Bernhard Von Research Articles

The impact of Austro-Hungarian plans for the construction of the Sandjak Railway on Bihor and the Novi Pazar Sandjak

The emergence of railways brought about new possibilities in people's lives, as well as in terms of political plans and actions. Railway activities began in the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century and had a significant impact on the relationships between Balkan states. This work explores the potential influence of Austro-Hungarian plans for the construction of the Sandjak Railway in the region of Bihor and the broader areas of Bijelo Polje and the Novi Pazar Sandjak, which were part of the Ottoman Empire. Austro-Hungary had expressed its ambitions in the Balkans even before the Berlin Congress, seeing the region as a bridge that could connect them to the warm Aegean Sea and further to the Middle East. The construction of the railway was one of the means by which Austro-Hungary sought to expand its influence in the Balkans. Such significant political intentions did not go unnoticed by the Ottoman Empire, which aimed to preserve its territorial integrity and possessions in that part of the Balkans. Slovene states and peoples traditionally sought protection in Russia, giving Russia an opportunity to express its own interest in exerting political influence in this part of Europe. Recognizing that Austro-Hungary was its main rival in the Balkans, Russia reached an agreement with them in 1897 to maintain the status quo. This agreement was further confirmed by the Treaty of Mürzsteg in 1903, which aimed to mutually neutralize or divide spheres of interest, with Bulgaria falling under Russian influence and Serbia under Austro-Hungarian. Austro-Hungary's primary goal was to prevent the creation of a large state in the region from the Danube to the Adriatic Sea, which would block its path eastward. As Serbia was located in that region, Austro-Hungarian propaganda was directed against it, despite traditionally good relations with the Obrenović dynasty. Austro-Hungary attempted to strengthen its political plans through the construction of a suitable railway network, which would facilitate easier and faster control of the desired territory. This led to the advocacy of the so-called “Novi Pazar Railway,” which would connect Uvac with Mitrovica. However, German Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow advised Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count Agenor Romuald Gołuchowski to abandon this plan due to the unfavorable situation in Macedonia, where unrest was brewing. Austro-Hungarian diplomacy did not want to make a public and final decision on this proposal. All of the above had an impact on the population of all parts of the Novi Pazar Sandjak. The work examines how the construction of the railway would have stimulated economic development in the entire region by creating new trade routes and encouraging investment in economic sectors such as trade and agriculture. The paper also provides insights into potential changes in the demographic structure through the influx of populations from other parts of the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungary, which the railway would necessarily impose. Furthermore, it is essential to mention how the realization of the “Novi Pazar Railway” would have affected the ethnic and religious dynamics in the Bihor district and the broader area. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire intervened with Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and Count Goluchowski on several occasions to abandon the plan to build the “Novi Pazar Railway,” as the Russian government maintained the same view it had expressed in 1900. Austro-Hungary eventually agreed, leaving only a political influence supported by the propaganda activities of secret services. This work serves as a foundation for further research and discussions on this topic.

