Β-lactoglobulin Research Articles

Genomic Tools for Medicinal Properties of Goat Milk for Cosmetic and Health Benefits: A Narrative Review

Goat milk has gained recognition for its medicinal, cosmetic, and health benefits, particularly its potential to improve human skin conditions. Its therapeutic properties are attributed to bioactive compounds influenced by genes such as lactoferrin (LTF), lysozyme (LYZ), and β-casein (CSN2), known for their antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Genetic factors are hypothesized to shape goat milk’s composition and its effectiveness in managing dermatological conditions like eczema and psoriasis. Understanding these genetic determinants is critical to optimizing the use of goat milk in skin health applications. This review aims to explore the application of genomic tools to elucidate the medicinal properties of goat milk and its implications for skin care. By identifying the specific genes and molecular mechanisms underpinning its therapeutic effects, genomic studies have provided insights into the bioactive constituents of goat milk, such as peptides, proteins, and lipids, which contribute to its dermatological efficacy. Candidate genes, including growth hormone receptor (GHR), butyrophilin (BTN1A1), and lactoglobulin (LGB), have been identified as critical for enhancing milk quality and functionality. Future research should integrate genomic data with functional studies to further investigate goat milk’s immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Such insights could advance targeted breeding strategies and innovative formulations for managing inflammatory skin conditions and promoting skin health.

Mixed Adsorption Mono- and Multilayers of ß-Lactoglobulin Fibrils and Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

The formation of beta-lactoglobulin (BLG)/sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) complexes decelerates the change in the surface properties of the mixed solutions with the surface age and increases the steady-state dilational surface elasticity in a narrow PSS concentration range. At the same time, the changes in the surface properties are accelerated in the dispersions of BLG fibrils with and without PSS due to the influence of small peptides coexisting with fibrils. A decrease in the peptide concentration as a result of the dispersion purification leads to slower changes in the surface properties at low PSS concentrations. The increase in the polyelectrolyte concentration results in an increase in the steady-state surface elasticity due to the fibril/PSS complex formation and in very slow changes in the surface properties if the polyelectrolyte exceeds a certain critical value. The latter effect is a consequence of the formation of large aggregates and of an increase in the electrostatic adsorption barrier. The consecutive adsorption of BLG fibrils and PSS leads to the formation of regular multilayers at the liquid–gas interface. The multilayer properties change noticeably with an increase in the number of layers from four to six in agreement with previous results on the multilayers of PSS with an oppositely charged synthetic polyelectrolyte, presumably due to the heterogeneity of the first PSS layer. The dynamic elasticity of the multilayers approaches 250 mN/m, indicating that they can effectively stabilize foams and emulsions.

Assessment of Serum Levels of Specific IgE to Cow Milk and Gluten Antigens in Autistic Children

Abstract Background Regimens of dietary restrictions of cow’s milk protein and wheat showed good impact on autistic children without clear explanation. Objective To investigate the possible link between serum levels of specific IgE to cow milk and gluten allergens and the severity of autism in a group of autistic children. Methods This pilot case-control study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University over a period of 6 months, from May 2022 to November 2022. Twenty four autistic children aged 4 to 12 years and twenty four age- and sex-matched healthy children were included after excluding children with any chronic, allergic or autoimmune disease. Diagnosis of autism was settled according to 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Serum levels of specific IgE for 4 cow’s milk proteins and gluten protein were assessed for the patients and healthy children using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results Mean age of autistic patients was 6.48±2.54 years with 19 males and 5 females were studies who were age and sex matched with healthy children and served as a control group. Serum levels of specific IgE against cow’s milk protein and gluten were undetectable among the 2 groups as their level was below 0.35 ku/l. Boys had significantly higher levels of specific IgE against beta lactoglobulin compared to autistic girls in female ranging from (0.01-0.2) while in males (0.06-0.33) (p = 0.04). Specific IgE to casein was positively correlated to IQ level of the studied patients (r = 0.499, p = 0.13). Conclusion Although milk and gluten intolerance were identified in autistic children, the underlying mechanism is mostly not related to atopy. Further studies should be encouraged to identify the other possible mechanisms.

