Benzene Extract Research Articles

Rapid extraction of trace benzene by a crown-ether-based metal-organic framework

Rapid extraction of trace benzene by a crown-ether-based metal-organic framework

In vitro and in vivo Effect of Weeds (Root) Extracts on Soil Borne Fungal Phytopathogens and Fungal Infected Legume Crop Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum)

Background: Weed management during growing season has been a serious problem for many years. Worldwide, a 10% loss of agricultural products can be attributed to the competitive effect of weeds, despite their intensive control. Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium album L. is an annual weed of cultivated fields. Methods: This investigation was done in 2020-2021. Root parts of both weeds Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium album were collected from a nearby area, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. To determine the antifungal potentials of both weeds Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Chenopodium album root extracts were determined by the food poisoning method against fungal phytopathogens. Methane, Ethyl acetate, Butyl alcohol, Benzene and Water-soluble root extracts of both weeds at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) were used against fungal phytopathogens growth in laboratory conditions and also used on fungal infected related attributes of Bengal gram in a pot culture experiment in 1:10 ratio. Antioxidants of both weed extracts were done by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. Result: Findings showed that application of 15% concentrated extracts has maximum antifungal effects against Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsi (70-80%). In the pot experiment, we find that at increased concentrations of methanolic extract (15%) infected Bengal gram crops show high effectiveness against fungal phytopathogens and improve different parameters such as germination, plant physiology and morphological characteristics. However, higher concentrations of methanol extract promoted these parameters and reduced fungal growth in both in vivo and vitro conditions Results of this study reported highly significant suppressive effects of higher concentrations (10% and 15%).

Anti- Leishmanial activity of a traditional Indian herbal plant agave Vivipara

Infection due to protozoa of the Genus Leishmania are a major world wide health problem with high endemicity in developing countries. Visceral leishmaniasis commonly called Kala azar which is caused by an intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani. This disease may be fatal when left untreated . In the present study, In vitro anti- leishmanial activitiy of Ethyl acetate , Methanolic , Benzene, and Chloroform extracts of Agave vivipara have been evaluated . Among those extracts Ethyl acetate of Agave vivipara shows effective antileishmanial activity against promastigote form of leishmanial donovani. Saponins present in Agave vivipara which may be responsible for inhibition the growth of parasites. It was found that IC 50 = 300 ?g /ml( 50% inhibition at 300 ?g /ml) and IC90 =400 ?g /ml ( complete inhibition at 400 ?g /ml). . KEYWORDS :Visceral leishmaniasis, Agave vivipara ,Leishmania donovani,

Anti- Leishmanial activity of a traditional indian herbal plant Chenopodium ambrosioides

The existing antileishmanial drugs for complete cure of visceral leishmaniasis( Kala azar) are limited The available drugs are either toxic or less effective leading to disease relapse or conversion to postkala ?azar dermal leishmaniasis Several herbal extracts have been shown to have antileishmanial activity... In the present study, In vitro anti- leishmanial activitiy of Ethanolic ,Methanolic , Benzene, and Chloroform extracts of Chinopodiumambrosioides have been evaluated . Among those extracts ethanolic extract of Chinopodiumambrosioides shows effective antileishmanial activity against promastigote form of leishmanial donovani. ascoridole present in C.ambrosioides which may be responsible for inhibition the growth of parasites. It was found that IC 50 = 150 ?g /ml( 50% inhibition at 150 ?g /ml) and IC90 =200 ?g /ml (complete inhibition at 200?g /ml).. KEYWORDS :Visceral leishmaniasis, Chinopodium ambrosioides,Leishmaniadonovani,

Analysis of Quantitative Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf, Stem, and Bark of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.