HF01-07 FROM BERLIN TO BRADY: TRACING THE ORIGINS OF UROLOGY RESIDENCY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-07 FROM BERLIN TO BRADY: TRACING THE ORIGINS OF UROLOGY RESIDENCY Trevor C. Hunt and Ronald Rabinowitz Trevor C. HuntTrevor C. Hunt More articles by this author and Ronald RabinowitzRonald Rabinowitz More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.07AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Urology was one of the first specialties in medicine to employ the training model known today as residency. These events are rarely taught in formal urologic curricula, yet it is imperative that tomorrow’s urologists understand how today’s system came to be. METHODS: We performed a review of the literature, including journal articles, book chapters, and transcribed talks, to compile sufficient evidence to inform this historical review. RESULTS: The residency training model first appeared in the mid-1800s, when German surgeon Bernhard von Langenbeck devised a system where medical graduates would live at the hospital and undertake graduated responsibility in the care of surgical patients. One of his residents—known then as house officers—was Theodor Billroth, who later mentored American surgeon William Halsted in Vienna while he trained throughout Europe from 1878-1880. In 1889, Johns Hopkins Hospital opened and Halsted became one of the founding “Big Four” doctors alongside Welch, Osler, and Kelly. As Chief of Surgery, he drew on Billroth’s methods and established the earliest form of surgical residency as we now know it. Halsted’s model was “pyramidal”, with only one of eight residents advancing each year, and aimed to produce a single outstanding surgeon at the unintentional expense of the others. This remained the gold standard until 1931, when Edward Churchill at Massachusetts General Hospital introduced the more balanced “rectangular” structure which remains the backbone of residency programs today. Halsted hired 25-year-old Hugh Hampton Young to his surgical staff in 1895 and quickly made him Chair of the Department of Genitourinary Diseases in 1897, which he helmed through 1941. In response to the appointment, Young is noted to have said, “This is a great surprise. I know nothing about genitourinary surgery,” to which Halsted replied, “We believe you could learn.” He did indeed learn, and is now widely regarded as the Father of Modern Urology. From 1897-1915, Young was allowed to recommend aspiring urologists to Halsted for appointment in the surgical residency, spawning the beginnings of the urologic specialty as we know it today. In 1915, thanks to a donation from his patient James Buchanan Brady, the Brady Urological Institute opened at Hopkins, and Young designed a 7-year training program to begin alongside it. With this, the first formal urology residency in the country was born. CONCLUSIONS: Urology residency shares deep roots with the history of surgery itself. Recognizing where this model originated is critical context for all who seek to improve how the urologists of tomorrow are trained. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e258 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Trevor C. Hunt More articles by this author Ronald Rabinowitz More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Autonomous Neurology within the University Hospital of LMU at 50 years

Establishment of the Chair of Neurology at the University of Munich in 1971 as well as the opening of the Neurology Department at the newly built Großhadern campus (1974) provide an occasion to review the 50 years that have passed since. Further, the early history of Munich neurology is described, with its slow pace of separation (in comparison to e.g. Heidelberg, Frankfurt and Hamburg) from the parent disciplines, psychiatry and internal medicine. In Munich, they were long shaped by psychiatrists such as Bernhard von Gudden, Emil Kraepelin, Kurt Kolle and Hanns Hippius and by Friedrich von Müller and, in particular, by Gustav Bodechtel in internal medicine.Once independent, further development of neurology in Munich was characterized by fast-paced, almost revolutionary changes in neuroimaging, electrophysiology, sonography, and engineering as well as in basic neuroscience, neurogenetics included. The new department thrived under the leadership of Adolf Schrader (from 1971), Thomas Brandt (from 1984) and Marianne Dieterich (from 2008) who enjoyed the support of an ever-increasing specialised clinical-scientific staff.Evidence-based treatment of neurological disorders became the overarching and internationally visible focus of Munich neurology, with respect to both practical implementation and to research. The exemplary diseases and syndromes of multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, movement disorders, dizziness and disorders of balance and gait as well as diseases of the musculature and peripheral nerves are cared for not only within the inpatient and outpatient sections of the Neurology Department but also by units such as the Friedrich Baur Institute (FBI), the German Dizziness and Balance Centre (DSGZ), the Institutes for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and for Clinical Neuroimmunology as well as in the interdisciplinary Department of Palliative Care.

The Frontier of Plastics Recycling: Rethinking Waste as a Resource for High‐Value Applications

Circular Economy This frontispiece reflects upon the perspective article 2100488 by Hannah Mangold and Bernhard von Vacano. Plastics waste on the left side, used as feedstock in chemical recycling, can be circled back into demanding engineering plastics applications, for example in an electric vehicle as housing for battery electronics, electric connectors and cables (Image credit BASF SE).