New perspective into the interaction behavior explore of Nano-berberine with alpha-lactalbumin in the presence of beta-lactoglobulin: Multi-spectroscopic and molecular dynamic investigations

The present study was focus on the interaction of alpha lactalbumin (α-LA) and Nano-berberine (Nano-Ber) in the absence and presence of beta lactoglobulin (β-LG) as binary and ternary systems by the exertion of different spectroscopic techniques, conductometry, β-galactosidase activity, and molecular simulation measurements. The outcomes of fluorescence quenching clarified the dominance of static quenching mechanism throughout the interaction of α-LA-Nano-Ber and (α-LA-β-LG) Nano-Ber complexes and also determined the KSV values to be (4.68±0.05) × 104 and (5.18±0.06) × 104 M−1, respectively. The measured thermodynamic parameters exhibited the participation of electrostatic forces in the binding interaction of α-LA and α-LA-β-LG complex with Nano-Ber. Moreover, the negative value of ΔG0 represents the spontaneous mode of this binding process in both systems. Synchronous fluorescence and resonance light scattering data demonstrated the impact of β-LG attendance on altering the interaction behavior of α-LA and Nano-Ber. The changes in the secondary structure of both proteins were affirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) technique. According to the displayed β-galactosidase activity in the Michaelis-Menten plot of both binary and ternary systems, a greater Vmax refers to the stronger affinity of lactose and lactose hydrolysis that can be effective on the lactose intolerance regarding dairy products. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations were employed to simulate the atomic-level interactions and explore the stability and conformational changes of protein-Nano Ber complexes over time. The results of these comprehensive biophysical investigations shed light on the binding characteristics, structural alterations, and dynamic behavior of Nano-Ber upon interaction with α-lactalbumin in the absence and presence of β-lactoglobulin as the binary and ternary systems. This study reveals the Nano-Ber role in the protein–protein interaction behavior and provides valuable insights into the potential applications of α-lactalbumin in the design of functional food formulations and drug delivery systems

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Disease Treatment

CRISPR/cas9 was widely used in medical study because it is fast, cheap, accurate, and efficient in knockout, knock-in, activation, interference and other editing functions. It has gained attention for precise and effect DNA pieces targeting and editing in different kind model systems, including rat, rabbit, and human cells. The paper will going to investigating how Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is used to solve human disease. Most of the DNA mutation linked to a hereditary illness can be edited using CRISPR and CRISPR-associated protein 9 technology. The following articles will not only talk about disease associated with gene mutations, but also solve disease by changing DNA sequences and removing allergy factor form food. To explain several of the above approaches, a few examples have been selected for this article, including Alzheimer's disease, Hemophilia, Tyrosine, Beta thalassemia, Parkinson's disease, Hepatocellular carcinoma, and Beta Lactoglobulin.

Milk Protein Genes Polymorphism in Indigenous and Crossbred Cattle from a private Dairy Farm in Ethiopia

Kappa casein and beta lactoglobulin genes are major milk proteins which have a direct effect on protein content in dairy cattle. Molecular-based selection through the identification of genetic polymorphism of major protein genes can be used to gain genetic improvement of milk protein yield. The objective of this study was to identify kappa casein (CSN3) and beta lactoglobulin (LGB) genes polymorphisms in indigenous and crossbreed cattle. A total of 90 whole blood samples were collected from individual animal in a private dairy farm. DNA extraction and quality assessment were done salting out procedure and gel electrophoresis, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with gene specific primers. For genotyping, PCR products of CSN3 gene was digested with HinfI and HindIII while LGB gene was digested with HaeIII restriction enzymes. Two haplotypes A and B; three genotypes, AA, AB and BB were observed at CSN3 of HinfI site and LGB HaeIII site, but only AA and AB were observed at CSN3 of HindIII site in crossbred and indigenous cattle populations. However, at CSN3 locus, A allele was found to be more common (0.65) in indigenous cattle than the B allele (0.35), while B (0.51) allele and AB genotype (0.81) were more frequent in crossbred cattle. But, LGB B allele was higher in indigenous cattle (0.67) compared to Allele A (0.33). LGB BB genotype (0.57) is higher followed by AA genotype in indigenous cattle while both allele and genotypic frequencies are equal in crossbred cattle. Both CSN3 and LGB loci were polymorphic in studied populations. Expected heterozygosity was higher in crossbred (0.49, 0.50) than in indigenous (0.38, 0.33) cattle at CSN3 and LGB locus, respectively which might be due to breed variation. The current findings showed that both CSN3 and LGB genes could be promising diagnostic markers in selecting dairy cattle breed. However, further investigations with large sample size and association study with milk composition is required to substantiate the current result.

