Benzimidazole Complexes Research Articles

Substituted 2-(2''-pyridyl)benzimidazole palladium(II) complexes as an efficient catalytic system for Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling reactions

A new series of $N,N$-type 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole ligands (\textbf{2A}$_{\mathbf{1}}$,\textbf{ 2A}$_{\mathbf{2}}$,\textbf{ 3B}$_{\mathbf{1}}$,\textbf{ 3B}$_{\mathbf{2}}$,\textbf{ 3B}$_{\mathbf{3}}$, and\textbf{ 4C}$_{\mathbf{1}})$ and their Pd(II) complexes (\textbf{5A}$_{\mathbf{1}}$,\textbf{ 5A}$_{\mathbf{2}}$,\textbf{ 6B}$_{\mathbf{1}}$,\textbf{ 6B}$_{\mathbf{2}}$,\textbf{ 6B}$_{\mathbf{3}}$, and\textbf{ 7C}$_{\mathbf{1}})$ were prepared and characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The incorporation of $N$-coordinated benzimidazole complexes of palladium gave high catalytic activity in the Suzuki--Miyaura coupling of aryl halides substrates. After determining the best active catalyst as \textbf{5A}$_{\mathbf{1}}$, bearing the mesityl substituent on the benzimidazole ring with the Pd(II) ion, optimization studies were carried out via changing the substrate, base, time, atmosphere, and the effect of water. The DMF:H$_{2}$O (4/1) and Cs$_{2}$CO$_{3}$ as base were found to be critical for the efficiency of the reaction yield (100{\%}).

Structure Studies on Order Assemblage of Cadmium<sup>II</sup> Isophthalicacid Benzimidazole Complexes

The CadmiumII Isophthalicacid Benzimidazole complex [Cd2(C8H4O4)2 (C7H6N2)4(H2O)3], Triqua-bis (isophthalicacidato-O,O')-tetra (benzimidazole) bis (CadmiumII),the CdII atom is coordinated by two isophthalicacid anions and two benzimidazole and one water molecule in a distorted octahedral configuration with six-coordinations geometry. And one isophthalicacid ligand chelates to the CdII atom through its one carboxylic O atoms, but the other isophthalicacid ligand chelates to the CdII atom through its two carboxylic O atoms. The same as another CdII atom. So we get a Binuclear CdII metal complexe. The fact clearly suggests not so much significant contribution from the electrostatic interaction in the Cd-O bonding in bidentate Binuclear CdII metal complexes as we gotten in mononuclear MnII metal complexes. Adjacent complex link to each other via hydrogen bonds forming the three-dimensional supramolecular structure.

Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 3,5-Bistrifluoromethyl Acetophenone in Pilot Scale with Industrially Viable Ru/Diphosphine–Benzimidazole Complexes

A novel efficient asymmetric hydrogenation (AH) process was developed for the preparation of (R)-1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethanol (3), using a catalyst Ru/(4R,5R)-(+)-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxoane-(R,R-Diop)-2R-(α-methylmethanamine)-4,7-dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (R-D-Me-BIMAH) in toluene in the presence of potassium t-butoxide. Various hydrogenation parameters, such as ligand, solvent, and substrate-to-catalyst (S/C) ratio, were investigated. The hydrogenation was carried out for four times on a 5 kg scale at 30 atm and 25 °C with S/C of 20 000 with an enantiomeric excess of >89%.

Gold complexes with benzimidazole derivatives: synthesis, characterization and biological studies

Synthesis, characterization, DFT studies and biological assays of new gold(I) and gold(III) complexes of benzimidazole are reported. Molecular and structural characterizations of the compounds were based on elemental (C, H and N) and thermal (TG-DTA) analyses, and FT-IR and UV-Visible spectroscopic measurements. The structures of complexes were proposed based DFT calculations. The benzimidazole compounds (Lig1 and Lig2) and the gold complexes were tested against three Leishmania species related to cutaneous manifestations of leishmaniasis. The free benzimidazole compounds showed no leishmanicidal activity. On the other hand, the gold(I and III) complexes have shown to possess significant activity against Leishmania in both stages of parasite, and the gold(III) complex with Lig2 exhibited expressive leishmanicidal activity with IC50 values below 5.7μM. Also, the gold complexes showed high leishmania selectivity. The gold(I) complex with Lig1, for example, is almost 50 times more toxic for the parasite than for macrophages. Besides the leishmanicidal activity, all complexes exhibited toxic effect against SK-Mel 103 and Balb/c 3T3, cancer cells.