The Many Faces of Performative Politics: Satires of Statesman Bernhard von Bülow in Wilhelmine Germany

ABSTRACT While historical and contemporary thinkers have described politics as theater, this article moves beyond this representation of politics to understand how performance was central to politics around the turn of the twentieth century. It does so through an analysis of a large volume of hitherto unstudied caricatures of the German statesman Bernhard von Bülow. While historians usually describe satire merely in a complementary or illustrative manner, this article analyzes it in a structural manner. This analysis does not serve to understand Bülow personally nor his politics, but constitutes a case study that demonstrates broader changes in the nature of politics. The article argues that caricaturists used metaphors of different types of performances, which built on tradition and played into new lifestyles, to reflect on how mass communication became constitutive of modern politics. Moreover, this metaphorical stage on which politicians performed represented the platform of the mass press in politics itself.

Interpolating Polemic: Islam, muslims, and Muhammad in Bernhard von Breidenbach’s late-Medieval pilgrimage account Peregrinatio in terram sanctam

Whereas interpolation has been comprehensively examined in relation to itinerary passages in late medieval pilgrimage writing, this article examines it as a tool for anti-Islamic polemic in Bernhard von Breidenbach’s Peregrinatio in terram sanctam. The article centers on the (dis)continuities of polemical discourse on Islam, Muslims and the prophet Muhammad between the German version of the pilgrimage account first published in Mainz in 1486, and the Latin religious polemics it interpolates extensively, namely two texts by converso authors: Petrus Alfonsi’s Dialogus contra iudaeos and Paulus de Santa Maria’s Additiones ad Postillam Nicolai de Lyra. These comparative case studies reveal two complementary interpolative approaches. The first is to edit borrowed text passages to fit the argumentative structure of the target text. The second is to juxtapose borrowed text with original contrasting argumentation in the target text. Both contribute towards an argumentatively scathing and rhetorically emotive anti-Islamic polemic, which expands on the Latin canon of established tropes and arguments on which this vernacular pilgrimage account draws.

Was King Ludwig II of Bavaria misdiagnosed by Gudden and his colleagues?

In 1886, Bernhard von Gudden and three other expert psychiatrists diagnosed the Bavarian King Ludwig II with “paranoia (madness),” a diagnosis that the Bavarian government used to justify removing Ludwig from power. Although Ludwig was not evaluated in detail by the psychiatrists, in their opinion, sworn eyewitness accounts and general knowledge about Ludwig’s behavior provided sufficient grounds for the diagnosis. Ludwig was a great admirer of the musician, Richard Wagner, and shared some of his ideas of an idealistic society. At first, he identified with Wagner’s opera heroes, and he became Wagner’s patron sponsor for life. However, he grew increasingly interested in an absolutist state, envisioning himself as a monarch with a role similar to that of Louis XIV. His multiple building projects, for which he incurred much debt, his conviction that he was descended from the Bourbons through baptism, his increasingly abnormal behavior, and his hallucinations together formed the basis for the psychiatrists’ diagnosis. Although not mentioned in the expert opinion, Ludwig’s homophilic behavior—a scandal at the time—was probably also an important reason for his removal from office. A review of the psychiatric knowledge and societal philosophy of the time indicates that the psychiatrists were correct with their diagnosis in their time.

Incunable from the Book collection of Metropolitan Pitirim (Nechayev) (Monastery of St Joseph of Volokolamsk). The first attempt of attribution

The following notice is the first draft description of the incunable, the famous Peregrinatio in terram sanctam, written by German nobleman, cathedral dean and politician in the Electorate of Mainz, Bernhard von Breidenbach, which had been discovered in the April 2020 in the library of St Joseph of Volokolamsk Monastery. This example is a German translation into early modern standard German dialect. By the comparison of the discovered book with the digital images of the editions of 1486 (Peter Schöffer of Mainz) and circa 1500 (Peter Drach of Speyer) collected in the European libraries it was identified as one of the copies printed circa 1500. Digitized copies are available in Bayerische Staatsbibliothek und Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel.

A «Place in the Sun»?