Investigating the Effect of the Azo Dye Amaranth on Beta Lactoglobulin by Multi-Spectroscopic Techniques and Molecular Docking: Role in Protein Aggregation

Investigating the Effect of the Azo Dye Amaranth on Beta Lactoglobulin by Multi-Spectroscopic Techniques and Molecular Docking: Role in Protein Aggregation

Association of polymorphic variants of prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) genes with resistance/susceptibility to mastitis in holstein cows.

The work aims to analyze the associations of polymorphic variants of the PRL and BLG genes with resistance and susceptibility to mastitis in Holstein cows. The experimental study consisted of the selection of biomaterial samples from 250 heads of Holstein cows aged 3 years divided into two groups (healthy and with a confirmed diagnosis of mastitis). The determination of animal genotypes was carried out using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The study of the nature of the association of polymorphic variants of the PRL and BLG gene with resistance/increased risk of mastitis established a significant deviation from the theoretically expected distribution of bBLG-HaeIII genotypes in the group of animals suffering from mastitis (the value of χ2 was 0.24). The bBLG-HaeIIIBB genotype can act as a marker of an increased risk of developing mastitis in Holstein cows; its frequency in the group of sick animals exceeds the frequency in the control group by more than 2 times (44.0 compared to 17.0%, respectively). The bBLG-HaeIIIAB genotype is significantly associated with mastitis resistance in Holstein cows; its frequency is 2 times lower than in the control group (28.0 compared to 54.0%).

Evaluation of ELISA Test Kits for Detection of Milk Protein in Frying Oil Treated at Different Temperatures

Milk is a common ingredient in fried foods. Allergen cross-contact can occur through the reuse of frying oil. To enable assessment of the allergy risk of reused oil, methods for quantification of milk protein in oil are needed. This study evaluated four commercial ELISA test kits in comparison with the 660 nm total protein assay for the detection of milk protein in oil after frying. Corn oil spiked with nonfat or whole milk powder were fried at 150 °C or 180 °C for 3 min and were analyzed by ELISA kits either directly or after preextraction with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween (PBST). All four ELISA kits performed well in quantifying milk protein in unheated oil, achieving normalized recoveries of 72.1–115.9% compared with that determined in reference solutions (PBST spiked with nonfat or whole milk powder, 100%). Frying lowered the amount of protein detected, but the extent of reduction differed between test kits. In nonfat milk powder-spiked oil fried at 150 °C, normalized recoveries determined by Veratox Total Milk and BioKits BLG Assay (49.9% and 43.6%, respectively) were higher than that determined by the 660 nm assay (25.4%). Normalized recoveries determined by ELISA Systems Casein and Beta-Lactoglobulin (BLG) kits were substantially lower (9.7% and 2.4%, respectively). In samples fried under typical frying temperature (180 °C), very little protein (0.1–7.4%) was detected. Inclusion of PBST preextraction improved the detection of the two test kits targeting BLG but lowered the level of protein detected by Veratox and ELISA Systems Casein in fried samples. Overall, the ELISA kits evaluated could effectively quantify milk protein in unheated oil without the need to remove the oil phase prior to analysis. Heat treatment was the key factor negatively affecting protein quantitation. Such impact needs to be considered when ELISA test results are used for assessing the allergy risk of reused frying oil.

