Beta Corolliflora Research Articles

PROJECTED CHANGE IN DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF CROP WILD RELATIVES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF THE FERTILE CRESCENT

The principal aim of this paper is to evaluate alterations in the geographical distributions of priority crop wild relatives (CWRs) within the Fertile Crescent Region. The analysis encompasses a comprehensive set of 441 priority CWRs. To compile species distribution information, a meticulously constructed database of occurrence records was utilized. The process involved gathering current and projected climate data from WorldClim to facilitate the evaluation. This study employed MaxEnt version 3.4.1 for species distribution modeling (SDM) considering two distinct dispersal scenarios. One scenario proposed that the CWR taxa were incapable of adapting to their preferred weather conditions, while the other scenario suggested that CWR could track suitable climates to ensure their survival. The generated maps underwent processing in DIVA-GIS version 7.5. Notably, Aegilops bicornis, a wild relative of bread wheat, and Triticum monococcum, a wild relative of wheat, are anticipated to face substantial impacts due to climate change. Specifically, the dispersal of T. monococcum is predicted to shift toward the north, where new suitable areas are expected to emerge in Northern Iraq. Conversely, Cicer bijugum, a wild relative of chickpea, Vicia grandiflora, a wild relative of common vetch, and Beta corolliflora, a wild relative of sugar beet, are projected to experience a comparatively slight impact from climate change, as their potential distribution areas are estimated to diminish. Overall, this study foresees a decline in CWRs across the Fertile Crescent, particularly noting reduced habitats for the CWRs in Turkey.

IDENTIFICATION OF NEW SNPS IN GENES/LOCI OF RESISTANCE TO FUSARIOSIS AND CHITINASE

The aim of this work is to test specific primers FusA1F/R, 2Ch300F/R, and 7Ch310F/R to study SE2 gene responsible for expression of acid chitinase in stressful situations, and loci that ensure resistance of sugar beetroot breeding material to Fusarium rot. Material for the study was sugar beetroot plants of domestic and foreign selection. To confirm the connection of SE2 gene (localized on chromosome 3)which controlsstable level of acid chitinase with resistance of sugar beetroot to root rot, ten samples of sugar beetroot were typed using molecular genetic marker FusA1. Two 600 b.p. and 400 b.p. DNA fragments in all studied genotypes, except wild beetroot plants (Beta corolliflora Zoss.)were identified. As a result of the studies of SE2 gene, eight single nucleotide substitutions (3 T/C, 2 C/G, A/G, G/A, C/T) and three single nucleotide insertions (nucleotide A) were identified in plants of Shannon foreign hybrid compared to the resistant genotype. As for loci encoding protective proteins (regions of the second and seventh chromosomes) and involved in formation of resistance to Fusarium rot, SNPs were also found in domestic breeding materials and foreign hybrids. The Geneious Prime tool was used to analyze and align the sequenced sequences.

Studying of the acid chitinase SE2 gene in sugar beet genotypes

Aim of the work was specific primers (FusA1F/FusA1R) testing to study the SE2 gene controlling acid chitinase effect under stress conditions. Plants of domestic and foreign sugar beet were the material for the investigation. To confirm relationship between the SE2 gene (localized to the chromosome 3) controlling steady effect of acid chitinase and sugar beet resistance to root rot, 10 sugar beet samples were genotyped using the FusA1 molecular marker. DNA-fragments of 600 and 400 b.p.in length were revealed in each of the investigated genotypes except plants of wild beet ( Beta corolliflora Zoss .). As a result of molecular-genetic studies of the SE2 gene, eight single nucleotide polymorphism (3 T/C, 2 C/G, A/G, G/A, C/T) and 3 single nucleotide inserts (nucleotide A) were identified in plants of the breeding sample No. 9 (Sh.1). Plants of this genotype showed symptoms of fusariose infection under field conditions as well. It can be concluded that the SNPs data lead to overcoming of resistance (by changing an amino-acid unit in a polypeptide), and, as consequence, to decrease of plant adaptability.

Overexpression of S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Synthetase 2 from Sugar Beet M14 Increased Arabidopsis Tolerance to Salt and Oxidative Stress.

