Beta-tricalcium Phosphate Research Articles

Development of novel upconversion luminescent nanoparticle of Ytterbium/Thulium–doped beta tricalcium phosphate

A novel class of upconversion luminescent nanocrystals of Yb/Tm:calcium deficient hydroxyapatite were synthesized by co-precipitation method in aqueous solution (pH adjusted to 6) and specially heat-treated with microwave radiation at different temperatures (from 900°C to 1000°C) and times (2–10min) to produce small nanocrystals of Yb/Tm:β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). As a result, we report for the first time, a single-phase Yb/Tm-doped β-TCP nanocrystals with a mean crystallite size of 55.3nm. This material has an efficient visible luminescence from the 1G4 (blue emission) and 3F2 (red emission) and near infrared emission from the 3H4 excited states of Tm3+ induced by the Yb3+→Tm3+ energy transfer under laser excitation (Yb3+) at 972nm. This β-TCP activated by Yb3+ and Tm3+ ions constitutes a new nano-fluoroprobe that can be used as optical contrast agents, affording high resolution and sensitivity for visible-near infrared applications.

14 - The effect of tendon-to-bone remodeling with the use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivered by beta-tricalcium phosphate

14 - The effect of tendon-to-bone remodeling with the use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 delivered by beta-tricalcium phosphate

The effect of synthesis parameters on morphology and diameter of electrospun hydroxyapatite nanofibers

In the present study, hydroxyapatite nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning. The main focus is based on the effect of adding various ratios of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) sol to polymeric solutions of PVA and PVP with a fixed concentration of 10 and 15% (w/v), respectively, on the morphology and the diameter of the electrospun nanofibers. The electrical conductivity of pure PVA solution was higher than PVP (0.610 versus 0.06 mS/cm). However, by adding Ca-P sol, the solution conductivity increased to 23.5 and 34.4 mS/cm for PVA solution containing 15 (vol%) [A15] and PVP solution containing 25 (vol%) [V25] of the prepared sol, respectively. SEM observations showed that the fiber diameter of sample V25 (average diameter of 150 nm) was thinner and more uniform than A15 (average diameter of 170 nm). FE-SEM of sample V25 confirmed the results of SEM analysis as well. After heat treatment at 600 °C, powder-like particles were formed for the samples obtained from PVA solution without any fibers whereas a spaghetti-like morphology was seen for the samples V15 and V25. X-ray diffractograms of sample V25 indicated the presence of HA phase at two temperatures of 600 and 800 °C. However, in the latter case, minor phases of beta-tricalcium phosphate and calcium oxide were also identified. In addition, the crystal size increased from 2 nm at 600 °C to 16 nm at 800 °C.SEM/EDS analyses confirmed the formation of needle-like HA on surface of V25 after 7 days of soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). Evaluation of cell growth demonstrated that human osteoblast-like cells were attached, spread, and grown well on the surface of V25. This event could be a good sign of biocompatibility of the fibers.

Immunohistochemical response in rats of beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) with or without BMP-2 in the production of collagen matrix critical defects

This study aimed to assess the biological response of BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) in supplementation with β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) as a carrier in the bone healing of surgical defects in rats’ calvaria. A critical-size defect (5mm in diameter) was filled with β-TCP alone or added with that plus 5mg of BMP-2 at 5, 15, and 30 postoperative days. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical (osteocalcin, collagen type I, and metalloproteinase-9) analysis was performed to assess the features of bone healing. Histological behavior and collagen type I labeling showed increased formation of the collagen matrix, leading to a higher percentage of newly formed bone and biomaterial for tissue and more total mineralization of pure TCP when compared to the other groups. The supplementation with BMP-2 promoted faster TCP remodeling; however, there was no statistically significant difference for the bone formed in both groups (P>0.05). Collagen-matrix formation and new bone formation reached maximum levels when the defects were filled with pure TCP, even exceeding the levels from BMP-2 supplementation.