The Crystal Structure of Benzimidazole Complex with Chloranilic Acid Hydrate Adduct

Proton transfer realized through intermolecular H-bonds enables charge and energy transfer in biological systems, particularly in enzymes.1 Protonation of the donor from acidic acceptors are generally a route for the formation of ion pair adducts. Chloranilic acid (CLA) exhibits electron-acceptor properties on one hand and acidic properties leading to formation of H-bonds on the other hand, and usually utilized as a template for generating tightly bound self assemblies with various organic bases, and also as a model compound for investigating hydrogen transfer motions in O–H·N and N–H·O hydrogen bond systems.2 Benzimidazole (BIZ) is an organic base, and has H-bond donor site as well as acceptor site. The synthesis and spectroscopic studies, as well as crystallographic studies3,4 of charge transfer complexes formed between CLA and BIZ derivatives have been reported and the knowledge utilized in the field of drug-receptor binding mechanisms in medicinal chemistry. However, there is no report on BIZ complex with CLA, and is being pursued by our group. Our attempt to obtain such a complex resulted in the formation of BIZ with CLA hydrate adduct. As per our interest in studying proton transfer complexes, we found it prudent to report the role played by water in influencing proton transfer in the adduct, as well as contributing to increased number of H-bonds. The complex was obtained by dissolving a 1:1 mixture of BIZ (0.24 g, 2 mmol) and CLA (0.42 g, 2 mmol) in 20 ml methanol and allowed to evaporate slowly at room temperature. Suitable crystals were obtained after two weeks and characterized through X-ray diffraction at 150 K. Crystal data and details of data collection are given in Table 1. The structure solution was carried out with direct methods using the programs SIR 92 or superflip within the CRYSTALS software suite, and refined by full-matrix leastsquares methods based on F2. The chemical structure of BIZ/CLA·H2O adduct is shown in X-ray Structure Analysis Online

Zeolite encapsulated Ru(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of benzimidazole as reusable catalysts for the oxidation of organic substrates

Ru(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of benzimidazole (BzlH) have been synthesized in the supercages of zeolite-Y by the flexible ligand method and were characterized by spectroscopic (IR, UV–Vis and ESR) studies, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis, surface area, and pore volume measurements. The zeolite encapsulated complexes catalyzed the oxidation of ethylbenzene, benzoin, and cyclohexanol. Various parameters, such as concentration of oxidant and catalyst, reaction time, temperature of the reaction and type of solvents have been optimized to obtain the maximum transformation of ethylbenzene to a mixture of acetophenone, benzaldehyde and styrene. Under the optimized reaction conditions, [Ru(BzlH)]-Y gave 80.4 % conversion of ethylbenzene in 1 h. All these zeolite encapsulated complexes were more selective towards acetophenone formation. Oxidation of benzoin catalyzed by [Cu(BzlH)]-Y, [Ru(BzlH)]-Y and [Zn(BzlH)]-Y encapsulated complexes resulted in 75.5, 78.7 and 59.9 % conversion respectively to give benzaldehyde as exclusive product. A maximum conversion of 39.1 % cyclohexanol with [Cu(BzlH)]-Y was achieved to give cyclohexanone. The activity of neat complexes towards these reactions was also carried out. The encapsulated catalysts were significantly more active than neat complexes and recyclable without much loss in catalytic activity.