The Common Food Allergy in Iraqi Patients with Urticaria

A food allergy is a type of immunological reaction to food that is abnormal. The allergic reaction's symptoms might range from moderate to severe. Itching, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure are some of the symptoms. This can happen anywhere from a few minutes to several hours after exposure. Methods: The included samples of this study were 125 patient with chronic urticaria with age between 20 - 60 years were collected from allergy specialized center of Baghdad/ Ressafa. Determination of food allergen specific IgE in serum of total subjects was done for twenty two of common food allergens. Results: The current results showed that 39/125 of urticarial patients were positive to Beta-Lacto globulin, 29/125 positive to Banana, 21/125 positive to Apple, 14/125 positive to Egg Yolk, 10/125 positive to Sesame, 9/125 positive to Nut-Mix, 7/125 positive to Rice and Potato, 6/125 positive to Egg White, Citrus Mix and Peach, 5/125 positive to Milk and Tomato, 3/125 positive to Wheat Flour and Onion, 2/125 positive to Celery, 1/125 positive to Pea, Pork Meat, Strawberry, Baker’s Yeast, Chicken Meat and Cacao (Chocolate). Conclusions: The most common food allergies concluded in this study were for Beta-Lacto globulin, Banana, Apple, Egg Yolk and Sesame.

Spectroscopy and dynamics of beta-lactoglobulin complexed with rifampicin

In this paper, we report the binding interaction of milk protein, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), with an antibiotic against tuberculosis, rifampicin (RIF). BLG intrinsic fluorescence from tryptophan (Trp) amino acids was monitored to understand protein-drug interactions. Binding parameters and stoichiometry were estimated with the help of fluorescence spectral changes. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to exclusively monitor the Trp and Tyrosine (Tyr) environment in the presence of RIF. With the help of steady state fluorescence at different temperatures supported by time-resolved fluorescence, we confirmed that the protein forms a static complex with RIF. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS values, showed the involvement of hydrophobic forces between the RIF and BLG. Competitive displacement assay with ANS confirmed the BLG calyx as the binding site for RIF. Energy transfer mechanism from Trp to RIF was attributed to the fluorescence changes in protein upon complexation. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to find distance, energy transfer efficiency and rate of energy transfer between donor (BLG) and acceptor (RIF). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized for estimating changes in the secondary structure of BLG induced by RIF. Molecular docking was used to visualise the binding location of RIF on BLG. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies showed a consistent binding interactions between BLG and RIF during the 100 ns simulation period and this well supported the increased beta sheet content in FTIR. Overall our results establish the potential of intrinsic fluorescence of BLG in combination with biophysical tools to rationalize drug-protein interactions. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Molecular Screening of β-Lactoglobulin Gene Variation for Allergy-free Milk Production in Indonesian Friesian Holstein

The most allergenic protein in cow’s milk for new-borns is Beta Lactoglobulin (β-LG), which is also one of the bovine whey proteins. As a result, choosing suitable animals to create free allergenic protein is essential. In this study, Indonesian Friesian Holstein’s genetic variants in the β-LG gene were examined). Forty-two blood samples were sampled as DNA sources. The β-LG gene allele and genotype variant were identified using PCR-RFLP, or Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Successful amplification of the β-LG gene with a 247 bp product size was followed by DNA sequencing and HaeIII enzyme digestion (GG|CC). There were discovered to be three genotypes and two types of alleles, A and B, with the frequencies being AA (0.26), AB (0.50), and BB (0.24). The population is in equilibrium because A and B have respective allele frequencies of 0.51 and 0.49. In conclusion, molecular-assisted selection can create allergen-free milk by utilizing the genotype variants of β-LG genes.

Relationship between Milk Protein Polymorphism and Selected Cows' Reproductive Indices.

