vital role in the overall livelihood security of farm families. Diseases are the major yield constraints of crop plants. One of the most serious fungal diseases of dragon fruit is anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species. Since less information available on anthracnose of betel vine, this study was undertaken. Methods: The efficacy of non-systemic, systemic and combination fungicides were tested against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides using poisoned food technique (Vincent 1947) under in vitro condition. Six non-systemic fungicides Chlorothalonil 75% WP, Captan 50% WP, Mancozeb 75% WP, Copper oxychloride 50% WP, Propineb 70% WP and Copper hydroxide 53.8% at (250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm), six systemic fungicides Hexaconazole 5% EC, Propiconazole 25 % EC, Azoxystrobin 25% SC, Tebuconazole 25.9% EC, Difenaconazole 25% EC and Picoxystrobin 22.5% SC at (100ppm, 150ppm, 250ppm) and six combi fungicides Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenoconazole 13.9% EC, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG, Fluropyram 200 g/L + Tebuconazole 200 g/L SC, Fluxopyroxad 250 g/l + pyraclostrobin 250g/L, Fluopyram 250 g/L + Trifloxystrobin 250 g/L SC, Azoxystrobin 16.7% + Tricyclazole 33.3% SC at (150 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm) were evaluated. Results: Among six non-systemic fungicides evaluated against C. gloeosporioides which was obtained from the isolated sample and results revealed that the Copper hydroxide gave 69.90 % inhibition which was superior over all other fungicides evaluated and least inhibition was recorded with Mancozeb 40.30%. Difenconazole, Tebuconazole were the best systemic fungicides found best with inhibition % of 98.28 and 95.17 when evaluated against C. gloeosporioides. Out of the six evaluated combination products, propiconazole + difenconazole exhibited the highest inhibition rate at 99.78 %. Following closely, Fluopyram 200 g/L + Tebuconazole 200 g/L SC and Tebuconazole 50% EC + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG displayed inhibition rates of 89.47% and 87.50 % respectively.

Herbal Innovations in Candidiasis Management: A Comprehensive Review of Aloe Vera and Betel Leaf Extract Based Antifungal Gel

Candidiasis is the most prevalent fungal infection in people, and it is caused by C. albicans, both primary and secondary. Herbal medications are still the backbone of around 75-80% of the world's population, primarily in poor countries, for basic health care due to superior cultural acceptance, compatibility with the human body, and less adverse effects. herbal medicines are made from plants or plant parts and are used to cure injuries, diseases, and illnesses, as well as to promote health and healing. Plant-based medicinal products have a vital part in the healthcare of the remaining 20% of the population, who primarily live in developed nations. Aloe vera (Sanskrit Ghritakumari, Kumara; Hindi-Guarpatha, Ghikanvar) is a herb often known as the "medicinal plant" due to its numerous therapeutic characteristics. Aloe vera, botanically known as Aloe barbadensis Miller, is a member of the lily family. Aloe products are quite popular on the market and are extensively utilized in the skin care, cosmetics, medical, healthcare, and food industries. We are now employing piper betel leaf, commonly known as betel leaf (khaupan). Ayurvedic medicine from ancient India cites various medicinal advantages, including its antifungal properties. Candidiasis is the most prevalent fungal infection in people, and it is caused by C. albicans, both primary and secondary “Abstract” is a necessary section in a research paper. It may be constructed by gathering main points (summary) from each section of the research paper.

Bacteriological analysis and antibiotic resistance in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in Dhaka.