The sugar beet monosomic addition line M14 is a unique germplasm that contains genetic materials from Beta vulgaris L. and Beta corolliflora Zoss, and shows tolerance to salt stress. Our study focuses on exploring the molecular mechanism of the salt tolerance of the sugar beet M14. In order to identify differentially expressed genes in M14 under salt stress, a subtractive cDNA library was generated by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A total of 36 unique sequences were identified in the library and their putative functions were analyzed. One of the genes, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS), is the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a precursor of polyamines. To determine the potential role of SAMS in salt tolerance, we isolated BvM14-SAMS2 from the salt-tolerant sugar beet M14. The expression of BvM14-SAMS2 in leaves and roots was greatly induced by salt stress. Overexpression of BvM14-SAMS2 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced salt and H2O2 tolerance. Furthermore, we obtained a knock-down T-DNA insertion mutant of AtSAMS3, which shares the highest homology with BvM14-SAMS2. Interestingly, the mutant atsam3 showed sensitivity to salt and H2O2 stress. We also found that the antioxidant system and polyamine metabolism play an important role in salt and H2O2 tolerance in the BvM14-SAMS2-overexpressed plants. To our knowledge, the function of the sugar beet SAMS has not been reported before. Our results have provided new insights into SAMS functions in sugar beet.

OMICS Technologies and Applications in Sugar Beet.

Sugar beet is a species of the Chenopodiaceae family. It is an important sugar crop that supplies approximately 35% of the sugar in the world. Sugar beet M14 line is a unique germplasm that contains genetic materials from Beta vulgaris L. and Beta corolliflora Zoss. And exhibits tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we have summarized OMICS technologies and applications in sugar beet including M14 for identification of novel genes, proteins related to biotic and abiotic stresses, apomixes and metabolites related to energy and food. An OMICS overview for the discovery of novel genes, proteins and metabolites in sugar beet has helped us understand the complex mechanisms underlying many processes such as apomixes, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The knowledge gained is valuable for improving the tolerance of sugar beet and other crops to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as for enhancing the yield of sugar beet for energy and food production.

Quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics of sugar beet monosomic addition line M14 in response to salt stress

Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth, development and agriculture productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of salt stress tolerance will provide valuable information for effective crop engineering and breeding. Sugar beet monosomic addition line M14 obtained from the intercross between Beta vulgaris L. and Beta corolliflora Zoss exhibits tolerance to salt stress. In this study, the changes in the M14 proteome and phosphoproteome induced by salt stress were analyzed. We report the characteristics of the M14 plants under 0, 200, and 400mM NaCl using label-free quantitative proteomics approaches. Protein samples were subjected to total proteome profiling using LC-MS/MS and phosphopeptide enrichment to identify phosphopeptides and phosphoproteins. A total of 2182 proteins were identified and 114 proteins showed differential levels under salt stress. Interestingly, 189 phosphoproteins exhibited significant changes at the phosphorylation level under salt stress. Several signaling components associated with salt stress were found, e.g. 14-3-3 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Fifteen differential phosphoproteins and proteins involved in signal transduction were tested at the transcriptional level. The results revealed the short-term salt responsive mechanisms of the special sugar beet M14 line using label-free quantitative phosphoproteomics. Biological significanceSugar beet monosomic addition line M14 is a special germplasm with salt stress tolerance. Analysis of the M14 proteome and phosphoproteome under salt stress has provided insight into specific response mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance. Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates a wide range of cellular processes such as transmembrane signaling, intracellular amplification of signals, and cell-cycle control. This study has identified significantly changed proteins and phosphoproteins, and determined their potential relevance to salt stress response. The knowledge gained can be potentially applied to improving crop salt tolerance.

Evaluation of Mineral Composition of Some Wild Edible Plants Growing in the Eastern Anatolia Region Grasslands of Turkey and Consumed as Vegetable

This study was conducted to determine the mineral contents and some nutritional properties of four wild edible plants (Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala and Primula auriculata) growing in the grasslands of Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey and are consumed as vegetable. This is the first scientific report on the nutritional composition of these species. The moisture content, pH, ash and total nitrogen content of the plants ranged from 79.73 to 86.10%, 4.85 to 5.61, 7.33 to 17.12% and 1.68 to 3.77%, respectively. Mineral analysis showed that the wild plants contained considerably high amounts of potassium (892.93–2,663.63 mg/100 g), phosphorus (239.57–636.77 mg/100 g), calcium (279.90–341.33 mg/100 g), magnesium (103.43–363.27 mg/100 g), iron (11.06–37.13 mg/100 g), manganese (1.56–5.39 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.28–3.36 mg/100 g). Mineral compositions of the plants varied significantly depending on the species. B. corolliflora had the richest content of minerals. Practical Applications Many wild edible plants naturally growing in grasslands are traditionally used in human diet in Turkey. Recently, there has been an increasing interest to assess the nutritional properties of wild edible plants. In this study, the mineral contents and some nutritional properties of four wild edible plants consumed as vegetable in the Eastern Anatolia grasslands of Turkey, namely Bellevalia forniculata, Beta corolliflora, Caltha polypetala and Primula auriculata, were determined. The present study revealed that, in general, mineral contents of the wild edible plants studied were higher than that of the commercial vegetables. These wild plants could serve as good and cheap sources of minerals in human diet and they can help to overcome the mineral deficiencies especially in the rural areas.