Synthesis and study of complex compounds of Rhenium with o-fenantrolin and benzimidazole

Processes of a complex formation of rhenium (V) compounds with o-fenantroline and benzimidazolwere investigated. The composition and a structure of the received compounds were proved by various physical and chemical methods. By results of the carried-out researches itwas established that at synthesis of fenantroline complexes there is a regrouping caused by a dehydrohalogenation and transition of outer spherical ligand in the internal sphere of a complex. The composition of benzimidazole complexes depends on the concentration of HX (X = Cl, Br) in the medium. At high concentrations thre are complexes of onium-type, at low concentrations of complexes - with monodentate ligands coordinated via the nitrogen atom is unsubstituted imidazole ring.

Synthesis, characterization, biological studies (DNA binding, cleavage, antibacterial and topoisomerase I) and molecular docking of copper(II) benzimidazole complexes

To explore the therapeutic potential of copper-based benzimidazole complexes, tetranuclear Cu(II) complex 1 and dinuclear ternary amino acid complexes 2 and 3 {L-trp and L-val, respectively} were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. In vitro DNA binding studies of complexes 1–3 were carried out employing UV–vis titrations, fluorescence, circular dichroic and viscosity measurements which revealed that the complexes 1–3 bind to CT DNA preferably via groove binding. Complex 1 cleaved pBR322 DNA via hydrolytic pathway (validated by T4 DNA ligase assay), accessible to major groove while 2 followed oxidative mechanism, binding to minor groove of DNA double helix; binding events were further validated by molecular docking studies. Additionally, the complexes 1 and 2 exhibit high Topo-I inhibitory activity at different concentrations. The complexes 1–3 were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and 2 was found to be most effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

Catalytic activity of a supported palladium–benzimidazole complex toward alkene hydrogenation

A polymer anchored palladium complex was synthesized by sequential attachment of benzimidazole and palladium chloride to chloromethylated polystyrene divinyl benzene co-polymer with 6.5 % cross-linking. The product was characterized by XPS, UV–vis. spectrophotometry, FTIR and TGA. Various physico-chemical properties such as bulk density, surface area and swelling behavior in different solvents were also measured. The polymer anchored complex was tested as a catalyst for reduction of olefins. The kinetics of hydrogenation of 1-hexene was studied by varying the temperature, catalyst concentration and substrate concentration. The energy and entropy of activation were evaluated from the kinetic data. The catalyst could be recycled a number of times and no leaching of metal from the catalyst surface was observed.

The first example of rhombic dodecahedral CuBr clusters in a novel mixed-valence Cu(i,ii)–benzimidazole complex

Hydrothermal reaction of CuBr2 and 1,2-di(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diol leads to the formation of a new mixed-valence copper(I,II) complex [(C7H5N2)(CuICuIIBr2)], which exhibits a two-dimensional layer structure, containing the first example of a rhombic dodecahedral CuBr [4,3] polyhedral column. The synthesis, crystal structure, electronic property, thermal stability and electrochemical characterization of this complex are investigated.

Synthesis and characterization of 5,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline and 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole complexes of zinc(II) for optoelectronic application

Bis(5,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato)zinc(II) (Me 2q) 2Zn and 5,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato(2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole) zinc(II) Me 2q(pbi)Zn have been synthesized and characterized by various techniques. These metal complexes have high thermal stability (>300 °C) and high glass transition temperatures (>150 °C). The vacuum deposited films of these materials show good film forming property and are suitable for opto-electronic applications. Multilayered organic electroluminescent (EL) devices have been fabricated having structure ITO/α-NPD/zinc complex/BCP/Alq 3/LiF/Al, which produce emission with chromaticity having Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates x = 0.506 and y = 0.484 for (Me 2q) 2Zn; x = 0.47 and y = 0.52 for (Me 2q)(pbi)Zn complex. The electroluminescence spectra show peak emission centered at 572 and 561 nm respectively for these materials.

