Best Method Of Prevention Research Articles

Study on the Effect of Masticatory Frequency on One Hour Postprandial Blood Sugars in Normoglycemic and Dysglycemic Individuals

Background: The best method of prevention of diabetes includes early detection and dietary modifications through which the disease progression could be controlled in the modern era a novel yet sustained lifestyle modification is needed in preventing the progression of the disease. Mastication frequency has a role to play on glycaemic parameters in individuals, especially in the prandial phase. Aims: The study focuses on the effect of masticatory frequency on one hour post prandial sugars (since one hour post prandial blood sugars have a better prognostic value in predicting disease progression) in dysglycemic individuals as an attempt to prove the effectiveness of masticatory frequency as a dietary modification in dysglycemic. Results: A study group of 160 individuals divided into two groups of dysglycemic and normoglycemic. It is found that increased mastication frequency has a bearing on the post prandial sugars significantly in normoglycemic individuals. Conclusion: Thus can be used s a lifestyle modification in preventing the progression of the disease Keywords Lifestyle modification, Diabetic mellitus, Treatment, Dysglycemic, Normoglycemic, Postprandial blood sugar

Recommendations for the Clinical Development of Medicinal Products for Non-specific Influenza Chemoprophylaxis

INTRODUCTION. The evolution of the influenza virus has led to a gradual decrease in the effectiveness of current antivirals. Better methods of prevention, detection, control, and treatment of influenza are needed, including more effective vaccines and antivirals. At the moment, the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union lack documents regulating the conduct of clinical trials of medicinal products for influenza prevention and require that guidelines should be developed for the matter.AIM. The authors aimed to analyse the main regulatory approaches to preclinical and clinical development programmes for medicinal products for influenza prevention in the Russian Federation, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the European Union, and the United States of America.DISCUSSION. This review substantiates the importance of non-specific influenza chemoprophylaxis in reducing the risk of adverse outcomes of the disease. The authors analysed the main stages of preclinical development of medicinal products for influenza prevention and the potential contribution of preclinical studies to the planning of clinical trials. When developing preclinical and clinical programmes for medicinal products for influenza prevention, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the requirements of the national good clinical practice guidelines and the EAEU guidelines for clinical trials in general. This article pays particular attention to the clinical trial designs used internationally, the possible options for their implementation, the characteristics of study populations, the formation of study groups, and the selection of primary and secondary endpoints.CONCLUSIONS. The article proposes approaches to planning and conducting clinical trials of medicinal products for the prevention of influenza, taking into account the specifics of legal norms and clinical traditions of Russian practice. These recommendations will ensure high-quality data on the effectiveness and safety of investigational medicinal products and accelerate the introduction of new effective medicinal products for influenza prevention into medical practice.

Overview of COVID-19 Infection, Treatment, and Prevention in Children.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel respiratory virus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. Since then, substantial gains have been made in our understanding of COVID-19 epidemiology, disease presentation, and management. While children tend to have less severe disease courses compared to adults, children can still develop severe COVID-19 infections, particularly in those with underlying medical conditions such as obesity, chronic lung disease, or prematurity. In addition, children are at risk of severe complications of COVID-19 infection, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or long COVID. The case definitions of MIS-C and long COVID have continued to evolve with the increased understanding of these new entities; however, improved methods of diagnosis and determination of the optimal management are still needed. Furthermore, with the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants, there remains a need for clinicians to remain up-to-date on the latest treatment and prevention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based review of what we have learned about COVID-19 in children since the start of the pandemic and how best to counsel children and their families on the best methods of prevention.