This research sought to determine the effect of selected milk protein polymorphisms on the reproduction parameters of 598 black and white Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle. The analyzed genes were kappa-casein (CSN3) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG). The following reproductive indexes were selected: the age at first calving, the interpregnancy period, the calving interval, and the insemination index. The influence of the identified genotypes on the course of parturition in cows was also analyzed. Source data were collected for each cow from the beginning of the herd life and reproduction to its culling from the herd or the end of its third lactation. Data on the age at first calving, the amount of semen portions for artificial insemination (insemination index), the interpregnancy period, and the calving interval for each cow were also collected. A contingency analysis was performed through contingency tables using a Pearson's chi-squared test for each CSN3 and BLG genotype. The results show that the BB genotype of the kappa-casein gene was associated with the most favorable values of reproductive indicators. In the case of the calving interval, the values were significantly more favorable than those of other genotypes (p ≤ 0.05). No effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism on the analyzed reproductive indices was observed. On the other hand, in the case of the interpregnancy period, significant statistical differences were obtained between the AA and BB genotypes. The analyzed kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin genotypes did not significantly influence the course of parturition in cows. To conclude, the genotype polymorphism BB CSN3 is the most favorable for the performance of the cows in the examined herd.

Association of the complex of polymorphic variants of the DGAT1, GH, PRL and BLG, genes with dairy productivity indicators of holstein dairy cattle cows of domestic selection

The paper presents the results of studying the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection. The object of research was cattle and biological material (ear pluck) from cows of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection, contained in the agricultural production cooperative named after I.P. Senko, Grodno region. DNA genotyping of animals for the genes of diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL), and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP). The results of studies on the assessment of the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein cows of dairy cattle domestic selection showed that in terms of the mass fraction of fat and the amount of milk fat in milk, in most cases, the highest rates were in animals with the complex genotype DGAT1ККGHLLPRLAABLGAB.

Slaughter indicators of purebred Hereford bulls depending on the genotypes of the gene GDP-l-fucosynthetase (TSTA3)

The paper presents the results of studying the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection. The object of research was cattle and biological material (ear pluck) from cows of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection, contained in the agricultural production cooperative named after I.P. Senko, Grodno region. DNA genotyping of animals for the genes of diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL), and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP). The results of studies on the assessment of the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein cows of dairy cattle domestic selection showed that in terms of the mass fraction of fat and the amount of milk fat in milk, in most cases, the highest rates were in animals with the complex genotype.

A single species bacterial therapy reduces type 2 immune responses in the gut to prevent food allergy

Abstract The rising prevalence of food allergy is strongly correlated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Rescuing this dysbiosis by reintroducing specific bacteria is a promising method to prevent or treat food allergy. We have shown that monocolonization with Anaerostipes caccae, a species representative of the healthy infant microbiota, protects against an allergic response to the milk protein b-lactoglobulin (BLG). Recently we developed a synbiotic bacterial therapy (A. caccaeplus prebiotic lactulose) which rescues the allergic phenotype of gnotobiotic mice colonized with the fecal bacteria of a dysbiotic, cow’s milk allergic (CMA) infant. Synbiotic treatment minimizes the anaphylactic response to intragastric BLG challenge and reduces circulating BLG-specific IgE and IgG1. To understand how a single bacterium regulates mucosal immunity during the onset of IgE-mediated allergy we first examined the alarmin response. CMA colonized mice express high transcript levels of both IL25and TLSPin ileal epithelial cells after sensitization with BLG plus cholera toxin. The synbiotic abrogated this alarmin response, potentially via increased mucus production. Synbiotic treatment also reduced the proportion and number of T follicular (Tf) helper cells in the ileal-draining lymph node (LN) and increased Tf-regulatory cells in the colon-draining LN, suggesting a role in T/B cell regulation. Ongoing experiments are examining how the synbiotic affects localization and expansion of IgE producing cells in mucosal tissues including Peyer’s patches and mesenteric LNs. These findings will help to uncover the mechanisms by which specific, protective bacteria prevent food allergy and inform the development of effective live biotherapeutics.