To the best of our knowledge, there was no prior report providing valuable preliminary data through a demonstration of the quantitative phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Gymnosporia senegalensis. The total contents of phenols, flavonoid, flavanol, tannin, and saponin were evaluated from different fractions extracted from the leaf, stem, and bark of G. senegalensis by using standards such as gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, tannic acid, and saponin quillaja. The antioxidant potential was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2), superoxide anion radical scavenging, metal chelating ferrous ion, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Data were subjected to half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05 as a significant value. The total phenol content was found to be highest in the chloroform extract of stem at 97.7 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were 97.1 ± 0.03 mg QE/g and 96.7 ± 0.07 mg RE/g, respectively. The total tannin content in the ethyl acetate extract of leaf was 97.5 ± 0.01 mg TAE/g, and the total saponin content in the methanol extract of stem was 79.1 ± 0.06 mg SQE/g. The antioxidant analysis indicated that IC50 and percentage (%) inhibition were dose-dependent and showed the highest antioxidant activity (40.9 ± 0.9 µg/mL) in methanol extract of leaf for DPPH, (88.8 ± 1.12 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of stem for H2O2, (43.9 ± 0.15 µg/mL) in the aqueous extract of bark for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, (26.9 ± 0.11 µg/mL) in the chloroform extract of leaf for the metal chelating ferrous ion activity, (7.55 ± 0.10 mg/mL) in the benzene extract of leaf for FRAP, and (2.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL) in the methanol extract of bark for TAC. These results show that G. senegalensis has great potential in antioxidant activities. The isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds and the in vivo applicability of such activity await further extensive studies for drug discovery and development.

In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and molecular study of Nostoc punctiforme isolated from the rice field

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes and are reservoir of bioactive compounds having substantial antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. They serve as a rich source of structurally novel and biologically active metabolites, holding great potential for various pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extracts of Nostoc punctiforme, a filamentous heterocystous cyanobacterium predominant in the rice fields of Lakhanpur (Bargarh District), Odisha. The heterocystous cyanobacteria was collected from rice field and identified by means of morphological and molecular approach (Nostoc punctiforme Jbr02). Subsequently, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was assayed using acetone, methanol, and benzene extract. The cyanobacterial extracts established important antimicrobial actions against bacterial and fungal pathogens with significant MIC values from 62.5 to 500 μg/ml. The methanolic extract displayed better inhibitory activities against both V. Cholerae and P. verrucosun with the MIC value 62.5μg/ml while no such activity was recorded in benzene extract against B. subtilis, A. niger and F. oxysporum pathogens. The antioxidant study, depicted that the methanolic extract showed relatively higher antiradical activity of IC50 542±0.012 μg/ml among the three solvents. The Ferric reducing assay result was also maximum in methanolic extract (0.478±0.78) as compared to benzene and acetone extract. These findings infer that Nostoc punctiforme has potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, unveiling its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Thus, N. punctiforme in specific and cyanobacteria in general are one of the most promising candidates for commercial applications.

Assessment of the genotoxic potential of soil-associated DDTs and its metabolites using the Salmonella/microsome assay

The study aimed to assess the genotoxicity of different DDT contaminated soils (with different amendment types) in benzene extracts. A Salmonella/microsome assay without metabolic activation (-S9) was performed to evaluate the efficiency to initiate the mutations of remediated and non-remediated soils. The number of revertants mutations in his+ in TA100 and TA98 strains were obtained, and compared to soils without DDT, and remediated DDT containing soils. The interpretation of the data suggests that, mutagenic activity was high for the non-remediated soils samples Kyzylkairat and Beskainar, and revealed in the scale as a weak mutagen. Soil samples treated with DARCO, ORBO, Sarg&lt;150μm, and Sarg&gt;150μm in Kyzylkairat and Beskainar exhibited a decreasing level of mutagenic activity, which is in line with the decreased environmental availability in these soil. Overall, the study indicates that strains TA100 and TA98 are valuable tools for rapidly assessing the potential mutagenicity of soil contaminated with OCPs.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIVE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BARK EXTRACTS OF ACACIA CATECHU BY IN VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ANALYSIS