The primary objective of this study was to isolate bacteria from diabetic foot ulcers and subsequently assess their antibiotic resistance capabilities. Seventy-five patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers were investigated. A number of these patients (97.33%) had type 2 diabetes, with a significant proportion of them having been diagnosed for 1-5 years (29.33%). Notably, a substantial number of these individuals were on insulin usage (78.66%). Among the patients under examination, 49.33% reported having no use of tobacco products, alcohol, or betel leaf. The ulcers analyzed in this study were classified into grades 1-5 according to the Wagner scale. Wagner grade 2 diabetic foot ulcers had the highest number of culture-positive patients, at 33.33%. Pus samples collected from patients were cultured on selective media, and bacterial identity was confirmed by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. A total of 141 isolates were isolated. Among the isolates, 82.97% gram-negative bacteria and 17.02% gram-positive bacteria were detected. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common isolate. Proteus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were also detected. Approximately 61.33% of the ulcers exhibited were polybacterial. In this study, it was observed that all bacterial isolates, except for Proteus spp., were primarily detected in patients classified under Wagner's grade 2. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility was also tested on these 141 isolates. Among them, Escherichia coli showed the highest multidrug resistance, 81.81%. Most of the gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin. All of the gram-negative isolates exhibited high levels of susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam, and these levels were Klebsiella pneumoniae (97.56%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (95.24%), Escherichia coli (81.82%), and Proteus spp. (80%). On the other hand, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus mostly showed sensitivity towards vancomycin and norfloxacin (79.17%).

Development and characterization of edible and active coating based on xanthan gum nanoemulsion incorporating betel leaf extract for fresh produce preservation

Developing an edible and active coating, incorporating environmentally-friendly antimicrobial agents into edible polymers, provides an eco-friendly alternative to conventional packaging and exhibits significant potential in preserving the quality of postharvest food. Herein, we aim to develop a novel edible and active coating based on xanthan gum (XG) nanoemulsion (NE) incorporating betel leaf extract (BLE) for the preservation of fresh produce. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract of BLE at various concentrations were characterized. Further development of the active coating at different formulations of Tween 80 (1 % and 3 % w/v), XG (0.1 % to 0.5 % w/v), and BLE (1 % to 5 % w/v) was characterized by physical stability, viscosity, and antimicrobial properties. Results showed that the active coating at 1 % BLE showed significant antimicrobial properties against diverse bacterial and fungal foodborne pathogens (e.g., B. cereus, S. aureus) and fungal cultures (e.g., C. albicans). The study also examined the shelf-life of tomatoes coated with the BLE-XG NE solution, stored at 4 °C for 27 days. Analyses of weight retention, soluble solids, pH, texture, sensory attributes, and microbial populations showed that the coating effectively preserved tomato quality, highlighting its potential to preserve fresh produce and enhance food security.

Synthesis of N2-trans-isosafrole-dG-adduct Bearing DNAs and the Bypass Studies with Human TLS Polymerases κ and η.

Safrole is a natural product present in many plants and plant products, including spices and essential oils. During cellular metabolism, it converts to a highly reactive trans-isosafrole (SF) intermediate that reacts with genomic DNA and forms N2-SF-dG and N6-SF-dA DNA adducts, which are detected in the oral tissue of cancer patients with betel quid chewing history. To study the SF-induced carcinogenesis and to probe the role of low fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases in bypassing SF adducts, herein, we report the synthesis of N2-SF-dG modified DNAs using phosphoramidite chemistry. The N2-SF-dG modification in the duplex DNA does not affect the thermal stability and retains the B-form of helical conformation, indicating that this adduct may escape the radar of common DNA repair mechanisms. Primer extension studies showed that the N2-SF-dG adduct is bypassed by human TLS polymerases hpolκ and hpolη, which perform error-free replication across this adduct. Furthermore, molecular modeling and dynamics studies revealed that the adduct reorients to pair with the incoming nucleotide, thus allowing the effective bypass. Overall, the results indicate that hpolκ and hpolη do not distinguish the N2-SF-dG adduct, suggesting that they may not be involved in the safrole-induced carcinogenicity.