Abstract The article «A ‹Place in the Sun›? German Rails and Sleepers in Colonial Railway Building in Africa, 1905 to 1914» takes up Bernhard von Bülow’s imperialistic claim that was closely connected to economic protagonists. Today, these protagonists are still fairly unknown and overlooked by (economic) colonial research. Therefore, the article is an approach to outline a first example for German entrepreneurial engagement in colonial railway building, by analyzing the case of Fried. Krupp/Friedrich-Alfred-Hütte. Looking at Krupp’s activities in (West-)Africa, the article explores which paths the German railway building followed, and tries to identify protagonists and their networks. We assume that the distinct markets of colonies were a vehicle for the internationalization of the firms involved. In questions of agency and as part of the imperial project, German enterprises participated in the colonization of Africa, but at the same time, they followed their own economic agenda.

Learning Empire: Globalization and the German Quest for World Status, 1875–1919 by Erik Grimmer-Solem

Reviewed by: Learning Empire: Globalization and the German Quest for World Status, 1875–1919 by Erik Grimmer-Solem Dirk Bonker Learning Empire: Globalization and the German Quest for World Status, 1875–1919. By Erik Grimmer-Solem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. 654. Cloth $44.99. ISBN 978-1108483827. In this impressive book, Erik Grimmer-Solem offers a new narrative of the German Empire's expansionist discourse and pursuit of global power from the 1870s through the 1910s. Learning Empire presents Wilhelmine Weltpolitik as an "improvised response" to, and product of, an "accretion of insights" about the "opportunities and challenges" presented by the processes of globalization that first came into view beginning in the 1870s (19). Weltpolitik flowed from a newly emerging and continually evolving liberal nationalist discourse about Weltwirtschaft and the interrelationship between global politics, empire, and economics. The discourse's prime movers were a group of university-trained, policy-oriented political economists, who as the nation's leading experts on matters of globalization gained, by 1900, the ears of key decision makers such as Alfred von Tirpitz and Bernhard von Bülow and then [End Page 405] remained involved in key areas of imperial politics through the end of World War I. Embedded within the world of global scholarly connections, these economists forged the contours of their discourse in the crucible of their experience of overseas travel and study in multiple parts of the world, especially North America, the Caribbean, Venezuela, Japan, and China, in the 1880s and 1890s. Elegantly yoking intellectual history to the history of policy making, and deeply grounded in vast multiarchival research, Grimmer-Solem places at the center of his analysis a group of five German economists: Ernst von Halle, Karl Helfferich, Karl Rathgen, Herrmann Schumacher, and Max Sering. Eventually gaining professorships in political economy, these men were connected in one way or another to Gustav Schmoller, the doyen of Germany's school of historical political economy and eminent public figure, who also figures prominently in the analysis together with one of his American students, Henry Farnam. Organized in three chronologically arranged parts ("Absent-Minded Empire, 1875–1897"; "Empire Imagined, 1897–1907"; and "Empire Lost, 1908–1919"), Learning Empire closely follows the pursuits of its main characters, covering both their encounters with the new worlds of global politics and economics through study and travel and their direct involvement in key fields of national policy making. These fields range from the naval build-up, trade relations and tariff reform, and particular overseas empire pursuits (for example, in China) at the turn of the twentieth century, to the multifaceted colonial crisis of 1904–1907, the subsequent colonial reform efforts, the Anglo-German naval arms race, financial reform, and Weltpolitik projects such as the Baghdad railways before World War I. They extend to the formulation of annexationist war aims, unconditional submarine warfare, the Jewish census, and other wartime issues. Throughout, Grimmer-Solem richly situates the intellectual and political pursuits of his protagonists within both ever-changing concrete situational contexts and conjunctures and his own account of the changing worlds of big-power competition over empire and industry and the German Empire's national politics and pursuit of global power. Learning Empire is a wonderfully ambitious book. Its goal is to offer not only a "new, wider narrative about German expansionism" but also a novel account of the "full arc" of German history from 1875 and 1919 as "concurrent with the rise and fall of the first era of globalization" (14, 19). It places liberal imperialism (including its radical nationalist mutation) and middle-class publics at the center of Germany's imperial imaginary and pursuit of global power and world empire. It stresses the paramount importance of the United States as the most important point of reference for German global-imperial aspirations and it presents Great Britain, not Germany, as the key destabilizing force in multicentered world politics before 1914, while stressing the fairly moderate and ultimately reactive and defensive nature of German ambitions in the fast-moving milieu of global power. Historiographically, Grimmer-Solem frames his intervention as an attempt to supersede, once and for all, any national [End Page 406] exceptionalist narratives of the German Empire...