Objective: The objective of this research was to examine and compare the capacity of several bark extracts of Acacia catechu to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) free radicals. The study also examined the evaluation of variations in concentration that are reliant on both concentration levels and seasonal changes, using samples obtained throughout various seasons over a span of two consecutive years. Methods: In this study, six extracts were made utilizing solvents, including ethanol, methanol, aqueous solution, acetone, chloroform, and benzene. In the in vitro investigation, a nitric oxide (NO) assay was conducted to evaluate the free radical scavenging efficacy of the test samples. Results: Out of seven tested sample concentrations, 15.25 µg/ml was reported to be ineffective; higher than 500 µg/ml concentrations (i.e., 705 and 1000) were observed to be less effective than their lower concentrations, while 31.5–500 µg/ml drug concentrations were observed to be protective. Among these three, 125 µg/ml concentrations were found to be most effective (p&lt;0.01 or more). In solvent-based results, methanolic, ethanolic, aqueous, and acetone extracts exhibited at least p&lt;0.01 significant effective NO scavenging, but acetone extract was seen to have comparatively less protection (p&lt;0.05) than the other three extracts. Chloroform and benzene extracts, respectively, showed less protection. Samples collected in the summer season showed greater protection than winter and Manson. Conclusion: This study provided a clear observation of the impact of extraction solvent, concentration of drug, and season of sample collection on in vitro free radical scavenging potential. These data could help provide possible applications for regional plants for medicinal purposes.

Phytochemical screening, investigations &amp; antimicrobial activity on the various extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Alternanthera sessilis (Joyweed) and Crepidium acuminatum (Jeevak)

The antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of &amp; using petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were tested against Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus mutans, Pseudomonas mirabilis and Bacillus fragillis. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The zone of inhibition was compared with the standard drug i.e. Penicillin. Petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts were effective against the entire four test microorganism used respectively when compared to standard drug penicillin. The preliminary phytochemical screening of contains alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, cardiac glycosides and quinones. indicated the presence of saponins, essential oils, athraquinones, sterols, coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and glycosides. Quantitatively alkaloids, resins, tannins, crude fibre, saponin, phenolic, flavonoids, carbohydrate and saponins were determined by different methods.Acetone extract was more effective followed by ethanol extract as antimicrobial agents when compared to other extracts of aerial parts of &amp; . shows antihypertensive remedy, helps to treat hepatitis, bronchitis, asthma, central –stimulating &amp; analgesic activity. shows aphrodisiac, haemostatic, anti-diarrheal, and styptic, anti dysenteric, febrifuge, cooling and tonic activity.Total Carbohydrate and Saponin contents are calculated by standard curve methods by us ing 80% ethanol and aqueous extract correspondingly. Quantities are found to 112±1.7 (μg Glucose equivalents/ml of extract) in 80% ethanol extract and 184±1.2 (μg saponin equivalents/ml of extract) in aqueous extract. Saponin content has also been measured by double solvent gravimetric method and it is found to be 2±0.48%. Quantity of Total Fat Content, Total Alkaloid Content, Total Resin Content, Total Tannin Content and Total Crude Fibre Content were calculated.Work is under progress to reveal the chemical nature of the active constituents responsible for the antimicrobial activity &amp; its P’cological activities reported for aerial parts of the plant.

WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF ACACIA CATECHU IN EXCISION WOUND MODEL USING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO APPROACH

Objective: The objective of this work is to elucidate the wound healing capabilities of various extracts derived from the bark of Acacia catechu, and to explore their potential therapeutic effects. Furthermore, the examination of several seasons has been conducted to assess their influence on the examined parameters. Methods: In this study, albino mice were used to assess acute dermal toxicity, excision wound healing, and histological changes. The wounds were monitored, and the area of the wound was measured at the 0th, 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, and 21st days as compared to the control animals. Results: The test extracts showed considerable protection and wound healing capabilities in acute dermal toxicity, excision wound, and histopathological studies. Among the tested extracts, the ethanolic extract showed the highest wound healing (46.68%, p&lt;0.001), followed by the methanolic (38.50%, p&lt;0.001), acetone (33.87%, p&lt;0.05), aqueous (32.04%, p&lt;0.001), chloroform (29.83%, p&lt;0.05), and benzene extracts (28.60%, p&lt;0.05) at the 21st d of wound healing. However, the samples gathered throughout the winter, summer, and rainy seasons did not show a statistically significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in the present research work. Conclusion: This study helps to provide preliminary data on the concentration range of different extracts collected in different seasons. It is anticipated that this evaluation represents significant protective potential of indigenous flora for medicinal applications.

