Abstract
Bernhard von Gudden and his prominent co-experts Grashey, Hagen and Hubrich wrote an expert opinion on LudwigII that was based on statements of sworn witnesses of the 41-year-old monarch's pathological behavior. With the contemporary material available today it can be understood why Gudden reached the diagnosis of "paranoia (madness)", which was in accordance with the state of psychiatric knowledge at that time. Even the official investigations initiated after the deaths of LudwigII and Gudden did not come to adifferent conclusion. Gudden was ahighly respected physician, researcher and clinical teacher; however, in the treatment of Ludwig he misjudged the consequences of his diagnosis and they both paid for his miscalculation with their lives. The Bavarian royal tragedy has many roots but anegligent or even deliberate misdiagnosis is not one of them.
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