Investigation of bovine β-lactoglobulin-procyanidin complexes interactions and its utilization in O/W emulsion

Procyanidins are bioactive polyphenols that have a strong affinity to proteins. Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) is widely used as an emulsifier in the food and other industries. This study evaluated the interaction between BLG and A-type procyanidin dimer (PA2) using the spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and molecular simulation. PA2 decreased the transmissivity and quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BLG, suggesting that the two molecules formed a complex. The binding of PA2 reduced the surface hydrophobicity and altered the conformation of BLG with increasing the random coil regions. Thermodynamic and isothermal titration calorimetry analyses suggested that the main driving force of PA2-BLG interaction was hydrophobic attraction. Molecular docking simulations were used to identify the main interaction sites and forces in the BLG-PA2 complexes, which again indicated that hydrophobic interactions dominated. In addition, the influence of PA2 on the ability of BLG to form and stabilize O/W emulsions was analyzed. Emulsions formulated using BLG-PA2 complexes contained relatively small droplets (D4,3 ≈ 0.7 μm) and high surface potentials (absolute value >50 mV). Compared to BLG alone, BLG-PA2 complexes improved the storage stability of the emulsions. This study provides valuable new insights into the formation, properties, and application of protein-polyphenol complexes as functional ingredients in foods.

АССОЦИАЦИЯ КОМПЛЕКСА ПОЛИМОРФНЫХ ВАРИАНТОВ ГЕНОВ DGAT1, GH, PRL И BLG С ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯМИ МОЛОЧНОЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ КОРОВ БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ЧЕРНО-ПЕСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ

When assessing the associated effect of complex genotypes of diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), so-matotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) genes on the indicators of dairy productivity of cows of the Belarusian black-and-white breed, it was found that animals with the complex genotype DGAT1ККGHLLPRLAABLGAB had the highest indicators of dairy productivity.

Production of bovine beta-lactoglobulin and hen egg ovalbumin by Trichoderma reesei using precision fermentation technology and testing of their techno-functional properties

The food protein ingredient market is dominated by dairy and egg proteins. Both milk whey and egg proteins are challenging proteins to replace, e.g. with plant proteins, due to the unique structural features of the animal proteins that render them highly functional. Thus, to provide a non-animal source of these important proteins the fungal host Trichoderma reesei was utilized for the biotechnical production of recombinant hen ovalbumin (TrOVA) and bovine beta lactoglobulin (TrBLG). These food proteins were investigated using two different promoter systems to test the concept of effectively expressing them in a fungal host. Both proteins were successfully produced in 24 well plate and bioreactor scale. The production level of TrBLG and TrOVA were 1 g/L and 2 g/L, respectively. Both proteins were further purified and characterized, and their functional properties were tested. TrBLG and TrOVA secondary structures determined by circular dichroism corresponded to the proteins of bovine and hen. The T. reesei produced proteins were found to be N-glycosylated, mostly with Man 5. TrBLG had emulsification properties matching to corresponding bovine protein. TrOVA showed excellent foaming characteristics and heat-induced gelation, although the strength of the gel was somewhat lower than with hen ovalbumin, possibly due to the partial degradation of TrOVA or presence of other host proteins. Biotechnical production of whey and egg proteins using precision fermentation technology offers an innovative way to increase the sustainability of the conventional food industry, without further reliance on animal farming.Industrial relevance: The food protein ingredient market is dominated by dairy (largely whey proteins) and egg proteins. Whey proteins are valuable and versatile food ingredients due to their functional and nutritional quality. They are largely used in meat and milk products, low fat products, bakery, confectionary, infant formulas and sports nutrition. Similarly, egg white protein ovalbumin is a highly functional protein ingredient that facilitates structure formation and high nutritional quality in most food products. Together they comprise 40–70% of the revenue in the animal protein ingredients market. Both whey and egg proteins are extremely challenging proteins to replace, e.g., by plant proteins due to their unique structural features that render them with high functionality. Biotechnical production of whey and egg proteins using precision fermentation technology offers an innovative way to increase the sustainability of the conventional food industry, without further reliance on animal farming.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE COMPLEX OF POLYMORPHIC
 VARIANTS OF DGAT1, GH, PRL AND BLG GENES AND MILK YIELD
 INDICATORS OF THE COWS OF THE BELARUSIAN RED BREED
 GROUP

When assessing an associated effect of the complex of polymorphic variants of genes of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) with the dairy productivity indicators of cows of the Belarusian red breed group, it was found that the highest indicators were demonstrated by the animals with the complex genotype DGAT1KK GHLL PRLAA BLGAB.