Benign Component Research Articles

Solvent-Driven Transformation of Zn/Cd2+-Deoxycholate Assemblies.

Deoxycholic acid (DOC) is a unique, biologically derived surfactant with facial amphiphilicity that has been exploited, albeit minimally, in supramolecular assembly of materials. Here, we present the synthesis and structural characterization of three hybrid metal (Zn2+ and Cd2+)-DOC compounds. Analysis by single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the many interactions that are possible between these facial surfactants and the influence of solvent molecules that drive the assembly of materials. These structures are the first metal-DOC complexes besides those obtained from alkali and alkaline earth metals. We isolated polymeric chains of both Cd and Zn (Znpoly-DOC and Cdpoly-DOC) from water. Major interactions between DOC molecules in these phases are hydrophobic in nature. Cdpoly-DOC exhibits unique P1 symmetry, with complete interdigitation of the amphiphiles between neighboring polymeric chains. Zn4-DOC, obtained from methanol dissolution of Znpoly-DOC, features the OZn4 tetrahedron, widely known in basic zinc acetate and MOF-5 (metal organic framework). We document a solvent-driven, room-temperature transition between Znpoly-DOC and Zn4-DOC (in both directions) by scanning and transmission electron microscopies in addition to small-angle X-ray scattering, powder X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. These studies show the methanol-driven transition of Znpoly-DOC to Zn4-DOC occurs via an intermediate with no long-range order of the Zn4 clusters, indicating the strongest interactions driving assembly are intramolecular. On the contrary, water-driven solid-to-solid transformation from Zn4-DOC to Znpoly-DOC exhibits crystal-to-crystal transformation. Znpoly-DOC is robust, easy to synthesize, and comprised of biologically benign components, so we demonstrate dye absorption as a proxy for water treatment applications. It favors absorption of positively charged dyes. These studies advance molecular level knowledge of the supramolecular assembly of facial surfactants that can be exploited in the design of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. This work also highlights the potential of solvent for tuning supramolecular assembly processes, leading to new hybrid materials featuring facial surfactants.

Prognosis in primary mucinous ovarian carcinoma: focusing on the five pathological findings indicating metastatic mucinous carcinoma to the ovary.

ObjectivePathological features indicating metastatic mucinous carcinoma to the ovary (MMCO) have been rarely reported in primary mucinous ovarian carcinoma (PMOC). However, little is known about how often they are observed in PMOC and how they relate to patient prognosis. In this study, we investigated the pathological features indicating MMCO in a large cohort of PMOCs and analyzed their association with patient prognosis.MethodsWe reviewed surgically treated PMOC patients diagnosed at the Seoul National University Hospital from 1995 to 2019, according to the updated WHO classification, and investigated the presence of pathological features indicating MMCO.ResultsA total of 144 patients with PMOCs were included. The 5 pathological findings indicating MMCO, including an infiltrative invasive pattern, the absence of benign or borderline components, a smaller tumor size, the presence of signet ring cells and the presence of extracellular mucin were observed in PMOC (21.6%, 43.1%, 20.8%, 4.3% and 12.9%, respectively), and were significantly correlated with poor overall and progression-free survival rates in PMOC. The patient’s prognosis worsened as the extent of the infiltrative invasive pattern increased (p<0.001). In addition, the prognostic power was stronger when the 5 pathological factors were analyzed together (new grouping system) than when analyzed individually (p<0.001) and the new grouping system was identified as an independent prognostic factor regardless of FIGO stage.ConclusionFive pathological findings indicating MMCO in PMOC were significantly associated with poor prognosis in PMOC patients. Also, the new grouping system combining these findings was identified as an independent prognostic factor.

Eight Years of Rider Measurement in the Android Malware Ecosystem

Despite the growing threat posed by the Android malware, the research community is still lacking a comprehensive view of common behaviors and emerging trends in malware families active on the platform. Without such view, researchers incur the risk of developing systems that only detect outdated threats, missing the most recent ones. In this article, we conduct the largest measurement of Android malware behavior to date, analyzing over 1.2 million malware samples that belong to 1.28K families over a period of eight years (from 2010 to 2017). We aim at understanding how Android malware has evolved over time, focusing on <i>repackaging</i> malware. In this type of threat different innocuous apps are piggybacked with a malicious payload (<i>rider</i>), allowing inexpensive malware manufacturing. One of the main challenges posed when studying repackaged malware is slicing the app to split benign components apart from the malicious ones. To address this problem, we use differential analysis to isolate software components that are irrelevant to the campaign and study the behavior of malicious riders alone. Our analysis framework relies on collective repositories and recent advances on the systematization of intelligence extracted from multiple anti-virus vendors. We find that since its infancy in 2010, the Android malware ecosystem has changed significantly, both in the type of malicious activity performed by malware and in the level of obfuscation used to avoid detection. Finally, we discuss what our findings mean for Android malware detection research, highlighting areas that need further attention by the research community. In particular, we show that riders of malware families evolve over time. This evidences important experimental bias in research works levering on automated systems for family identification without considering variants.