Using Dispositions to Understand Otherwise Intractable Causal Pathways to Psychological Problems During Childhood and Adolescence

ABSTRACT Studies of the genetic and environmental factors that make children more or less likely to develop distressing and impairing psychological problems, and studies of the psychobiological pathways through which these causal factors operate, have the goal of improving our understanding of the basic nature of psychological problems to develop better methods of prevention and treatment. For this reason, we have long had our eye on the prize of discovering the causes and psychobiological mechanisms underlying each dimension of psychological problems. There are compelling reasons, however, to seek a different and more achievable prize to understand psychological problems. Dimensions of psychological problems are both far too heterogeneous and too highly correlated to line up with distinct causal pathways. In contrast, a small number of orthogonal cognitive and socioemotional dispositional dimensions are correlated with psychological problems in revealing cross-cutting patterns. Each of these dispositions shares its independent causal pathways with psychological problems and help us understand the complex shared and heterogeneous nature of their causal processes. I outline a strategy for understanding the causes and mechanisms of psychological problems using studies of independently measured dispositions.

PREVENTION OF SEROMA IN BREAST SURGERY

Abstract Introduction Axillary lymphadenectomy is an essential procedure in the treatment of axillary breast metastases, with seroma formation being its most frequent complication. In the literature there are controversial studies on the best method of prevention of axillary seroma. Methods A retrospective observational study was carried out in 77 patients who underwent axillary lymphadenectomy in 2021. Epidemiological, intraoperative and follow-up-related data and complications were taken into account, with the aim of analyzing the relationship between the application of hemostatic materials, such as Hempatch®, in the axillary site after lymphadenectomy and the presentation of axillary seroma. For the statistical analysis, the IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 program was used. Results Hemopatch® was applied to the axillary site in 55.8% of cases. 35.1% of the patients presented axillary seroma and in 32.5% no complication was observed. The application of Hemopatch® showed a significant relationship with the mean volume of drainage in the first 3 postoperative days (p=0.000), as well as with the total volume in these first 3 days after surgery (p=0.000) and with the early withdrawal of the drainage (p=0.000). No relationship, however, could be demonstrated between the use of Hemopatch® in the axillary site and the prevention of axillary seroma (p=0.728). Conclusions The application of Hemopatch® in the axillary site does not imply a decrease in the rate of seroma or in the total volume drained, but a reduction in the volume drained has been observed during the first 3 postoperative days, which facilitates its early removal.

An analytical study of peripheral arterial disease at Government General Hospital, Nizamabad

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is linked to a decrease in functional ability as well as a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite its widespread incidence, links to mortality, morbidity, and impaired quality of life, PAD is underdiagnosed and undertreated. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to review the available literature on this subject and analyze the mode of presentation, symptoms, signs, age incidence and results of conservative management and angioplasty, and stenting as measured by limb salvage and amputation rates. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 40 patients chosen from the patients admitted in Government General Hospital, Nizamabad, with a diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease from May 2019 to April 2022. Results: It is revealed from the study that out of 28 patients with Atherosclerosis, 10 patients weremanaged conservatively, 12 underwent primary amputation, two secondary amputation, and four patients were managed with angioplasty and stenting of anterior tibial artery. Among the eight patients with Thromboangiitis Obliterans, six patients were managed conservatively, and two patients underwent primary amputations. Two patients with acute embolic disease were referred to higher center for embolectomy and remaining two patients with inconclusive etiology were managed conservatively. Conclusion: Atherosclerosis is mainly a disease of old age but now the trend is moving towards earlier decades as well. Hence, risk factor modification and awareness remain the best method of prevention. Embolectomy should be carried out aggressively in all cases with potentially salvageable limbs.

Reporting Adverse Drug Events in Drug Administration Process among Nursing Personnel