The report on LudwigII by Gudden and his colleagues in relation to the state of knowledge at that time

Bernhard von Gudden and his prominent co-experts Grashey, Hagen and Hubrich wrote an expert opinion on LudwigII that was based on statements of sworn witnesses of the 41-year-old monarch's pathological behavior. With the contemporary material available today it can be understood why Gudden reached the diagnosis of "paranoia (madness)", which was in accordance with the state of psychiatric knowledge at that time. Even the official investigations initiated after the deaths of LudwigII and Gudden did not come to adifferent conclusion. Gudden was ahighly respected physician, researcher and clinical teacher; however, in the treatment of Ludwig he misjudged the consequences of his diagnosis and they both paid for his miscalculation with their lives. The Bavarian royal tragedy has many roots but anegligent or even deliberate misdiagnosis is not one of them.

Bernhard von Gudden's psychiatric assessment and the deposition of King LudwigII of Bavaria in 1886 : Comments on the article by R.Steinberg in Der Nervenarzt 01/2019

King LudwigII of Bavaria drowned himself in Lake Starnberg on 13 June 1886 after subduing and drowning Bernhard von Gudden, aMunich-based psychiatrist who had tried to hold him back. Commissioned by Prince Luitpold, Ludwig's successor to the throne, von Gudden had provided apsychiatric assessment on the king. Finding him to be suffering from aprogressive mental illness and paranoia (madness), he declared Ludwig incapable of ruling. On the basis of this report Ludwig was unlawfully declared incapacitated, deposed, arrested and locked up in the Berg Castle under von Gudden's medical supervision. We conducted a5-year psychiatric historical study of King LudwigII, the most thorough of its kind ever undertaken. The main results were: the private, official and political letters the king wrote until his very last day were reasonable, well-argued and impeccable in style. Until his final days Ludwig had invariably fulfilled his administrative tasks in aprompt and proper way. His handling of political affairs was also wise and reasonable. Due to social phobia afflicting him since his youth he neglected his representative duties as amonarch. Von Gudden's report is marred by severe flaws. In his article published in Der Nervenarzt (01/2019) R.Steinberg adopts von Gudden's psychiatric diagnosis and misjudgement. Steinberg writes that the king's illness developed "in aclear crescendo". In fact, it was the behavioral anomalies associated with the king's homosexual relationships that grew increasingly prevalent at the court, whereas Ludwig's mental efficiency improved over time. Given the historical misjudgment and numerous other errors that Steinberg adopts from von Gudden, I considered it necessary to compare and contrast his conclusions with results from our own research.

Herzog Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach: Das Tagebuch der Reise durch Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1825 und 1826 ed. by Walter Hinderer and Alexander Rosenbaum