Proteomic Analysis of Salt Tolerance in Sugar Beet Monosomic Addition Line M14

Understanding the mechanisms of plant salinity tolerance can facilitate plant engineering for enhanced salt stress tolerance. Sugar beet monosomic addition line M14 obtained from the intercross between Beta vulgaris L. and Beta corolliflora Zoss exhibits tolerance to salt stress. Here we report the salt-responsive characteristics of the M14 plants under 0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl conditions using quantitative proteomics approaches. Proteins from control and the salt treated M14 plants were separated using 2D-DIGE. Eighty-six protein spots representing 67 unique proteins in leaves and 22 protein spots representing 22 unique proteins in roots were identified. In addition, iTRAQ LC-MS/MS was employed to identify and quantify differentially expressed proteins under salt stress. Seventy-five differentially expressed proteins in leaves and 43 differentially expressed proteins in roots were identified. The proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, energy, metabolism, protein folding and degradation, and stress and defense. Moreover, gene transcription data obtained from the same samples were compared to the corresponding protein data. Thirteen proteins in leaves and 12 in roots showed significant correlation in gene expression and protein levels. These results suggest the important processes for the M14 tolerance to salt stress include enhancement of photosynthesis and energy metabolism, accumulation of osmolyte and antioxidant enzymes, and regulation of methionine metabolism and ion uptake/exclusion.

Seed-Setting Mode of Monosomic Addition Line M14 of Beta corolliflora in Sugar Beet

A cross combination of M14 with green petiole×B. vulgaris with red petiole was prepared to observe the dominant trait marker of hybrid plants, and the genetic correlation between the maternal plant and F1 generation of M14 based on the SSR analysis. The result showed that M14 had higher transmission rate of the alien chromosome. Multiplied seeds came from the union of male and female gametes under artificial pollination, and the petiole color of all the hybrid plants was red. There was no the exactly identical genotype in the progeny compared with the maternal plant. It indicated that the seed-setting mode of M14 is not apomixis, but sexual reproduction. Southern blot showed that the chromosomes of B. vulgaris reversed from M14 sharing the DNA sequence of B. corolliflora, it is implying that there was popular meiosis and chromosome aberration during the female gamete formation of sugar-beet M14. The study came to the conclusion that higher transmission frequency of the alien chromosome of sugar-beet M14 is probably induced by the chromosome 9 of Beta corolliflora with gametocidal function.

Sugar beet M14 glyoxalase I gene can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses

Glyoxalase I is the first enzyme of the glyoxalase system that can detoxify methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic compound increased rapidly under stress conditions. Here we report cloning and characterization of a glyoxalase I from sugar beet M14 line (an interspecific hybrid between a wild species Beta corolliflora Zoss and a cultivated species B. vulgaris L). The full-length gene BvM14-glyoxalase I has 1,449bp in length with an open reading frame of 1,065bp encoding 354 amino acids. Sequence analysis shows the conserved glyoxalase I domains, metal and glutathione binding sites and secondary structure (α-helixes and β-sheets). The BvM14-glyoxalase I gene was ubiquitously expressed in different tissues of sugar beet M14 line and up-regulated in response to salt, mannitol and oxidative stresses. Heterologous expression of BvM14-glyoxalase I could increase E. coli tolerance to methylglyoxal. Transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing BvM14-glyoxalase I were generated. Both leaf discs and seedlings showed significant tolerance to methylglyoxal, salt, mannitol and H2O2. These results suggest an important role of BvM14-glyoxalase I in cellular detoxification and tolerance to abiotic stresses.

Identification of a sugar beet BvM14-MADS box gene through differential gene expression analysis of monosomic addition line M14

Monosomic addition line M14 carrying an additional chromosome 9 from Beta corolliflora Zosimovic ex Buttler was obtained through hybridization between the wild species B. corolliflora and a cultivated species Beta vulgaris L. var Saccharifera Alef. The M14 line showed diplosporic reproduction and stress tolerance. To identify differentially expressed genes in M14, a subtractive cDNA library was prepared by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) between M14 (2 n = 18 + 1) and B. vulgaris (2 n = 18). A total of 190 unique sequences were identified in the library and their putative functions were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO). One of the genes, designated as BvM14-MADS box, encodes a MADS box transcription factor. It was cloned from M14 and over-expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. Interestingly, this gene was located on chromosome 2 of B. vulgaris, not on the additional chromosome 9. Overexpression of BvM14-MADS box led to significant phenotypic changes in tobacco. The differential expression of BvM14-MADS box gene in M14 may be caused by the interaction between the additional chromosome 9 from B. corolliflora and the B. vulgaris chromosomes in M14.