Introduction. Adverse events (AE) in the process of pharmacotherapy can have direct consequences on the health and life of a patient. Factors leading to AE are categorized in human and systematic ones. Among the latter ones, the most important are significant shortages of nursing staff as well as stress, fatigue and the Occupational Burnout Syndrome. Reporting of AE is a crucial pillar of prevention of adverse events in drug administration in nursing.
 Aim. The aim of the study was to identify and analyse the factors leading to adverse events in the pharmocotherapy process and to present methods of prevention AE.
 Material and Methods. The research was lead among 100 hospital nurses from Pomeranian region. A research and research questionnaire was based on the study “Attitudes and beliefs of health services about the causes and reporting of treatment errors in the British intensive care unit”. The project was conducted between January to April 2020.
 Results. Detailed analysis showed that the most important factors influencing the occurrence of adverse events in the drug administration are: nurses shortage (14%), stress and burnout syndrome (11%), incorrect labelling (13%). 85% of medical personnel are convinced that it is essential to monitor the situation of adverse events in drug administration. The Kruskal–Wallis test did not confirm the existence of a relationship between the: occurrence of adverse events in the area of pharmacotherapy and age (K – W = 0; p = 1), level of education (K – W = 3.6328; p = 0.3039) and work experience of the surveyed respondents (K – W = 0.3651484; p = 0.5457). Similarly, no significant relationships were found between the occurrence of adverse events and the department profile (K – W = 0.330; p = 0.5652).
 Conclusions. The level of education, professional experience and age are not significantly related to making mistakes in the area of drug administration; the factors that significantly affect the occurrence of AD in the area of drug administration are: reduced nursing staff on duty, performing one’s duties under stress and time pressure, insufficient variety of labels on medicinal products; the best method of prevention in the area of drug management and administration is the presence of a reporting and monitoring system; the was the majority of nurses reported the occurrence of a drug-related adverse event to the rest of the therapeutic team. (JNNN 2022;11(2):65–73).

Ductal-cutaneous fistula secondary to recurrent Bartholin’s cysts: a case report

Background: Disorders of the Bartholin’s duct and gland, including cyst and abscess formation, account for 2% of gynecologic visits annually. An uncommon complication of a Bartholin’s duct or gland abscess is fistula formation. Literature has described cases of recto-Bartholin’s and recto-vaginal fistulas. Case: We present a case of fistula development between the perineum and the Bartholin’s duct and gland. The patient was successfully managed with fistulectomy and Bartholin’s gland excision. Conclusion: Though fistula formation is a rare complication of Bartholin’s duct and gland pathology, investigation is warranted. A ductal-cutaneous fistula is possible in the setting of recurrent cysts located beyond the vaginal introitus. The best method of prevention is appropriate execution of a marsupialization. Complete removal of the fistulous tract and Bartholin’s duct and/or gland can result in resolution of symptoms.

Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Canine Adenovirus Type 1 Vaccine for Foxes.

Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) is the etiologic agent of fox encephalitis. As with most viral agents, the best method of prevention is vaccination. In this study, the CAdV-1 strain F1301 strain was used to construct a new type 1 canine adenovirus inactivated vaccine candidate, and its safety and immunogenicity were evaluated in silver foxes. Next, animals were challenged and survival rates of animals vaccinated with either the commercially available or the current candidate vaccine were examined. The results confirmed that the inactivated CAdV-1 vaccine prepared in this study can effectively protect against challenge with virulent CAdV-1 in silver foxes, and the safety profile was improved relative to that of the commercial vaccine. This study confirmed that the fox CAdV-1 F1301 strain can be used as a platform for an inactivated CAdV-1 vaccine.

Nano/microparticle Formulations for Universal Influenza Vaccines

Influenza affects millions of people worldwide and can result in severe sickness and even death. The best method of prevention is vaccination; however, the seasonal influenza vaccine often suffers from low efficacy and requires yearly vaccination due to changes in strain and viral mutations. More conserved universal influenza antigens like M2 ectodomain (M2e) and the stalk region of hemagglutinin (HA stalk) have been used clinically but often suffer from low antigenicity. To increase antigenicity, universal antigens have been formulated using nano/microparticles as vaccine carriers against influenza. Utilizing polymers, liposomes, metal, and protein-based particles, indicators of immunity and protection in mouse, pig, ferrets, and chicken models of influenza have been shown. In this review, seasonal and universal influenza vaccine formulations comprised of these materials including their physiochemical properties, fabrication, characterization, and biologic responses in vivo are highlighted. The review is concluded with future perspectives for nano/microparticles as carrier systems and other considerations within the universal influenza vaccine delivery landscape. Graphical

Awareness of Hail Region Population about Facial Nerve Palsy (Seventh Cranial Nerve Palsy)