Green synthesis and optimization of iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent

Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) derived from herbal plants are being explored as potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to their biocompatibility and ability to perform targeted drug delivery. For the first time, the usage of various novel combinations of leaf extracts such as those of Azadirachta indica and Piper betle and extracts of two other Ayurvedic herbs – namely, Asparagus racemosus and Symplocos – was attempted for eco-friendly green synthesis of FeNPs. The nanoparticles were coated onto nanofibers made from a banana pseudo-stem (FENPs-NF) to enhance their biocompatibility. The synthesis process was optimized using response surface methodology, and techniques such as ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used for characterization. Hemolytic and immune cell assays, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and MRI analysis were carried out. A peak at 325 nm observed in UV–Vis spectroscopy, AAS, FE-SEM, EDX and FT-IR proved the presence of FeNPs. Hemolytic and immune cell assays indicated biocompatibility, and the MTT assay (MCF-7) showed inhibition at 250 μg/ml. FeNPs and FeNPs-NF showed a good signal loss in MRI analysis at 1.5 T, proving their contrast agent nature. Thus, FeNPs synthesized from herbal plant sources may open a new door for potential application in the biomedical field as a chemical-free and biocompatible MRI contrast agent.

Multifunctional coating films of gelatin/d-glucose/agarose reinforced by Piper L. leaf extract: Physicochemical properties and mandarin preservation

Eco-friendly, active, non-toxic coatings have recently been considered as a feasible approach for enhancing the storability of post-harvest produce, which deal with global problem from environmental pollutions of chemical uses and petro-based plastics. In this interest, the present work is to the development of multifunctional coating films through blending gelatin, agarose, d-glucose, and Piper betle L. extract before being applied for preserving ‘Duong’ mandarin. As compared to single addition of agarose, the co-supplement of agarose and d-glucose was considered to be more efficient in revitalizing the mechanical strength and surface hydrophobicity of the neat gelatin, which highlighted a vital role of d-glucose in the polymeric network. Interestingly, gelatin/d-glucose/agarose formulated with Piper betle L. extract showed greater mechanical strength, flexibility, UV-shielding, solubility, antibacterial and antioxidant activities than gelatin/d-glucose/agarose coating films. Considerably, the antibacterial property of such active films/coatings was found to even better after being aged for 30 days at the room temperature (25 °C). Based on initial screening, the gelatin/agarose/d-glucose coating formulation included with 2 % (w/w) Piper betle L. extract presenting the best mechanical strength (2.46 MPa), flexibility (31.03 %), and antioxidant activity (IC50 = 37.45 μg/mL) along with the adequate tested bacterial inhibition, was applied for ready-to-eat mandarin preservation. The significant improvement in visual appearance and peel color was recorded for the mandarin coated with gelatin/agarose/d-glucose/Piper betle L. extract (2 %, w/w) after 17-d storage at 20 °C and 64 %RH, which exhibited the lowest mass loss and total soluble solids.

Betel Vine Marketing in Tamil Nadu, India: Price Spread Analysis

Tamil Nadu is one the leading betel leaf cultivating states in the country. Besides, it faces significant challenges in producing betel vines due to risk of pests and diseases. These risks have a negative impact on the farm economy. Disease outbreaks can be incredibly concerning and have an impact on a company's profitability. The higher labour costs, pest and disease and natural calamities have made it difficult for farmers to produce their crops. Therefore, it was essential to study the marketing cost, price spread and marketing efficiency of betel vine in Tamil Nadu. The use of a well-structured interview schedule allowed for the collection of information from farmers regarding the cost and return of producing betel vines. From the local marketplaces in Thanjavur District, village traders, commission agents, wholesalers and retailers were chosen. Price spread and marketing efficiency were used to know about the marketing cost and the price received by the farmer. The efficient marketing channel was channel III (Producer → Retailer → Consumer) because it has the lowest price spread of 18.9 per cent which be due to a smaller number of intermediaries. The marketing efficiency in channel III (16.1) was higher than in channel I (10.6) and channel II (6.3) respectively. Thus, marketing of betel leaf in channel III was more efficient for farmers.