An unprecedented supramolecular network with channels filled by 1D coordination polymer chains: Cocrystallization of Ag(i)-4,4′-bipyridine and Ag(i)-benzimidazole complexes

An unprecedented supramolecular network formed by [Ag(4,4′-bipyridine)]n chains and [Ag(NO3)4]3− anions via Ag⋯O interaction shows four types of channels filled by [Ag(4,4′-bipyridine)]n chains, [Ag(benzimidazole)]n chains and water molecules, representing the first example of cocrystallization of two 1D infinite coordination polymer chains.

Synthesis, characterization, reactivity and catalytic activity of oxidovanadium(iv), oxidovanadium(v) and dioxidovanadium(v) complexes of benzimidazole modified ligands

The reaction between [V(IV)O(acac)(2)] and the ONN donor Schiff base obtained by the condensation of pyridoxal and 2-aminoethylbenzimidazole (Hpydx-aebmz, I) or 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole (Hpydx-ambmz, II) in equimolar amounts results in the formation of [V(IV)O(acac)(pydx-aebmz)] 1 and [V(IV)O(acac)(pydx-ambmz)] 2, respectively. The aerobic oxidation of the methanolic solution of 1 yielded [V(V)O(2)(pydx-aebmz)] 3 and its reaction with aqueous H(2)O(2) gave the oxidoperoxidovanadium(v) complex, [V(V)O(O(2))(pydx-aebmz)] 4. The formation of 4 in solution is also established by titrations of methanolic solutions of 1 with H(2)O(2). By titrating solutions of 3 and of 4 with aqueous H(2)O(2) several distinct V(V)-pydx-aebmz species also containing the peroxido ligand are detected. The full geometry optimization of all species envisaged was done using DFT methods for suitable model complexes. The (51)V NMR chemical shifts (δ(V)) have also been calculated, the theoretical data being used to support assignments of the experimental chemical shifts. The (51)V hyperfine coupling constants are calculated for 1, the obtained values being in good agreement with the experimental EPR data. Reaction between the V(IV)O(2+) exchanged zeolite-Y and Hpydx-aebmz and Hpydx-ambmz in refluxing methanol, followed by aerial oxidation results in the formation of the encapsulated V(V)O(2)-complexes, abbreviated herein as [V(V)O(2)(pydx-aebmz)]-Y 5 and [V(V)O(2)(pydx-ambmz)]-Y 6. The molecular structure of 1, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, confirms its distorted octahedral geometry with the ONN binding mode of the tridentate ligand, with one acetylacetonato group remaining bound to the V(IV)O-centre. Oxidation of styrene is investigated using some of these complexes as catalyst precursors with H(2)O(2) as oxidant. Under optimised reaction conditions for the conversion of styrene in acetonitrile, a maximum of 68% conversion of styrene (with [V(V)O(2)(pydx-aebmz)]-Y) and 65% (with [V(V)O(2)(pydx-ambmz)]-Y) is achieved in 6 h of reaction time. The selectivity of the various products is similar for both catalysts and follows the order: benzaldehyde (ca. 55%) > 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol > benzoic acid > styrene oxide > phenyl acetaldehyde. Speciation of the systems and plausible intermediates involved in the catalytic oxidation processes are established by UV-Vis, EPR, (51)V NMR and DFT studies. Both non-radical (Sharpless) and radical mechanisms of the olefin oxidations were theoretically studied, and the radical pathway was found to be even more favorable than the Sharpless mechanism.

Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives and their transition metal complexes as topoisomerease II inhibitors

N-Aminomethyl- 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives 2– 5 and the ligand, 1-(5 (or 6-)-carboxy-1 H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)pyridinium chloride ( 6; H 2L 1) have been synthesized. New benzimidazole complexes 7– 9 of the ligand 6; H 2L 1 with Cu 2+, Co 2 and Zn 2+ were prepared. The growth-inhibitory against a panel of 21 human cancer cell lines of the synthesized compounds 1– 9 was studied. Compounds 6– 9 showed potent growth-inhibitory activity against the studied cell lines. The correlation coefficients according to COMPARE analysis of the National Cancer Institute screening protocol showed that the pattern of the growth-inhibitory effect of the compounds 6– 9 was similar to that of etoposide and doxorubicin but different from that of SN-38 and cisplatin. The topoisomerase II inhibitory activity of the tested compounds 6– 9 was studied. Compounds 6 and 8 inhibited topoisomerase II activity at 10 times lower concentration than etoposide in relaxation assay.