Background: Facial nerve palsy (seventh cranial nerve palsy) is a common neurological problem. The etiology is not fully understood but it is thought to be due to injury or compression throughout the seventh cranial nerve course. The study aimed to evaluate the awareness of the Hail region population about facial nerve palsy, its risk factors, methods of treatment, and prognosis. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Hail region from March to June 2022. The study involved 224 participants in the age group 18 - 65 years and data was collected through Google self-administered questionnaire. Results: 65.2% of the participants were 18 - 25 years, 20.1% were 26 - 35 years and 14.7 were above 35 years. 91.9% think that exposure to cold air is the leading cause followed by viral infections (30.4%), stroke (27.6%), and genetic factors (13.8%). diabetes (8.5%), evil eye (7.1%), magic (4%), pregnancy (0.4%) and vitamins deficiency (0.4%). 92% of participants think that facial nerve palsy is not contagious and 8% have no clear idea. 89.7% think that facial nerve palsy is curable, 83.9% think that physiotherapy is the treatment of choice, 94.6% agree that early medical assessment is essential for good outcomes and 92.9 believe that avoidance of cold air is the best method of prevention. Conclusion and Recommendations: The majority of participants show poor awareness regarding the etiology and the preferable treatment of facial nerve palsy. Public medical education and further wider studies are highly recommended.

A Cross sectional study to assess the DMFT, Oral Health related behavior and practice among the selected school of old Dhaka city, Bangladesh

This cross-sectional type of descriptive study was conducted to assess the DMFT, oral health related behavior and practice in Rajer Deuri Government primary school in old Dhaka, Bangladesh.About 158 school children were selected by the purposive type of non-probability sampling technique. Face to face interview with questionnaire followed byChecklist. Out of 158 students, 78 (49.4%) were 12-14 years whereas maximum 80 (50.6%) of them were male and 78 (49.4%) were female. Againmajority students fathers were secondary level 34.2 and mothers were primary level passed 41.1%. Maximum family income belongs to 81 (51.3%) which is ranges from 10000-20000 Tk.Majority 89(56.3%) of the respondents never visited dentist. Again, maximum uses tooth paste with brushes 155(98.1%) and also majority 64(40.5%). use a new tooth brush as long as last Maximum make a visit to the dentist about 62(39.2%) on having toothache. Moreover,though128 (81.0%) agree that consumption of sugar in between meals causes dental caries but 130(82.3%) did not know about fluoride. Again, 64(40.5%) respondents knows not cleaning their teeth may cause tooth decay. In addition, 89(56.3%) students don’t know aboutgum bleeding while 52(32.9%). About 116 (73.4%) of the students didn’t know how to protect their gumMoreover, 118(74.7%) & 135(85.4%) of the respondents don’t know about dental plaque & calculus but 136(86.1%) & 98(62.0%) knows sweet food & soft drinks may affect dental health. Again, maximum 100(63.3%) respondents think that the health of mouth impact on the health of body as well as their treatment is also important. About130 (82.3%) of the respondents thinks that brushing teeth may prevent tooth decay while maximum 134 (84.8%) of the respondents did not know using fluoride strength their teeth. Maximum, 122 (77.2%) & 134(84.8%) did not know using toothbrush& floss help them preventing periodontal disease. Though 79(50.0%) of the respondents mentioned that using toothbrush & flossing is the best method for prevention of tooth decay. About 89(56.3%) of the respondents brush their teeth more than 2 minutes. Maximum 83(52.5%) & 129 (81.6%) of them did not know about the number of their permanent & deciduous tooth. About 136(86.1%) of the students did not know eruption time of 1st permanent molar. Finally, 118 (74.7%) out of 158 get knowledge about oral health from their family.There is a significant association between fathers & mothers education with knowledge which resembles (P value is 0.001). Again, therewas a statistical significant association between cleaning in between teeth and their knowledge (P value is 0.012) and also on having toothache maximum did not visit to the dentist where (P value is <0.001).There is also statistical significant association between DMFT and their knowledge where (P value is 0.004).Finally, a comprehensive oral health educational program for both children and their parents are required to achieve this goal. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2021; 11(2): 20-25