Ultrastructure of Megasporogenesis in Facultative Apomictic Monosonic Addi-tion Line M14 of <I>Beta corolliflora</I> of Sugar Beet

Research on ultrastructure of megasporogenesis facultative apomictic monosonic addition line M14 of Beta corolliflora of sugar beet by TEM,in order to get the distinctions between the initial cells of sexual reproduction and apomixes.The em-bryo-sac development of M14 can be classified into three types:Allium odorum-type,Antennaria-type,and Polygonum-type. There was little difference between Allium odorum-type and Polygonum-type until the stage of dyads.At meiosis I,nuclear vacu- oles,synaptonemal complexes showed up,cytoplasmic components underwent differentiation,callose deposited in the wall.The megasporocyte of Allium odorum-type only underwent meiosis I to form a dyad,and then the micropylar dyad cell of Allium odorum-type degenerated quickly,while the chalazal one developed into diploid functional megaspore.In Polygonum-type the micropylar dyad cell degenerated quickly,while the chalazal one finished meiosis II to form two unequal-sized megaspore.The megaspore at chalazal end developed into haploid functional megaspore.Antennaria-type was the only fashion of apomictic rec- reation of M14.Ultrastructure observation on M14 showed the signs of diploid apomictic recreation:no meiosis,no nuclear vacu- oles,no cytoplasmic components differentiation,no callose deposition,and no plasmodesmata.

Comparative proteomic analysis of apomictic monosomic addition line of Beta corolliflora and Beta vulgaris L. in sugar beet

Apomixis refers to a process in which plants produce seed without fertilization through female syngamy that produces embryos genetically identical to the maternal parent. In sugar beet, interspecific hybrids between diploid Beta vulgaris and tetraploid Beta corolliflora were established and monosomic addition line M14 was selected because of the apomictic phenotype. By using two-dimensional electrophoresis gels we identified the proteins which were differently expressed between the M14 and B. vulgaris. A total of 27 protein spots which varied expressed between lines were isolated and successfully identified with MALDI-TOF MS. Among them five protein spots were found to be only presented in M14 and two protein spots only expressed in Beta. According to their functional annotations described in Swissprot database, these proteins were, respectively, involved in important biological pathways, such as cell division, functionally classified using the KEGG functional classification system. The result may be useful for us to better understand the genetic mechanism of apomixes.

Evaluation of Beta corolliflora for Resistance to Curly Top in Idaho

Curly top of sugarbeet is caused by Beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV) or closely related curtovirus species which are vectored by the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus). Beta corolliflora, shown in 1969 to impart a very high level of curly top resistance to sugarbeet into the BC 2 generation, is a wild relative of cultivated sugarbeet that has not been utilized in breeding programs. The nature of curly top resistance from B. corolliflora seems to be reduced symptoms and resistance to viral accumulation. Field screening of 14 B. corolliflora accessions for resistance to curly top followed by PCR detection of BSCTV did not identify any accessions with phenotypic symptoms of curly top and 9 accessions did not have detectable virus. Clip cage inoculations followed by PCR detection of BSCTV and of related species, Beet mild curly top and Beet curly top viruses, were difficult to interpret due to small sample size but indicated that accessions BETA 408, BETA 414, BETA 528, BETA 690, and BETA 805, from Genebank Gatersleben, Foundation Liebniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany had no visible curly top symptoms or evidence of virus accumulation. Results of a preference test showed that beet leafhoppers did not

Monosomic addition lines of Beta corolliflora in sugar beet: plant morphology and leaf spot resistance

AbstractMonosomic addition lines in Beta vulgaris from Beta corolliflora were described morphologically and characterized for disease resistance. Monosomic addition plants (2n= 19) were selected among segregating offspring by a squash dot technique in combination with B. corolliflora‐specific probes. Plants carrying an added chromosome were characterized by leaf shape, plant size and plant vigour. In this way, most addition lines could be distinguished from diploid beets, however, to identify those plants unequivocally, molecular marker analysis was also necessary. Transmission frequencies of each addition line were determined to be in the range 13.9% (Cor‐4) to 60% (Cor‐9). High transmission rate of addition line Cor‐9 was assumed to be due to apomictic propagation because transmission rate after selfing cannot exceed 50%. Cercospora leaf spot resistance tests were performed on 167 monosomic plants from seven different addition lines, two fragment addition lines and 89 diploid controls. No line exhibited complete resistance, but the monosomic additions Cor‐3 and Cor‐4 showed significantly lower infection rates than their diploid sibling plants. The identification of monosomic addition lines with apomictic and disease resistance characters offers the possibility of transferring those genes to sugar beet.