Probing the Acid−Base Equilibrium in Acid−Benzimidazole Complexes by 1H NMR Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations

The acid-base equilibrium in acid (phenylphosphonic acid, methylsulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid)-benzimidazole (BIm) complexes was studied by (1)H NMR spectra, FTIR spectra, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT optimized structures of the acid-BIm complexes, the vibrational frequencies of the acidic protons, and potential profiles were applied to study the equilibrium between the acids and BIm. In gas phase, it was shown that the strong sulfuric acid could completely protonate BIm and the other acids could only incompletely protonate BIm. When the polarizable continuum model of DMSO was applied, it was shown that all the acids could completely protonate BIm, except the weak acetic acid and phenylphosphonic acid. Furthermore, the potential profile for the PPoA-BIm shows double-well structure facilitating the free movement of the acidic proton between PPoA and BIm. If an explicit solvent molecule of DMSO was included into an acid-BIm complex, significant changes in equilibrium between acid and BIm are observed. The potential profiles for the MSA-BIm and HCl-BIm show very flat bottom wells, facilitating the free movement of proton between the acid and BIm. These calculations were consistent with the (1)H NMR chemical shifts of the immobile protons of the benzimidazole ring in DMSO-d(6) and the FTIR spectra of the acid-BIm complexes.

Effect of the condition of synthesis on the composition and structure of copper(II) complexes with benzimidazole

The composition and structure of copper(II) benzimidazole complexes obtained by the reaction of CuCl2 with benzimidazole (BIm) were determined. At pH 4.5–5.5, depending on the reactant ratio, dimeric compounds with the composition Cu(BIm)4Cl2 · 2H2O and Cu(BIm)2Cl2 · H2O are formed. They are converted to monomers at about 200°C. At pH > 8, irrespective of the reactant ratio, the polymer (Cu(OH)L)n is formed. The complexation of copper(II) with benzimidazole in water and aqueous dioxane was studied by potentiometry, and the stability constants of the complex compounds and their dependence on the solvent composition were determined.

Zeolite-encapsulated 2-(o-aminophenyl)benzimidazole complexes: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity

Cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of 2-(o-aminophenyl)benzimidazole (AmPhBzlH) encapsulated in the super cages of zeolite-Y and ZSM-5 have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic studies (IR, UV/visible, EPR), elemental analyses, thermal studies and X-ray diffraction patterns. The catalytic activity of encapsulated complexes was investigated for the hydroxylation of phenol using 30% H2O2 as an oxidant. Under optimized reaction conditions, the hydroxylation of phenol yielded catechol and hydroquinone as the major products. All catalysts show good selectivity for diphenol products. A maximum conversion of phenol was obtained with [Cu(AmPhBzlH)]-Y as the catalyst. The results showed that conversion of phenol varies in the order [Cu(AmPhBzlH)]-Y > [Cu(AmPhBzlH)]-ZSM-5 > [Zn(AmPhBzlH)]-Y > [Co(AmPhBzlH)]-Y > [Zn(AmPhBzlH)]-ZSM-5 > [Co(AmPhBzlH)]-ZSM-5 after 6 h of reaction time. Test for the recyclability of the reaction was also carried out and the results indicate their recyclability.