Comparative study of qualitative flavonoid content of Acacia catechu bark extracts

Plants include a family of secondary metabolites called flavonoids, which are often included in human diets. Many of these bases have been shown to have positive medicinal potential. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if flavonoids were present in various test extracts from test plant samples. Thirty separate samples of Acacia catechu bark were gathered for this study from various seasonal circumstances in the research location. Six extracts were then prepared from each sample. The presence or absence of flavonoids in these extracts was then examined using various techniques. The test sample extracts in ethanol, methanol, aqueous, acetone, and chloroform were found to contain flavonoids, however the benzene extracts were found to be free of the same. Based on the dark-colored reaction mixture, it was claimed that the flavonoids content of both alcoholic extracts was relatively higher. This exploratory study could provide the foundation for future investigations into the therapeutic uses of native plants.

Analysis of Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Properties of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Against Clinical Pathogen

There are numerous therapeutic uses for medicinal plants in treating and managing numerous diseases. Traditional medicinal plantswere mostly needed in the current scenario. The world's warmer and wetlands regions are home to the medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri (L.).It has been utilized for ages in Ayurvedic systems. The Bacopa monnieri was one of the traditional medicinal plants. These are commonlycalled "Brahmi," and the Tamil vernacular name is "Neerbrahmmi." It is easy to cultivate and grow in all seasons. These peculiar activeingredients, also known as memory enhancement and phytoconstituents were enriched in this medicinal plant. The present study focused onanalyzing phytoconstituents and the antimicrobial activity of Bacopa monnieri leaves. The efficacy of phytoconstituents on the antimicrobialactivities concerning minimum inhibitory concentrations was performed with different polar and non-polar solvents of the respective plant.The phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, amino acids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, phlobatannins, quinones, reducing sugars,saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were recorded, respectively. Antibacterial activity performed with following human clinicalbacteria like Clostridium butyricum, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the antifungal activity against humanclinical such as Aspergillus flavus, A.niger, Aspergillus sp., and Penicillium sp. were determined. Among the two solvent extractions, the aqueousextract showed a more significant result than the benzene extract. According to the MIC, the antimicrobial properties of B.monnieriwithdifferent extracts were analyzed. The very minimum concentration has shown better inhibitions against microbes. The present study exploredthe antimicrobial properties of human clinical pathogens. So, the B.monnieriaqueous extract of leaves was suggested for the treatment ofmicrobial infections.

Resource recovery and reduction of tidal waste to produce cellulose through sulphur-free pulping

AbstractThe transition towards a sustainable cellulose industry needs more environmentally friendly technologies, including the use of lignocellulosic waste as alternative raw materials. This work shows the potential of dead biomass from the Andalusian Mediterranean coastline to obtain cellulosic pulp. With this purpose, predominant species in onshore residues (mainly Posidonia oceanica) were prepared, characterized, and subjected to a soda-anthraquinone pulping process. A central composite design was defined in order to relate the process conditions to the composition and characteristics of the cellulose pulp. It was concluded that polynomial models encompassing linear, quadratic, and binary effect parameters reproduce the experimental results satisfactorily. Results allowed to choose high anthraquinone dosage, alkali charge and temperature, low liquid/solid ratio and short time as a compromise solution, by which the brightness, ethanol–benzene extractives content, kappa number, lignin content and viscosity were near their optimal. Low values of liquid/solid ratio reduce water consumption, which is of utmost importance in cellulose industries likewise short time treatments to save energy.

Antioxidant Properties of Extracts From Cultured and Wild Macromycetes

The antioxidant properties of benzene, methanol, and ethanol extracts from Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus (cultivated species); Fomes fomentarius, Inonotus obliquus и Trametes versicolor (wild species) were studied. The total content of flavonoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated (DPPH, PFRAP, CUPRAC and β-carotene bleaching assay). The yield of benzene extracts was up to 1.9%; methanol up to 7.2%; ethanol to 9.6%. The content of total flavonoids in methanol and ethanol extracts from wild macromycetes was up to 29.5 mEq of rutin per gram of extract. Extracts from macromycetes showed low antioxidant activity in the PFRAP and CUPRAC reactions. It was found that methanol extracts from F. fomentarius and T. versicolor, as well as ethanol extracts from L. edodes, F. fomentarius and T. versicolor, have high antiradical activity against DPPH and β-carotene radical.