The association between the expression level of nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 and the survival rate of head and neck cancer patients after treatment

Background/purposeThe long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) exhibits diverse and complicated functions in cancer progression. Despite reports suggesting both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic effects in various cancers, its specific role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between NEAT1 expression levels and survival outcomes in HNSCC patients. Materials and methodsPaired tissue samples of tumor and non-cancerous matching tissues (NCMT) from 92 HNSCC patients were collected. NEAT1 expression was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Clinical characteristics, treatment received, and survival rates of the patients were assessed to determine the correlation with NEAT1 expression and explore its association with alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette use. Additionally, we examined the effect of arecoline on NEAT1 expression in normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) and fibroblasts (NHOF). ResultsThe study revealed a significant downregulation of NEAT1 expression in oral cancer tissues compared to NCMT. Meanwhile, arecoline increased NEAT1 expression in NHOK and NHOF cells. However, patients with downregulated NEAT1 expression exhibited higher overall survival rates, particularly in those who did not receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy. ConclusionNEAT1 expression levels are associated with survival outcomes in HNSCC patients, with upregulated expression indicating a worse prognosis, suggesting this lncRNA might contribute to cancer aggressiveness, especially in the absence of active treatment. These findings indicate NEAT1 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in HNSCC, but further research is required to elucidate its role in cancer progression and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Ethnobotanical survey of herbal steam baths among the Tenggerese community in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia

The use of traditional medicines, including medicinal plant in steam baths, is widespread in various traditional healthcare systems. This study aims to document and evaluate the plant species used in herbal steam baths within the Tenggerese community in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Indonesia, with a focus on women’s reproductive health. A combination of semi-structured interviews and observations was conducted with 13 female informants, including traditional birth attendants and women with children. A total of 12 plant species from 9 families were identified, with Cananga odorata, Piper betle, Rosa chinensis, and Jasminum sambac being the most frequently mentioned. The preparation and utilization of herbal steam baths in the Tenggerese community, particularly in postpartum care, were described. Several plants commonly used in the steam baths have been studied for their phytochemical compounds and pharmacological properties, supporting their traditional use.

In vitro Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Piper betle Stem and their Correlation with In silico Docking Studies of its Phytoconstituents

Background: Worldwide, millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Even though treatment may help to reduce some of the mental or physical symptoms connected with neurodegenerative diseases, there is at present no way to slow disease development and no recognized cure. Objective: The current study was carried out to explore the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory properties of the stem of Piper betle and correlate them with in silico docking results of its phytoconstituents. Methods: The dried Piper betle stem was used to be extracted with purified water by using the maceration technique. The resultant was assessed for ChE inhibitory activity using Ellman’s method. The inhibitory profile of the aqueous extract of Piper betle (AEPB) stem was compared with rivastigmine, which is a standard cholinesterase inhibitor. The phytoconstituents of AEPB were procured from various literature studies. In silico docking studies were carried out with the help of AutoDock 4.2 software. Results: AEPB considerably inhibited AChE and BuChE with the inhibition constant values of 0.437 ± 0.62 μg/ml and 0.371 ± 0.62 μg/ml, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. In computational evaluation, the selected phytoconstituents exhibited excellent binding interactions prevailing with cholinesterase targets than the standard rivastigmine. Conclusion: Based on the in vitro and in silico evaluations, Piperol A showed notable concentrationdependent inhibition of AChE and BuChE. These in vitro analyses and molecular docking studies will be helpful for the development of potent ChE inhibitors for the management of Alzheimer’s disease.

Effect of forest betel leaf extract (Piper aduncum L.) from various altitudes on the mortality of fall armyworm (S. frugiperda J.E. Smith) in the laboratory

S. frugiperda pests can attack corn plants in the vegetative and generative phases, resulting in yield losses ranging from 15% to 73%. Forest betel plant (P. aduncum L.) is one type of plant that can be used effectively as a botanical pesticide to control these pests. The effectiveness of a plant as a source of botanical insecticide is influenced by the ecology, geography, and climate where the plant grows. This study aimed to obtain the best and most effective forest betel leaf extract from various growing heights against S. frugiperda mortality. The research was conducted at the Plant Pest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, from April to June 2023, using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three treatments and six replicates. Application of forest betel leaf extract at different altitudes above sea level, namely 200 meters, 500 meters, and 800 meters. The results showed that the difference in altitude significantly affected the mortality of S. frugiperda. Forest betel leaf extract from 200 meters above sea level was the best treatment for controlling armyworm pests, with a total mortality of 96.67%.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Piper betel L.