Prospective randomised clinical trial using autogenous bone or beta-tricalcium phosphate in maxillary sinus lifting: histological and tomographic results

Prospective randomised clinical trial using autogenous bone or beta-tricalcium phosphate in maxillary sinus lifting: histological and tomographic results

Materialogical properties of bone grafting materials containing different ratio of calcium phosphate cement and beta-tricalcium phosphate

Materialogical properties of bone grafting materials containing different ratio of calcium phosphate cement and beta-tricalcium phosphate

Beta-tricalcium phosphate with adjuvant bone-marrow stem cells for bone regeneration in calvarial defects: an in vivo microcomputed tomographic and histologic experiment in rats

Beta-tricalcium phosphate with adjuvant bone-marrow stem cells for bone regeneration in calvarial defects: an in vivo microcomputed tomographic and histologic experiment in rats

Bone regeneration with adipose stem cells and calcium phosphate ceramics in the human maxillary sinus floor elevation model using a one-step surgical procedure

Background: In patients undergoing maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) for dental implant placement, calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are used as alternatives for autologous bone. However, these bone substitutes have only osteoconductive properties and lack osteoinductive potential. Objectives: In a phase I study the feasibility and safety of the procedure, and the potential additive effect of freshly isolated autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue (containing stem cells) on bone regeneration in MSFE were evaluated. Methods: From 10 healthy patients, adipose tissue was harvested from the abdominal wall; SVF was procured using automatic processing (Celution), seeded on either beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP; n = 5) or biphasic CaP carriers (n = 5), and used for MSFE in a one-step surgical procedure. All 10 patients received CaP plus SVF on one side, whereas bilaterally treated patients (6/10) received CaP only on the contralateral side. Biopsies were taken from the augmented areas 6 months postoperatively, during dental implant placement, and were assessed by microcomputed tomography and histomorphometrical analysis. Results: No adverse effects were reported during the procedures or during 3-year follow-up. Bone and osteoid percentages were higher in SVF-supplemented biopsies than in control biopsies, in particular in β-TCP treated patients. Paired analysis on six bilaterally treated patients revealed significantly higher bone and osteoid volumes throughout the complete biopsies. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy of SVF seeded on CaP ceramics for MSFE, providing the first step towards a novel treatment concept that might offer broad potential for SVF-based regenerative medicine applications.

Histomorphometric Results After Postextraction Socket Healing with Different Biomaterials: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this systematic review was to investigate which material is the most effective bone substitute for alveolar bone healing by evaluating histomorphometric outcomes after healing of postextraction sockets in humans. A manual and electronic search (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) was performed using a search string prepared ad hoc. Data were statistically analyzed by calculating weighted mean percentage of new bone formation (primary outcome) and weighted mean percentage of residual biomaterial, soft/connective tissue, and nonmineralized tissue (secondary outcomes) in the biopsies. A meta-analysis of the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. A total of 802 papers were screened. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 40 articles were included in the quantitative synthesis while 11 were included in the meta-analysis of comparative studies. The evaluation of comparative studies with empty sites as control showed that bovine bone could lead to a lower proportion of new bone formation compared to sites left to heal spontaneously (P < .00001). Magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite and porcine bone showed a significantly higher percentage of new bone compared to control sites (P < .00001). Grafting with an allograft did not lead to a higher percentage of new bone formation in comparison with control sites (P = .09). There was no evidence for the superiority of a given biomaterial over the others in terms of new bone formation. While calcium sulphate and beta-tricalcium phosphate resorbed faster than other biomaterials, xenografts showed a lower resorption rate than allografts. Comparative studies suggested that bovine bone was related to a lower proportion of new bone volume compared to sites left to heal spontaneously, while porcine bone and magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite were related to higher new bone volume. Allograft was not related to higher new bone volume than sites healed without any biomaterial.

Preparation of micro-porous bioceramic containing silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate

Dimensional instability caused by sintering shrinkage is an inevitable drawback for conventional processing of hydroxyapatite (HA). A new preparation method for biphasic calcium phosphates was developed to increase micro pores and biodegradation without significant dimensional change. Powder pressed HA discs, under 100MPa, were immersed in a colloidal mixture of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and ammonium hydroxide for 10min, followed by drying, and then were sintered at 900°C, 1050°C, and 1200°C, respectively. Comparing with pure HA discs, the newly prepared product sintered up to 1200°C contained silicon substituted HA, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium silicate with better micro-porosity, high specific surface area, less sintering shrinkage and the strength maintained. The cytocompatibility test demonstrated a better viability for D1 mice stem cells cultured on TEOS treated HA for 14days compared to the pure HA. This simple TEOS sol-gel pretreatment has the potential to be applied to any existing manufacturing process of HA scaffold for better control of sintering shrinkage, create micropores, and increase biodegradation.