Screening of Salvadora persica leaves for antioxidant properties and total phenolic content

The objective of this research was to investigate the antioxidant properties of Salvadora persica leaf extracts using various in vitro assays and compare them with the total phenolic content. Petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts were assessed for their ability to scavenge free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals along with metal chelating capacity and reducing power. Estimation of phenolic content was done using the Folin-ciocalteu reagent and expressed as mg/g Gallic acid equivalent. The results demonstrated that all the solvents exhibited significant concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity. Among the five extracts, the methanolic extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity and contained 52.64 mg/g Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) of phenolic content. The study identified significant correlation between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant assays suggesting role of phenolic compounds to the antioxidant activity of S. persica extracts. These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of S. persica is rich in phenolic compounds, which may account for its potent antioxidant activity. Consequently, these results emphasize the potential of S. persica as a valuable source of natural antioxidants and provide scientific support for its use in treating various health conditions.

LC-MS metabolomics profiling of Salvia aegyptiaca L. and S. lanigera Poir. with the antimicrobial properties of their extracts

BackgroundSalvia L. (Lamiaceae) found in almost all countries in temperate and tropical regions. Both S. aegyptiaca L. and S. lanigera Poir. have a rather wide distribution in Egypt (Mediterranean region, Gebel Elba and nearly the whole Sinai). Salvia species showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against several groups of food microorganisms and pathogens, so they are considered as a natural foods preservatives.AimInvestigate the phytochemical profiles of S. aegyptiaca & S. lanigera collected from their natural habitats in Egypt and test the antimicrobial activities of both species against some bacteria and fungi pathogenic strains.MethodologyIn the present study, S. aegyptiaca and S. lanigera were collected from their natural habitat. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were measured for aerial parts of both Salvia spp.. The separation and identification of the pure active materials of both Salvia sp. by using LC-MS system (UHPLC-TSQ Quantum Mass Spectrometer). The antimicrobial activities of the ethanol, water and benzene extracts of the two species were tested against different pathogenic strains and compared with the standard antimicrobial drug (Gentamycin). Antimicrobial activity was determined by using agar disk diffusion method.ResultsThe phenolics content in S. lanigera 132.61±6.23 mg/g and S. aegyptiaca 125.19±4.97 mg/g, while the flavonoids content was 35.68±1.84 and 40.63±2.11 mg/g, respectively. Through LC-MS analysis, two compounds were detected in both species; heptadecanoyl coenzyme A, that the highest percentage (13.5%) in S. aegyptiaca and (11.5 %) in S. lanigera. Oenin, in a peak area of 3.1% in S. aegyptiaca and 1.2 % in S. lanigera. Ethanol extract of the two species had the most inhibitory effect against all tested microorganisms that exceeded the effect of the standard, except for Mucor reinelloids which was more sensitive to the water extract. Moreover, S. lanigera ethanol extract showed larger inhibition zone than S. aegyptiaca in all tested microorganisms except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.ConclusionThis study shows the important phytochemicals that improve the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Salvia aegyptiaca and S. lanigera.

Antibacterial activity of stem bark extract of traditionally used Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth.) Roxb.

Medicinal Plants have been practised for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” than prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. In this study, the plant Terminalia bellirica was taken for study due to the mesmerizing medicinal properties of the plant. The antibacterial activities of acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene and methanol extracts of Terminalia bellirica stem bark were tested for four pathogenic bacterial strains by agar disc diffusion method. Among the various extract, acetone extracts showed good antibacterial activity and maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for Staphylococus aureus (zone size 8mm) followed by Pseudomonas aurogenosa (10mm). The results are given in Table-1. Methanol extract showed antibacterial activity against E. coli (zone size 8mm). On the other hand ethyl acetate and benzene extract was found to be totally unaffected against these bacterial strains.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Phytochemical Investigation of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Dryopteris dilatata