Reviewed by: Herzog Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach: Das Tagebuch der Reise durch Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1825 und 1826 ed. by Walter Hinderer and Alexander Rosenbaum Waltraud Maierhofer Walter Hinderer and Alexander Rosenbaum, eds. Herzog Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach: Das Tagebuch der Reise durch Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1825 und 1826. Stiftung für Romantikforschung LX. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2017. 912 pp. What was life in the United States like in the 1820s? A keen observer at the time compared the area around the Capitol in Washington DC with the vegetable fields surrounding Weimar and pondered: "Der Plan nach welchem Washington angelegt werden soll ist coloßal und wird nie ausgeführt werden; nach ihm könnte es eine Bevölkerung von einer Million Menschen faßen, während es jetzt gegen 13000 nur enthalten soll und schwerlich mehr bekommen wird." (300; November 2, 1825; Italics here and throughout are original.) We now have a splendid edition of one of the most detailed, visually minded and multiperspective accounts of North America in the early nineteenth century. Bernhard von Weimar (1792–1862), second son of Carl August Duke of Saxe-Weimar and officer in the Dutch army—who had fought in the Battle of Waterloo and, after the Congress of Vienna, became colonel of a regiment in the service of the Dutch king—had long wished to travel to the country of which Goethe famously wrote in Zahme Xenien, "Amerika, du hast es besser / Als unser Continent, das alte, / Hast keine verfallene Schlösser / Und keine Basalte." He does find "ein sonderbares Stück Basalt, einem Menschenprofil ähnlich" on one of his first days in Boston (117; July 31, 1825). He notes in his entry dated July 26, 1825 about approaching Boston, that his arrival in the United States—he abbreviates "V. St."—was one of the favorite memories of his life, and full of enthusiasm he calls the fight for independence "[die] heilsamste[] Revolution die je gewesen war" (121). He shares Goethe's sentiment when, about to depart, he names the United States "dieses glückliche Land" and Europe "veraltet[] und morsch[]" (628; June 16, 1826). He felt proud about covering "eine Distanz von 7135 Meilen" (630) and meeting his goal of careful reporting. On most days of his sojourn in the US from July 1825 to June 1826, Prince Bernhard must have spent several hours with pen and paper. He filled more than a thousand pages with his observations and reflections, with his own family and Goethe's circle in mind, and he also added many drawings and sketches. The original manuscript, bound in two volumes, and extant only at the Hauptstaatsarchiv Weimar, has now been meticulously edited and combined with the concluding travelogue from Gent to Saxony, a list of drawings and other addenda, such as community constitutions and maps, and letters by Bernhard, Carl August, and Goethe. The edition is obviously the result of a multiyear labor of love by eminent Goethezeit scholar Walter Hinderer and art historian Alexander [End Page 301] Rosenbaum, an expert on scholarly editions with the Klassik Stiftung Weimar (since 2010, formerly Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv Weimar). The volume is enriched by two very readable and insightful articles on the genre of the travelogue and its history of publication (Rosenbaum, "Privates Journal und literarischer Reisebericht—Zur Geschichte der Veröffentlichung von Herzog Bernhards Amerika-Tagebuch") and on Bernhard's journey (Hinderer, "Die Amerikareise Herzog Bernhards von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach"). The new edition contains a useful chronology, bibliography, biographical outline, indices for names and geographical items, as well as many illustrations, including three portraits. Upon Goethe's commendation, the travelogue was heavily edited and first published by the historian Heinrich Luden as Reise sr. Hoheit des Herzogs Bernhard zu Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach durch Nord-Amerika (1828); it also appeared in an (anonymous) English translation in Philadelphia in the same year (Travels through North America, during the Years 1825 and 1826). Goethe made use of details of utopian settlements from the travelogue in the second version of his novel Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (1829). The sheer volume and range of observations may be overwhelming. Prince Bernhard was interested in simply...

Demands of a transnational public sphere: the diplomatic conflict between Joseph Chamberlain and Bernhard von Bülow and how the mass press shaped expectations for mediatized politics around the turn of the twentieth century

ABSTRACTScholarship on media and politics presumes a ‘mediatization’ of politics over time, which overlooks the evolution of a mediatized public sphere that shaped people’s understandings of what actually constituted politics. This article investigates the public sphere to demonstrate how it created expectations for politicians and journalists within the process of the mediatization of politics. To understand how political behaviour changed as a result of mediatization, this article focuses on the turn of the twentieth century, when politics faced an emerging mass press. It analyses one of the most violent episodes of the ‘press wars’ between Germany and Britain before the First World War. In 1901, British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain allegedly insulted the German Army, to which German Imperial Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow reacted aggressively, resulting in a media storm across Europe and the failing of the British-German alliance talks that paved the way for Britain’s Entente Cordiale with France. Part of the reason why this situation escalated was that newspapers in Britain and Germany expressed expectations for politicians to represent the angry opinions of their publics as voiced in the press. However, many newspapers also demanded that Bülow and Chamberlain moderate public opinion by influencing and censoring the press. While Bülow and Chamberlain were ahead of their time in paying attention to press opinions, seeking publicity and managing the press, they failed to meet the contradictory expectations of catering to jingoism while appeasing a foreign public. Meanwhile, newspapers reflected on their political impact on this situation, and started expecting more press responsibility, which moderated the crisis. The case shows how media and politics were not separated spheres, but interacted within a transnational public sphere in which expectations for political and journalistic behaviour were continuously being (re)shaped.