62 - A Prospective Study of the Efficacy of Vitoss (Beta Tricalcium Phosphate) as a Bone Graft Substitute for Instrumented Posterolateral Lumbar Fusions

62 - A Prospective Study of the Efficacy of Vitoss (Beta Tricalcium Phosphate) as a Bone Graft Substitute for Instrumented Posterolateral Lumbar Fusions

Use of autogenous bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate in maxillary sinus lifting: histomorphometric study and immunohistochemical assessment of RUNX2 and VEGF

The aim of this study was to compare the use of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (chronOS) with autogenous bone grafts alone in maxillary sinus elevation surgery. The test samples were β-TCP alone, β-TCP mixed with autogenous bone grafts (1:1), and autogenous bone grafts alone. Twelve maxillary sinuses were grafted with β-TCP (group 1), nine with β-TCP+autogenous bone graft (group 2), and 12 with autogenous bone graft (group 3). After 6 months, biopsies were obtained concurrent to the placement of dental implants; these were subjected to histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemical analysis for runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The average bone formation in group 1 was 46.3±11.6% in the pristine bone region, 47.6±9.9% in the intermediate region, and 44.8±22.1% in the apical region; in group 2, values were 35.0±15.8%, 32.5±13.7%, and 32.8±16.0%, respectively; in group 3, values were 43.1±16.0%, 31.0±13.0%, and 46.1±16.3%, respectively. Immunostaining of samples in group 2 showed high cellular activity and immature bone; this differed from groups 1 and 3, in which mature bone was demonstrated. Thus, this study showed that β-TCP presents the same behaviour as autogenous bone graft, which makes it a good bone substitute.

Controlled release of clarithromycin from PLGA microspheres enhances bone regeneration in rabbit calvaria defects.

This study evaluated the sustained release effect of clarithromycin-loaded in PLGA microspheres in a rabbit calvaria defect model. Four bone defects (ø5.0) were created in the calvaria of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 21, n = 7/time point). The defects were randomly designated to four groups. Group 1: No augmentation (sham), Group 2: beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), Group 3: β-TCP with 0.12 µg clarithromycin, and Group 4: β-TCP with 6.12 µg PLGA microspheres loaded with 0.12 µg Clarithromycin. After 2, 4, and 12 weeks of healing, bone regeneration was evaluated using micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histology. Clarithromycin release from PLGA microspheres revealed sustained release for around 4 weeks with ∼50% release during the first week. Histologically, new bone formation was evident at 2 and 4 weeks of healing in all groups and bone formation increased as a function of healing time. At 12 weeks, Group 4 showed significantly higher amount of newly formed bone compared to Group 1. The µCT showed that Group 4 expressed significantly higher bone formation compared to Group 1 at all time points. The in vivo findings showed that β-TCP with clarithromycin-loaded microspheres can enhance bone formation in bone defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 201-208, 2018.

BONE REGENERATION POTENTIAL OF BETA TRI-CALCIUM PHOSPHATE AND PLATELET RICH FIBRIN IN LOCALIZED ALVEOLAR RIDGE DEFECT WITH IMMEDIATELY PLACED DENTAL IMPLANT (AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN DOG)

Background: Augmentation of localized alveolar bone defect is one of major problems in implant dentistry. Beta tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) is considered a source of synthetic bone substitute for bone regeneration. If it is combined with platelet rich fibrin (PRF) with immediately placed dental implant it may encounter a promising result for bone formation.Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the regenerative bone potential around immediately placed dental implant in localized alveolar bony defect by the use of β-TCP alone or in combination with PRF.Materials and Methods: Eight clinically healthy dogs were included in this study. Localized alveolar bone defect was created after extraction of the second mandibular premolar bilaterally. After immediate implants were inserted the defect was augmented with following: Group I: β-TCP. Group II: β-TCP with PRF. Group III: Control group without adding any material. After 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and bone regeneration in the created defect was evaluated through histological examination, immunohistochemically and histomorphometric analysis.Results: Groups analysis demonstrated signs of bone regeneration with variable degrees. Histomorphometrically, the control group revealed the lowest mean area percentage. Group I: β-TCP and group II: β-TCP combined with PRF showed the highest mean area percentage and both were significantly higher than control group. However, no significant difference observed between group I and II. The results were supported by both histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The signs of bone maturation in group I & group II were more than control group.Conclusion: Beta tri-calcium phosphate with platelet rich fibrin is a promising osteogenic bone substitute with high bone regenerative potential .It could be used as an alternative method for bone regeneration around dental implant in localized alveolar bone defect.