The Role of the Family in Preventing Addiction

The family is the first place to form and direct the individual’s personality, but because of educational poverty of family members, they play a major role in the tendency of adolescents and young people to take new drugs. According to available statistics, the majority of new drug users are young people, and Iran has one of the youngest populations in the world. The risk of drug addiction begins in adolescence. In this developmental period, a person experiences the most sensitive period of his life and may use drugs. We aimed to investigate the impact of the family environment on the prevention of youth drug addiction. This article is written in a library-style and cites several books and articles. As a result of this research, although prevention can be considered the most effective strategy to deal with substance abuse, choosing the best method of prevention is not so easy and clear, because the causes of addiction are related and multidimensional. Therefore, there is no doubt that different societies have to adapt various preventive measures to their specific conditions.

What is the best method for prevention of postparotidectomy Frey syndrome? Network meta-analysis.

Prevention of Frey syndrome (FS) after parotidectomy using an interposition barrier has long been gaining a wide popularity; however, there is no clear evidence regarding which preventive technique is more effective. The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to answer the question: What is the best method for prevention of FS after parotidectomy? A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Cochrane library was conducted to identify the eligible studies. The outcome was the incidence of subjective Frey syndrome (SFS) and objective Frey syndrome (OFS). The Bayesian NMA accompanied with a random effects model and 95% credible intervals (CrIs) were calculated using GeMTC R package. Thirty-four studies (n = 2987 patients) with five interventions, namely Alloderm (ADM), temporoparietal fascia (TPF), sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and free fat graft (FFG), were compared together and with no interposition barrier (NB). The results of NMA showed a statistically significant reduction in both SFS and OFS when ADM, TPF, SMAS, FFG, and SCM were compared with NB. No statistical differences were observed when comparing ADM, SCM, SMAS, FFG, and TPF. TPF ranked the best of all treatments (59.4%) and was associated with the least incidence of SFS; whereas ADM ranked the best of all treatments (61.1%) and was associated with the least incidence of OFS. All interventions (TPF flap, ADM, FFG, SMAS, and SCM) were associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of FS when compared with NB. TPF and ADM showed the best outcome with the least incidence of SFS and OFS, respectively.

Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes mellitus: 2020 strategy

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death among patients with diabetes. Antiplatelet therapy is an important part of the treatment and prevention of CVD and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is the main medication. This review describes modern approaches to the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes. Until now, no concerted strategy on this issue has been developed by the global medical communities. The approaches used in the guidelines were heterogeneous and did not cover most of the risk factors, which were often associated with the underlying disease. The risk assessment for CVD with a view to developing risk factor stratification is often difficult due to the variety of manifestations and complications of the disease, as well as the specificity of factors used as independent predictors of atherosclerotic vascular disease for the diabetes population. Only cardiovascular risk analysis in an individual patient can make it possible to choose the best method for prevention. Therefore, the most important objective is to introduce the adopted CVD risk stratification criteria for patients with diabetes into clinical practice, which will enhance the preventive treatment and personalize the therapeutic approaches. The adopted standardized cardiovascular risk analysis system for patients with diabetes, for now, has been implemented in the 2019 European clinical guidelines. The consensus regarding use of ASA adopted by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in 2019 has been based on meta-analyses with a high degree of evidence. They advise to use low-dose ASA in patients with diabetes, if they are at «high» and «very high» risk of CVD and have no obvious contraindications. It allowed clinicians to use low-dose ASA (in combination with proton pump inhibitors) as one of the most important methods for primary prevention. Such modern approaches will surely improve the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates in the diabetes population.