Similarities and differences of thermal behaviour of 2-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole complexes with Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions

For a comparison of structural data and thermal behaviour of Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes with biologically important ligand, 2-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole (L) the complex of the formula [ZnL3](NO3)2L0.67L′0.33 was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectra, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis (where L′ = 2-carbaldehydebenzimidazole). IR and X-ray studies have confirmed a bidentate fashion of coordination of the 2-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole to Zn(II) ion (through the nitrogen atom of heteroaromatic ring and oxygen atom of hydroxymethyl group). The zinc ion is hexacoordinated and the shape of polyhedron can be described as pseudo-octahedron (N3O3 chromophore type). The decomposition process of studied Zn(II) and Cd(II) benzimidazole complexes in the air atmosphere proceeds in three or four main stages and traces structures of complexes. On the basis of the first DTGmax of the decompositions the thermal stability of the complexes follows the order: [CdL3](NO3)2LEtOH0.25 < [CdL2(NO3)2] < [ZnL3](NO3)2L0.67L′0.33. As the final solid products of thermal decomposition suitable metal oxides are formed.

Mononuclear Cu and dinuclear Cu–Ln complexes of benzimidazole based ligands including N and O donors: Syntheses, characterization, X-ray molecular structures and magnetic properties

The synthesis of two mononuclear precursor copper complexes, [(HL 2) 2Cu], 1, and [(HL 3) 2Cu]·H 2O, 2, and three dinuclear Cu–Ln complexes, [(HL 1) 2Cu(CH 3CN) 2Gd(NO 3) 3], 3, [(HL 3) 2CuGd(NO 3) 3]·2(H 2O), 4, and [(HL 3) 2CuTb(NO 3) 3]·2(H 2O), 5, based on the ligands H 2L 1 (4-bromo-2-[1-(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-1 H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-6-methoxyphenol), H 2L 2 (2-(1 H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-bromo-6-methoxyphenol) and H 2L 3 (2-(1 H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxyphenol) are described in this contribution. The X-ray crystal structures of H 2L 2, 1, 3, 4, and 5 have been solved. The novel ligand H 2L 2 crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit; several intermolecular hydrogen contacts connect alternate independent H 2L 2 molecules into chains developing along c. In complex 1, two (HL 2) − ligands chelate the copper ion through their imidazolyl nitrogen and phenoxo oxygen atoms, in a relative head to tail arrangement. The molecular structure of 3 is similar to those of the previously reported Cu–Ln complexes of H 2L 1. In the isostructural complexes 4 and 5, two HL 3 ligands sandwich one Cu 2+ ion through their N,O sites and one Ln 3+ ion through their O 2 site, implying a relative head to head arrangement, at variance with the relative head to tail arrangement of HL 2 in the mononuclear copper precursor 1. The magnetic properties of 1, 3, 4, and 5 have been investigated. Extended intermolecular antiferromagnetic interactions operate in complex 1 (( J Chain = −0.8(1) cm −1). Ferromagnetic interactions between Gd ( S = 7/2) and Cu ( S = 1/2) centers operate in complexes 3 and 4, leading to an S = 4 ground state ( J CuGd = 7.2(2) cm −1 for 3 and J CuGd = 6.5(2) cm −1 for 4). Depopulation of the Tb Stark levels, preclude obtaining reliable information on the presence and sign of the Cu–Tb interaction in 5. These new complexes are complementary to those previously reported: the Cu–O 2–Gd core is planar while deformations are borne by the ligands at variance with previous examples where the constraints were located at the Cu–O 2–Gd core. The presence of two independent ligands in the Cu,Gd coordination spheres confers a degree of freedom greater than that allowed by a unique tetradentate ligand. As a result, the strength of the magnetic interaction is not solely related to the dihedral angle between the CuOO and GdOO planes in the central core.

Two new Co(II) complexes of benzimidazole: synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalysis

Two new complexes, [Co(C3H7-bim)2Br2] and [Co(C5H11-bim)2Br2], have been synthesized and the structures characterized by X-ray crystallography, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The cobalt atoms of the two complexes both adopt distorted tetrahedral geometry. The electrochemical behavior of and electrocatalysis by the propyl complex bulk-modified carbon paste electrode have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. It has good electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and bromate. The detection limit and the sensitivity are 0.01 μM and 60.93 μA μM−1 for TCA detection, and 0.02 μM and 43.94 μA μM−1 for bromate detection. This modified electrode has good reproducibility, high stability, low detection limit, technical simplicity, and possibility of rapid preparation, which is important for practical application.