Piper betel contains phytochemicals with diverse pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to enhance the extraction efficiency of phytochemicals and the chlorophyll content using ultrasonication. The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the time (10, 20, 30 min), temperature (20, 30, and 40 °C), and solid-solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30) by utilizing response surface methods with three independent variables. Multiple parameters, including extract yield, total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll content were used to optimize the conditions. The linear relationship between power intensity and responses was determined to be statistically significant, with a p-value less than 0.01. The interaction effect of temperature, time, and ratio of solid solvent was shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all the obtained results. The optimal parameters for achieving the highest extract yield were as follows: a temperature of 40 °C, a sonication time of 30 min, and a solid solvent ratio of 1:10. These conditions result in an extract yield of 21.99 %, a total flavonoid content of 44.97 mg/GAE, a total phenolic content of 185.05 mg/GAE, a DPPH scavenging activity of 99.1 %, and a chlorophyll content of 49.95 mg/ml. This study highlights the significance of customized extraction methodologies for optimizing the bioactive capacity of phytochemicals derived from betel leaves. The elucidation of extraction parameters and the resultant phytochemical profiles serves as a fundamental framework for the advancement of innovative pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, capitalizing on the therapeutic attributes of this traditional medicinal botanical.

Formulasi gel ekstrak daun sirih cina (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) variasi carbopol 940 serta uji fisik dan stabilitasnya

Chinese betel leaf (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) contains tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids which can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Gel preparations are suitable for topical therapy of acne. The gelling agent used was carbopol 940. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and concentration of carbopol 940 which produced the best physical properties of Chinese betel leaf extract gel preparations. This research is an experimental research. Gel preparations were made with various concentrations of carbopol 940 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% then organoleptic examination, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, skin irritation, physical stability , and hedonic. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS (trial) using the One Way ANOVA method. The results showed that variations in carbopol 940 concentrations had an effect on organoleptic, adhesiveness, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and hedonics but had no effect on homogeneity, physical stability, and skin irritation. Carbopol 940 concentration of 1.0% produced the best preparation compared to concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.0% in terms of physical properties and statistical analysis.

Formulation and Determination of Tannin and Flavonoid Levels of Anti-Acne Gel Formulation from Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum)

Acne is a common skin condition that often occurs among teenagers and adults aged 18-23 years. Acne can be triggered by several factors, genetic, psychological, weather, stress, cosmetics, and bacterial infections. In addressing the problem of acne, a good dosage form to use is a gel preparation. Acne skin care by utilizing natural ingredients, one of which is red betel leaf. Red betel leaf contains phytochemical compounds, namely tannins and flavonoids, which function as antibacterial agents. The formulation of anti-acne gel is designed by varying the concentration extract, F0 (0%), F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%), with the aim of determining the best anti-acne gel formulation. Red betel leaf extract is tested for tannin and flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer test method. The gel preparation is examined, including organoleptic testing, pH testing, homogeneity testing, and spreading testing. The research results show that red betel leaf extract has a tannin content of 4.7056% and a flavonoid content of 0.0934%. The results of the anti-acne gel preparation study meet the requirements for organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, and spreading. Based on the results of various concentrations of extract, satisfactory results are obtained, with formulations F2 and F3 meeting the requirements.Acne; Gel; Extract; Piper crocatum

Formulation and Evaluation of Belt Leaf Extract Cream Preparation with Varied Concentrations Of 96% Ethanol as Anti-Septic

The betel leaf plant (Piperis betle Linn) is a plant that is very easy to find in the surrounding environment. One of the benefits of the betel leaf plant is for treatment as an antiseptic because it contains flavonoid compounds. In order to make it easier for users to use betel leaves (Piperis betle Linn) as an antiseptic, the leaves are extracted with 96% ethanol and then formulated in cream form. This research aims to determine the results of concentration variations on the antiseptic activity of 96% ethanol extract cream from betel leaves on wound healing. Betel leaves (Piperis betle Linn) were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol. Then the extract is made into a cream mass with varying concentrations of the active substance of 4%, 8% and 12%. The results of research on the formulation and evaluation of betel leaf extract cream can be concluded that betel leaves can be formulated as an antiseptic. The results of the physical evaluation show that the betel leaf extract cream has the best preparation in formula II with a concentration of 4% because the cream is included in the test range).