Dose effects of beta-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles on biocompatibility and bone conductive ability of three-dimensional collagen scaffolds.

Three-dimensional collagen scaffolds coated with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanoparticles reportedly exhibit good bioactivity and biodegradability. Dose effects of β-TCP nanoparticles on biocompatibility and bone forming ability were then examined. Collagen scaffold was applied with 1, 5, 10, and 25 wt% β-TCP nanoparticle dispersion and designated TCP1, TCP5, TCP10, and TCP25, respectively. Compressive strength, calcium ion release and enzyme resistance of scaffolds with β-TCP nanoparticles applied increased with β-TCP dose. TCP5 showed excellent cell-ingrowth behavior in rat subcutaneous tissue. When TCP10 was applied, osteoblastic cell proliferation and rat cranial bone augmentation were greater than for any other scaffold. The bone area of TCP10 was 7.7-fold greater than that of non-treated scaffold. In contrast, TCP25 consistently exhibited adverse biological effects. These results suggest that the application dose of β-TCP nanoparticles affects the scaffold bioproperties; consequently, the bone conductive ability of TCP10 was remarkable.

EFFECT OF CA/P AND PH IN THE WET-SYNTHESIS REACTION ON THE FORMATION OF DIFFERENT CALCIUM PHOSPHATE PHASES

Recently, there has been a growing new paradigm to use synthetic calcium phosphate biomaterials as bone substitutes in orthopedics applications. Their structure and composition are close to the human bone, and thus conferring them a good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Wet process is normally used for the synthesis of Hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). However, the wet process was reported to be less reproducible for fabrication of pure apatitic phases in comparison to other synthesis processes. In this study, it is hypothesized that a specific apatitic phase that is normally obtained from stoichiometric reaction can be synthesized by using non-stoichiometric based reactants in a reproducible way by controlling the pH value during the synthesis process. A factorial design with two factors and three repeats was implemented to examine the hypothesis [A: Ca/P (1.5, 1.55, 1.667) and B: pH (7.5, 9.5)]. All precipitated powders were dried and aged overnight and then sintered for 2 hours at 800 °C. The powders were analyzed for phase, group and morphological analysis by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), FTIR, and ESM/TEM, respectively. The results have revealed a better understanding of how to synthesize pure calcium phosphates phases for the repair of bone defects using the cost-effective wet chemical process. Small variation in the reactant molar ratio can significantly change the precipitated phases. Controlling the reaction pH can governor effectively the precipitation of a specific phase despite of the small variation in the molar ratio.

Effect of βTricalcium Phosphate Nanoparticles Additions on the Properties of Gelatin-Chitosan Scaffolds

Bone tissue engineering, using a synthetic porous scaffold material provides some distinct advantages over autografting and allografting, and it is a rapidly growing alternative approach to heal damaged bone tissue. The current study focuses on fabrication and characterization of nano β-TCP incorporated gelatin- chitosan based composite scaffold for bone regeneration at the sites of musculoskeletal defects and disorders. Gelatin-chitosan scaffold reinforced with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanopowder was fabricated through freeze drying of material’s suspension. From powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analysis the presence of phase pure β-TCP powders in gelatin-chitosan matrix was confirmed. Gelatin-Chitosan-β- TCP (GCT) scaffold exhibited a homogenouos porous structure with an average pore size of 118 ± 11 μm. Micro-CT image confirmed interconnected porous network with homogeneous distribution of β-TCP nanoparticles in Gelatin- Chitosan (GC) matrix. GCT scaffold showed higher compressive strength of 2.45 ± 0.15 MPa as compared to 1 MPa exhibited by neat GC scaffold. Protein adsorption capacity was increased to 22 mg/cc in GCT scaffold from 13 mg/ cc in GC scaffold. Weight loss of GCT scaffold was lower of 26% as compared to 47% in GC scaffold after 8 weeks of incubation in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured onto GCT scaffold exhibited higher degree of lamellipodia and filopodia extensions and greater spreading onto GCT scaffold as compared to that in GC scaffold after 7 and 14 days of culture. MTT assay suggested higher degree of proliferation of MSCs cultured onto GCT scaffold as compared to that onto pure GC scaffolds. This study demonstrates that β-TCP incorporation into gelatin- chitosan matrix improved osteogenic potential of the scaffold suitable for bone tissue engineering