Guddens Diagnose über Ludwig II. aus zeitgenössischer und heutiger psychiatrischer Sicht

Not only the circumstances of the simultaneous death of King LouisII and his psychiatrist Bernhard von Gudden on Pentecost 1886 are still the subject of controversial discussion but also the nature of Louis' mental illness and the expert report that formed the basis for removing Louis from power. When one considers the psychiatric knowledge of the time, however, it becomes clearer how the four experts who assessed Louis reached adiagnosis of paranoia (madness). Gudden left behind no textbook. Nevertheless, acomparison of the structure and symptom weighting of the expert report with the classification system used in the Compendium, the first edition of the textbook published in 1883 by Gudden's long-time pupil Emil Kraepelin, provides insight into Gudden's school of thought. The experts' interpretation of Louis' illness is an outstanding document in the history of psychiatry. Even after the death of Louis and Gudden, the three remaining experts did not change their views before the parliamentary committees investigating the incident. If we use the knowledge of the time as the basis for our assessment, there is no justification for claiming that Gudden and his fellow experts wrongly diagnosed Louis.

Bernhard von Pezold and others v. Republic of Zimbabwe, Case No. ARB/10/15 and Border Timbers Limited and others v. Republic of Zimbabwe, Case No. ARB/10/25 Decision on the Applicant’s Urgent App

Bernhard von Pezold and others v. Republic of Zimbabwe, Case No. ARB/10/15 and Border Timbers Limited and others v. Republic of Zimbabwe, Case No. ARB/10/25 Decision on the Applicant’s Urgent App

Sound Biopolitics: Modernist Music and Degeneration in the Wilhelmine Empire

After the success of Richard Strauss's Salome, the German music world devolved into bitter arguments about the degeneration of both music and society. Simultaneously, Germany's constitutional crisis over imperial wars generated new nationalist coalitions and racist politics to combat revolutionaries. This article demonstrates the shared contours of crisis across music and politics, specifically placing Salome in an imperial context and showing the role of German biopolitics in the repression of modernist music. Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow oversaw a shift from positive to negative biopolitics, which sought to improve national health by removing unhealthy opposition. Both the structures of imperialism and the specter of degeneration should be credited with a pre-Nazi merger of sovereignty and biopolitics, which affected aesthetics no less than eugenics. Modernist music in the vein of Strauss became pathologized and policed by critics, conductors, and state authorities, as composers lost their freedom of expression and exposure to the public.

Encounters with the Levant: the late medieval illustrated Jerusalem Travelogue by Paul Walter von Guglingen

The late medieval illustrated Jerusalem travelogue by the Franciscan friar Paul Walther von Guglingen has heretofore received scant scholarly attention, perhaps owing to the unusual nature of some of its images. Guglingen charts decidedly Islamic spaces with his maps and plan, instead of the conventional sacred shrines of Christianity; these topographical features are interlaced with personal travelling experiences. Illustrations of flora and fauna encountered along the way are the result of careful observation, and meticulous recording. The author experiments with forms to visually represent his own lived experience. In all cases, text and image are closely intertwined and testify that non-religious aspects form a legitimate aspect of this pilgrimage account. Consideration of the illustrations in Guglingen’s Itinerarium, alongside, for example, those in the travelogue of his famous travel companion Bernhard von Breydenbach, allows us to illuminate more facets of the late medieval pilgrimage experience.

Johann Bernhard Aloys von Gudden and the Mad King of Bavaria.