Secondary Metabolite Profile in Mature and Old Leaves of Four Piper Species: Forest Betel (Piper aduncum L.), Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav.), Javanese Chili Betel (Piper retrofractum Vahl.), and Green Betel (Piper betle L.)

Piper species is a potential medicinal plant, empirically known for its effectiveness in curing various diseases, particularly in Indonesia. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the similarities and differences in the profile of secondary metabolite compounds in mature and old leaves of four Piper species using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis was also carried out to identify the specific compounds found in each species at different leaf development stages. Samples used were mature and old leaves from four species of Piper, namely forest betel (Piper aduncum L.) (PA), red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav.) (PC), Javanese chili betel (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) (PR), and green betel (Piper betle L.) (PB). Subsequently, samples were extracted using ethanol solvent and secondary metabolite profile was detected through GC-MS. A total of 40 secondary metabolite compounds were found in mature and old leaves of four species. The results showed that alkaloid content contributed 25% of the total compounds detected, while fatty acids yielded the largest portion (27.5%). Based on PCA score plot analysis, a significant grouping of secondary metabolite compounds was observed in all species, where PC was categorized separately on the right, and the other species were on the left. Several specific compounds were also found only in one species and not in others. Similar to mature and old leaves, some compounds were discovered in one of the developmental phases. Dillapiole and hexadecane were only found in PA, both in mature and old leaves; germacrene A, eugenol, and chavicol were found in mature and old leaves of PB, but beta-selinene, delta-guaiene, and linolelaidic acid were only found in mature leaves. In PC, there were specific compounds namely benzofuran, myrcene, and 1,6,10-dodecatrien that were found in mature and old leaves. Besides that, trans-ocimene and alpha-bisabolol were only found in old leaves of PC. In PR, only tetracosane was found in mature leaves, while piperidine, octanodecanoic acid, and benzylmalonic acid were found in old leaves.

Self-forming barrier layer for carbon dioxide corrosion protection of mild steel in NaCl solution containing hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L. leaf

Hydroxychavicol compound was isolated from Piper betle L. leaf and identified via preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hydroxychavicol compound was demonstrated to be a potential inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in carbon dioxide-containing environments due to the formation of a barrier layer on the steel surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicated that the inclusion of hydroxychavicol in the aggressive environment made steel surfaces more homogeneous and smoother with a rough mean square roughness of 7.78 nm, whereas the steel surface was severely corroded in the blank solution. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed an enrichment of hydroxychavicol species combined with iron oxides and hydroxides on the mild steel surface. This can lead to the creation of a protective layer on the mild steel surface, thereby enhancing corrosion protection and localized inhibition. The work suggested a novel approach to isolate corrosion inhibitors from natural products, particularly agricultural by-products for mild steel in carbon dioxide and chloride ion environment with high inhibition performance.

The Potential of Red Betel Leaf and Mangosteen Peel in Lowering Blood Sugar Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

A study comparing the effects of red betel leaf decoction, mangosteen peel juice, and conventional medication on blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus was conducted in Indonesia. The research involved three groups of eight participants each, selected through purposive sampling. Following administration, the average blood glucose level was 190.75 mg/dL for red betel leaf decoction, 194.38 mg/dL for mangosteen peel juice, and 186.50 mg/dL for conventional medication. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of red betel leaf decoction and mangosteen peel juice in managing blood sugar levels, with a p-value of 0.582 (p&lt;0.05). These findings suggest that both herbal interventions are comparable to conventional medication in regulating blood glucose levels among type II diabetes patients. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of red betel leaf and mangosteen peel as alternative non-pharmacological interventions for managing diabetes. Further research is warranted to explore their mechanisms of action and long-term effects on diabetes management

Exploring the preservation efficiency of cured betel leaf essential oil in augmenting the quality of fruit juice: a comprehensive evaluation of physicochemical, microbial, and sensory parameters.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05963-9.