Cutaneous Reactions to Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Devices in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) are the standard of care for type 1 diabetes in children. There is little reported on device-related skin complications and treatment options. This study documents cutaneous reactions to CGM and CSII devices in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes. One hundred and twenty-one subjects (3-25 years) with type 1 diabetes and CGM and/or CSII use were recruited over a three-month period from the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. A five-question survey was completed for each subject detailing demographic data, diabetes management, and device-related skin complications. Sixty percent of subjects reported skin complications related to CGM and/or CSII use. Terms most frequently used to describe cutaneous reactions were "red," "itchy," "painful," and "rash." Subjects who used both CGM and CSII were more likely to report skin problems than those who used only CSII (odds ratio 2.9, [95% confidence interval: 1.2-6.7]; P = .015). There were no associations between skin complications and sex or race/ethnicity. Twenty-two percent of subjects with adverse skin event(s) discontinued use of a device due to their skin problem. Seven percent were evaluated by a dermatologist. Eighty-one percent used a range of products to treat their symptoms, with variable perceived clinical outcomes. Skin complications related to CSII or CGM devices are commonly reported in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes and may lead to interruption or discontinuation of device use. Future studies are needed to elucidate the causes of these reactions and determine the best methods for prevention.

FEATURES OF PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS AT LAPAROSCOPIC ANTIREFLUX INTERVENTIONS

Aim. The analyzing current available literature on the problem of anesthesiology of antireflux interventions in patients with hernias of the esophageal aperture.
 Materials and methods. Biblosemantic, comparative and systems analysis. The suggested recommendations are based on the data of contemporary literature analysis, the results of randomized trials and meta-analyzes, devoted to the study of the problem of anesthesiology of antireflux surgery.
 Results and discussion. The analyzing the problems of anesthesia and analgesia in patients with hernias of the esophageal aperture, it is necessary following next concepts: general inhalation anesthesia in laparoscopic surgery, should be taking into account the technical features of surgery, as well as, the injection and diffusion of CO2 in tissue in time of carboperitoneum, in the same time, besides that to guarantee rapid awakening of the patient without residual sedation. The possibility of developing specific late complications, as well as, ruptures of the esophagus and stomach, pneumothorax makes adjustments in the tactics of the introduction in this category of patients in the perioperative period.The choice of anesthesia method is greatly determined the length of the post-anesthetic rehabilitation period, the stay of the patient with artificial ventilation of the lungs, the need and the length of stay in the intensive care unit.
 Conclusions. Ourday the question is still remain, which of the methods of inhalation anesthesia Low flow anesthesia or Minimal flow anesthesia is better, in the case of the requirements of comfort, patient’ safety and pharmacoeconomic feasibility.The principles of accelerated rehabilitation are possible not only if the surgical invasion is reduced, but also with the use of managed general anesthesia with adequate perioperative anesthesia.The operation of the patient in time is the best method of prevention of many early and delayed complications of the postoperative period. This provision has been validated by numerous clinical trials and is rarely take into account at present.The ideology of inhaled anesthesia involves not only sufficient control over the depth of anesthesia, but also predictability at the stage of anesthesia.

Potential Role of Endonuclease Inhibition and Other Targets in the Treatment of Influenza.

Influenza is a single-stranded RNA virus that is highly contagious and infects millions of people in the U.S. annually. Due to complications, approximately 959,000 people were hospitalized and another 79,400 people died during the 2017-2018 flu season. While the best methods of prevention continue to be vaccination and hygiene, antiviral treatments may help reduce symptoms for those who are infected. Until recently, the only antiviral drugs in use have been the neuraminidase inhibitors: oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir. We reviewed novel drug targets that can be used in the treatment of influenza, particularly in the case of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant strains that may emerge. More recently, a drug with a new mechanism of action has been approved. Baloxavir marboxil inhibits the influenza cap-dependent endonuclease that is needed for the virus to initiate replication within the host cell. This endonuclease target is within the polymerase acid (PA) subunit of RNA polymerase. Since the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase consists of two other subunits, polymerase basic 1 and 2, RNA polymerase has several targets that prevent viral replication. Other targets still under investigation include viral kinases, endocytosis, and viral fusion. Due to the possibility of viral mutations and resistance, it is important to have antivirals with different mechanisms available, especially in the case of a new pandemic strain. Several novel antivirals are within various stages of development and may represent new classes of treatments that can reduce symptoms and complications in those patients who may be at higher risk.