Bioactive constituents are the active ingredients of herbal product such as Dryopteris dilataa that possess therapeutic efficacies in the treatment and management of several diseases. Thus, we evaluated different concentration of the free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical constituents of ethanol and sub-extracts of Dryopteris dilatata (Dd) leaves such as butane, hexane and benzene. Phytochemicals analysis was determined on the ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata sub-extracts using standard principles, also free radical scavenging capacity of the ethanol extract for Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (OH), superoxide radical scavenging assay (SSRA), 2,2--Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphoric acid scavenging activity (ABTS) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay (TBA) was done using standard protocols. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed flavonoids and cardiac glycosides in all extracts, terpenoid, phytosterol, alkaloid, tannins and saponin constituents were present in ethanol, butane and hexane extracts and absent in benzene extract, phenols is present in only hexane extract but absent in all other extracts, glycerols is present in only benzene extracts while phlobotannin and carbohydrate are absent in all extracts. The plant ethanol extract revealed statistically significant at P&lt;0.05 capacity for (FRAP), (OH), (SSRA), (DPPH), (ABTS), (TA). The study therefore suggest that the plant extract could lead to producing therapeutic agent in the treatment and management of several disorders that are attributed to reactive species and oxidative stress.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect against &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; Using Different Solvents of &lt;i&gt;Neolamarckia cadamba&lt;/i&gt; Fruit Extracts

Neolamarckia cadamba is a commonly found tree in India and is known for its large green leaves and ball shaped flowers and fruits. Also tree is culturally and economically important plant of India and is traditionally used for preparation of herbal medicines because of its various pharmacological properties. Although bark and leaves are mostly utilized whereas fruits are somewhat lagging behind in terms of its medicinal usages. This present study deals with the antibacterial properties of Neolamarckia cadamba (ripe and unripe) fruits. Six different solvent extracts which includes acetone, benzene, water, DMSO, ethanol and methanol (mg/ml) were prepared for the screening of antibacterial properties of Neolamarckia cadamba fruits against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. It was observed that zone of inhibition was highest in ethanolic extract (14 mm) of ripe fruit against the Bacillus subtilis. Zone of inhibition was found lowest in acetonic extract (5 mm) of ripe fruits whereas no zone of inhibition was found in benzene and ethanolic extract of unripe fruits. Out of both fruits, ripe was found to be most effective against both strains whereas out of six solvents ethanolic and methanolic extracts were found to be most effective.

Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Leaf Extracts Against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)

Natural pesticides derived from plant-based substances are effective alternative to conventional pesticides. A study was conducted on the biopesticide chemicals extracted from powdered. P. amboinicus leaves using different solvents and their effectiveness against cowpea beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus. In this study, leaf powders of P. amboinicus were extracted with various solvents and tested qualitatively and quantitatively for phytochemical constituents using GC-MS. The highest concentrations of terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and steroids were found in petroleum benzine and ethanolic extracts. This insecticidal effect is attributed in part to the presence of secondary metabolites identified in the extracts. These petroleum benzine extracts of P. amboinicus also contained biopesticides such as thymol, beta caryophyllene, farnesol, phytol, Codlelure, (Z)-11-Hexadecenal, Erucic acid, and squalene. A higher repellency (44.8±0.8%) was achieved at a higher concentration (50 mg/ml) of petroleum benzene extract of P. amboinicus after 360 minutes of treatment followed by ethanol extract (40.8±1.49%) and, benzene (37.6±0.97%), chloroform (36.8±0.8%) and water extract (34.4±0.97%). We measured the levels of toxicity after 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours of exposure. After 72 hours, Petroleum benzene caused the highest level of toxicity (LD50 = 20.89 mg/ml) of Callosobruchus maculatus, followed by ethanol (LD50=28.18 mg/ml), water (LD50 = 32.35 mg/ml), chloroform (LD50 = 40.73mg/ml and Benzene (LD50 = 46.77mg/ml). Based on our results, we suggest P. amboinicus phytocompounds are helpful in protecting stored grains from Callosobruchus maculatus.