Monosomic addition lines of Beta corolliflora Zoss in sugar beet: cytological and molecular-marker analysis

Beta corolliflora is a wild relative of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) with 2n=4x=36 chromosomes. Monosomic addition lines (2n=19) of B. corolliflora in B. vulgaris were identified from backcross progenies between triploid hybrids (genome constitution VVC) and sugar beet. They were characterized by DNA-fingerprinting using nine different B. corolliflora-specific repetitive sequences as probes and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using two B. corollifora specific sequences and two rDNA probes. Unique banding patterns obtained after genomic Southern hybridization enabled the classification of monosomic addition lines into 11 clusters, three of which proved to have a wild beet chromosome fragment in addition to the sugar beet chromosomes as revealed by FISH. Repetitive sequences pBC216 and pBC1416 were found to be present only on wild beet chromosomes IV and V. Chromosomes I and IV were found to carry genes for 18S and 5S rRNA, respectively. An idiogram of B. corolliflora was established in the triploid VVC hybrid on the basis of chromosome size and FISH. Eight B. corolliflora addition lines could be unequivocally identified by Southern hybridization and FISH, one addition line carrying the missing wild beet chromosome is probably not viable under greenhouse conditions. The monosomic addition lines will serve as a bridge for transferring genes from wild species to sugar beet and will help to uncover genetic relationships between species of the genus Beta.

Molecular characterization and chromosomal distribution of species-specific repetitive DNA sequences from Beta corolliflora, a wild relative of sugar beet.

Repetitive DNA sequences have been isolated from a Sau3AI plasmid library of tetraploid Beta corolliflora (2n = 4x = 36), a wild relative of sugar beet (B. vulgaris). The library was screened by differential hybridization with genomic DNA of B. corolliflora and B. vulgaris. When used as probes for Southern hybridization of genomic DNA, six clones were determined to represent highly repetitive DNA families present only in the B. corolliflora genome. Five other sequences were highly repetitive in B. corolliflora and low or single copy in B. vulgaris. The insert size varied between 43 bp and 448 bp. Two sequences pBC1279 and pBC1944 displayed strong homology to a previously cloned satellite DNA from B. nana. With one exception, sequences are tandemly arranged as revealed by a typical ladder pattern after genomic Southern hybridization. The chromosomal distribution of five probes was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of mitotic metaphases from B. corolliflora and a triploid hybrid between B. vulgaris and B. corolliflora. Three sequences were spread along all chromosome arms of B. corolliflora while one sequence was present on only six chromosomes. The chromosome-specific sequence pBC216 was found in close vicinity to the 5S rDNA located on B. corolliflora chromosome IV. This set of species-specific sequences has the potential to be used as probes for the identification of monosomic alien addition lines and for marker-assisted gene transfer from wild beet to cultivated beet.

Molecular characterization and chromosomal distribution of species-specific repetitive DNA sequences from <i>Beta corolliflora</i>, a wild relative of sugar beet

Molecular characterization and chromosomal distribution of species-specific repetitive DNA sequences from <i>Beta corolliflora</i>, a wild relative of sugar beet

Interspecific relationship and genetic diversity in wild beets in section Corollinae genus Beta: Isozyme and RAPD analyses

Interspecific relationship among wild beets in section Corollinae was analyzed. Isozyme allele composition supports the concept of three basic species consisting of two diploid species, Beta lomatogona and Beta macrorhiza and the tetraploid species, Beta corolliflora. The polyploid and apomictic species referred to as Beta trigyna and Beta intermedia were found as hybrids. Based on isozyme and RAPD results, B. corolliflora was also found more related to B. macrorhiza than to B. lomatogona. From the phylogenetic trees constructed from isozyme data, B. corolliflora and B. macrorhiza seem to be the end members of the evolutionary line. Analysis of genetic diversity showed that B. corolliflora was more polymorphic and heterozygous than B. lomatogona and B. macrorhiza. Differences between B. macrorhiza accessions from Turkey and Dagestan were found.