Integration of SQL Injection Prevention Methods

In everybody’s life including the organisations, database plays a very important role, since today everything is connected via the Internet. There is a need for a database that helps organisations to organise, sort and manage the data and ensure that the data a user receives and sends via the database mean is secure, since the database stores almost everything such as banking details including user ID and password. Make this data really valuable and confidential for us and therefore security is really important for the database. In this age, SQL Injection database attacks are increasingly common. The hackers attempt to steal an individual’s valuable data through the SQL Injection Attack mean by using malicious query on the application, hence revealing an efficient individual data. Therefore the best SQL Injection Prevention technique is needed to safeguard individual data against hackers being stolen. This paper compares two types of SQL Injection using the SQL pattern matching database system attack (SQLPMDS) and a SQL injection union query attacks prevention using tokenisation technique (SIUQAPTT) that allows Database Administrator to select the best and most effective SQL Injection Prevention method for their organisation. Preventing SQL Injection Attack from occurring that would ultimately lead to no user data loss. The results were obtained by comparing it to the results of the SQL injection attack query on whether the attack was blocked or not by two prevention techniques, SQL pattern matching database system attacks and SQL injecting union query attacks prevention using website tokenisation techniques. The conclusion is that the best method of prevention is the SQL pattern that matches database system attacks.

The Use of Syndromic Surveillance Data For Prevention and Monitoring of Hepatitis A

ObjectiveWe describe our efforts to prevent a hepatitis A outbreak in Houston.IntroductionSince 2017, over 11 states have been impacted by outbreaks of hepatitis A among persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) and drug use. The primary methods of transmission for the hepatitis A virus (HAV) are person-to-person contact and ingestion of contaminated foods. The HAV infection typically presents with minor symptoms, but the infection can cause serious complications and death in those with poor health. Houston, TX, the 4th largest U.S. city, has a large, mobile homeless population and is at risk for such an outbreak. Of the US adults surveyed for NHANES, only 27% reported hepatitis A immunity; and the homeless population is considered high risk for acquiring hepatitis A. The Point in Time Homeless Census (2017) estimated 3,412 PEH in the Houston metro area. Nationally, the HAV outbreaks have been marked by high rates of hospitalizations and deaths. Emergency and ambulatory department data was monitored and assessed for HAV-related visits using the Houston Health Department’s (HHD) syndromic surveillance system.MethodsCase reports and syndromic surveillance query were used to assess baseline data. HHD provided single-dose units of Hepatitis A vaccine through the Adult Safety Net program to two community medical providers that deliver care to PEH in Houston. Staff administered vaccines via clinics and outreach efforts. Immunization records were recorded in the state immunization registry. Monitoring of potential outbreaks occurred monthly using the syndromic query. Data from case reports or syndromic surveillance were analyzed once immunization efforts concluded.ResultsFrom 2015-2017, the annual mean of HAV cases reported was 13. Analyses of syndromic surveillance conducted in March and August 2018 revealed no increase in jaundice complaints. Briefings were conducted with multiple stakeholders including community members, medical providers, academia, and health professionals in December 2017. HHD provided 150 single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine allotments to two community partner agencies. Immunizations began in late January 2018; 400 homeless persons had been immunized as of March 30, 2018.ConclusionsOngoing review of surveillance data in conjunction with community assessments of PEH is necessary to prevent a hepatitis A outbreak among PEH in Houston. Since vaccination is cited as the best method of prevention, continuing immunization efforts are needed to build herd immunity.The availability of vaccines was limited due to the increased demand in responding to the multi-state HAV outbreaks. However, Houston Health Department (HHD) had access to doses of the hepatitis A vaccine post Hurricane Harvey. While a mass immunization campaign of at-risk groups would be ideal, staffing isn’t feasible as HHD uses a medical home model for immunization efforts. Innovative public health interventions are required to overcome the inherent challenges of delivering preventive programs to PEH. To prevent a potential HAV outbreak in Houston, comprehensive surveillance strategies should include 1) participatory stakeholder engagement, 2) timely reporting, 3) prompt referrals from providers who care for PEH, 4) community education about transmission and hygiene, and 5) vaccination of at-risk groups to increase herd immunity.