Synergistic Effects of Growth Factor, Bone Graft, and Resorbable Barrier Membrane in Management of Dehiscence and Fenestration of Dental Implants

ABSTRACT Aim The present study was primarily designed to evaluate the outcome of guided bone graft regeneration in peri-implant defects by combining recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) and granules of beta-tricalcium phosphate (B-TCP) mounted by resorbable biomesh membrane. Secondary objective was to determine the value of resorbable barrier membrane to improve the efficacy of the growth factormediated regeneration. Materials and methods A randomized controlled study comprised 14 participants (8 males and 6 females, mean age 37 years, range 19—55 years), in which a total of 15 implants (10 in maxilla and 5 in the mandible) were placed. Fifteen implant sites were randomly divided by picking a code into three groups: Test group I (n = 5) ß-TCP + rhPDGF (0.3 mg/mL) + biomesh, test group II (n = 5) ß-TCP + rhPDGF, and control (n = 5) ß-TCP + biomesh. The experimental site was examined clinically for the gingival status and radiographically for the bone status. Results Statistically significant difference in preoperative and postoperative measurements was observed for test groups I and II in all the parameters except width; in contrast, there was no significant difference observed for the control group from baseline to 5 months postoperatively. On intergroup comparison, statistically significant difference was observed between test group I vs control group and test group II vs control group, but it was not significant between test groups I and II, which was further confirmed using global performance scale score. Conclusion It concluded that rhPDGF-BB and ß-TCP mounted by resorbable biomesh membrane played a synergistic role in the management of peri-implant defects. Clinical significance Bone regenerated using ß-TCP with rhPDGF-BB in the reversal of peri-implant defects. How to cite this article Arora R, Verma UP, Dixit J, Lal N. Synergistic Effects of Growth Factor, Bone Graft, and Resorbable Barrier Membrane in Management of Dehiscence and Fenestration of Dental Implants. World J Dent 2017;8(3):177-182.

Calcium Phosphate Foams: Potential Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Modeling in Three Dimensions.

The present method describes the procedure to fabricate calcium phosphate foams with suitable open porosity, pore size, and composition to perform three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with the objective to simulate the bone tissue microenvironment in vitro. Foams with two compositions but equivalent porosity can be fabricated. On the one hand, hydroxyapatite foams obtained by hydrolysis at 37 °C, with microstructure that mimics the small crystal size of the mineral component of bones, and on the other hand, beta tricalcium phosphate foams with polygonal grains obtained by sintering at 1100 °C. In the first part of the chapter the calcium phosphate foams are briefly described. Afterwards, the foaming process is described in detail, including alternatives to overcome processing problems than can arise. Finally, insights are provided on how to perform 3D cell cultures using the calcium phosphate foams as substrates.

Characterization of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate (β- TCP) Produced at Different Process Conditions

β- TCP was synthesized by changing the process parameters and all samples were characterized in terms of density, porosity, XRD and FTIR analysis. Density rose and porosity decreased with rising of pH value and density found maximum (2.31 g/cc) at pH 10. Sharp peaks in the XRD diffractograms ensured the crystallinity of samples which increased after calcination and sintering process. Average crystal size was found 28.21 nm. IR spectrum at 943.19 cm-1 and 972.12 cm-1 appeared in FTIR analysis proved the presence of pure β- TCP exists in resulting samples. Performance to stress increased with pH and maximum compressive strength was found at pH 10. Calcination was found maximum 3.485 Nmm-2 at 900°C minimum 1.352 Nmm-2 at 800°C.