Bernhard von Gudden was a psychiatrist in Prussia and he was summoned in March 1886 to examine King Ludwig II for his apparently insane activities like, profligate spending and erratic behaviour. A team of four estimable psychiatrists pronounced that he was not capable ruling. Consequently, he was dethroned and kept in a castle under supervision of von Gudden. Gudden championed the idea of 'no restraint' and advocated free movement of insane persons and one evening in June, he accompanied the King during an evening stroll to a lake. A few hours later, the corpus of both of them were recovered under mysterious circumstances. Autopsy suggested that the King was drowned but no post-mortem examination was performed on von Gudden. There are plenty of controversies regarding their death like, murder, accidental death or even natural death from cardiac arrest following immersion in cold water, but no incontrovertible conclusion could be arrived at, even after scrupulous analysis by historians and even the diagnosis of insanity of the King has been doubted. Some even suggested that the opinion of psychiatrists were sought as a pretense in order to depose the King.

Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile 1900–1941 by John C.G. Röhl (review)

Reviewed by: Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile 1900–1941 by John C.G. Röhl Roger Chickering Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile 1900–1941. By John C.G. Röhl. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. xxx + 1562. Cloth $65.00. ISBN 978-0521844314. The third volume of John Röhl’s massive biography of Wilhelm II was published in German in 2008. Six years later it has appeared with minor changes in a lucid English translation by Sheila de Bellaigue and Roy Bridge. Throughout his prolific career, Röhl has promoted the notion of the Kaiser’s “personal rule”—an interpretation of him that was already in use among contemporaries. This volume, which brings the biography to [End Page 177] a close, covers the period from 1900 until Wilhelm’s death in 1941. In Röhl’s reading, the foundations of the Kaiser’s personal rule were in place by the turn of the century. For that reason, the emphasis in this volume falls heavily on Wilhelm’s impact on German foreign policy, particularly as it related to Anglo-German relations. The bulk of the account thus traces the growing diplomatic isolation of Germany through a series of international crises that the emperor either brought about or exacerbated. The account culminates in the summer of 1914, when the European war brought a dénouement to Wilhelm’s aggressive vision of German hegemony on the European Continent and a German colonial empire to rival Great Britain’s. Readers who have read other volumes of the biography in German or English will be familiar with both the virtues and limitations of this vast project, which now totals nearly four thousand pages. The underlying scholarship is breathtaking in its scope and thoroughness. There is likely not a relevant archival holding in the world that the author has not found. The result is a study that reveals the thoughts, moods, motives, actions, tastes, sentiments, private affairs, and psychic and bodily condition of the German emperor in meticulous detail. That the biography reads like an indictment is no coincidence, for the biographer has approached the project as a forensic enterprise. The evidence that he presents is, he writes, like “fingerprints or DNA evidence in a criminal case” in which the investigator’s object is “finding out the truth” (xxvii–xxviii). Röhl’s conception of his own role helps explain the massive detail and the profusion of extended quotations: the larger the body of evidence, the more persuasive the case. Much of the indictment rests on self-incrimination, for the Kaiser was not modest in describing his own significance in the formulation and execution of German policy. The biographer has thus built a formidable case that Wilhelm was a disaster in office and that his impact was everywhere deleterious. He was foolish, mercurial, obsessed, insecure, prejudiced, megalomaniacal, delusional, paranoid, insensitive, and tasteless. The fact that such a man exercised virtually untrammeled power in Germany represents the key, in Röhl’s eyes, to the German catastrophe of the twentieth century. The massive structure of the biography invites this conclusion, if it does not force it on the reader. While the treatment of the emperor is comprehensive and stunning in its detail, the other major figures in the story receive no such attention; they are for the most part extras in this drama. Thus the most unpersuasive features in the whole work relate to context. In the 1970s, historians began to argue that Wilhelm was not the all-powerful ruler that he imagined himself to be; and this interpretation probably represents the dominant view today. It holds that the politicians with whom the emperor surrounded himself, like Bernhard von Bülow and Theobold von Bethmann-Hollweg, might well have been selected for their flattery and pliability, their “sychophanitic spinelessness” (125); but they managed to manipulate the monarch into policies that they themselves favored. Röhl has spent much of his life opposing [End Page 178] this argument. Wilhelm, he insists, was a free agent who responded to his drives and whims but otherwise exercised “almost overwhelming personal power” (75). This hypothesis now requires, however, that the biographer...