Restoration for the foregut surgery: bridging gaps between foregut surgery practice and academia.

Foregut surgery largely involves benign diseases, and not only malignant diseases. However, for foregut surgeons in Asia, this fact has not been extensively utilized in their clinical practice due to the high burden of gastric cancer surgery. Although the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Eastern Asia, including Korea, is increasing, antireflux surgery (ARS) is still a fairly rare procedure in Korea. ARS is effective as proton pump inhibitors and is cost-effective compared to continuous double-dose proton pump inhibitors in patients with severe GERD. Therefore, we should focus on ARS as a treatment option for GERD also in Asian population. Similarly, although bariatric/metabolic surgery is effective in weight reduction and diabetes mellitus (DM) remission in patients with morbid obesity or DM, bariatric/metabolic surgery is only performed in a limited number of patients. Given that the prevalence of obesity and DM is continuously increasing in Korea, bariatric/metabolic surgery should become an interest among Korean foregut surgeons and should be considered a treatment for obesity and DM. Furthermore, there are new surgical fields that can control both benign and malignant diseases. Oncometabolic surgery is a field under foregut surgery that treats both malignant and benign components of a condition, an example being the control of metabolic syndrome while performing gastric cancer surgery. Therefore, in future gastric cancer treatment, oncometabolic surgery can be applied to patients with gastric cancer accompanied by obesity or metabolic syndrome.

Imaging findings of uterine adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth: two case reports, emphasizing restricted diffusion on diffusion weighted imaging

BackgroundAdenosarcoma is classified as a mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumor composed of a benign epithelial component and a malignant stromal component. The stromal component in adenosarcoma is usually low grade, and consequently the prognosis is relatively favorable. While, adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth (SO) is defined as an adenosarcoma in which the sarcomatous component constitutes more than 25% of the tumor. The stromal component is also high-grade sarcoma showing greater nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic activity, thus, it is associated with worse prognosis. MRI findings of adenosarcoma without SO have been described in previous literatures but the imaging findings in adenosarcoma with SO may be poorly defined. Therefore we present two cases of uterine adenosarcoma with SO.Case presentationPatient 1 was a 76-year-old woman referred to our hospital with complaint of abdominal distension and postmenopausal bleeding. Patient 2 was a 57-year-old woman with complaint of lower abdominal pain and abnormal uterine bleeding. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), T2 weighted imaging showed a large, heterogeneous high-intensity mass with hyperintense tiny cysts that expanded the uterine cavity and extended into the cervical canal for both patients. On diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), both masses appeared as high signal intensity. Patient 2 also had a right ovarian adult granulosa cell tumor that may have contributed to development of the adenosarcoma. Patient 1 recurred with peritoneal sarcomatosis 6 months after surgery and died of the disease. Patient 2 also recurred with a left upper lung metastasis 3 months after surgery.ConclusionsDWI may depict pathological changes produced by SO of adenosarcoma as high signal intensity, even though SO does not seem to change MRI findings of adenosarcoma on other sequences. Therefore, DWI could potentially predict SO in presumptive adenosarcoma on MRI and the patient’s prognosis. It is also important for pathologists to know if SO can arise in adenosarcoma because they need to examine the tumor thoroughly to determine the percentage of SO component in the tumor volume when SO is present.

Retroperitoneal Angiomyolipoma in A Woman of Childbearing Age: A Case Report

Introduction: Extrarenal angiomyolipoma is an uncommon disease entity and is rare in the retroperitoneum. This lesion shows three benign components, including mature adipose tissue, thick-walled blood vessels, and smooth muscles. Case Report: This report describes a 37-year-old woman who presented with incidental right retroperitoneal mass in prenatal checkup. The patient underwent excisional surgery. Histological examinations and the immunohistochemical study revealed angiomyolipoma. Based on the diagnosis, the patient received no more treatment. After 3 years of close followup examinations, no recurrence was observed. Conclusion: This diagnosis is often confused with many other entities in retroperitoneum. Thus, imaging and histologic correlation are required. Proper diagnosis is essential for further patient management and avoids unnecessary treatment.

Label-free detection of living cervical cells based on microfluidic device with terahertz spectroscopy.

Early diagnosis of cervical cancer is essential for a good prognosis. Terahertz wave detection technology is a nondestructive and label-free physical detection technology, which can detect and monitor the cancer cells in real time, especially for patients with deep or inaccessible tumors. In this study, a single-cell-layer microfluidic device was developed. After replacing the optical clearing agent, the characteristics of H8, HeLa and SiHa cell lines in adherent and suspended states were detected. Additionally, the absorption increased with increasing cell density. For the mixed suspension cell samples, principal component analysis-support vector machine method was used to identify benign and malignant cell component. After living cells formaldehyde, changes in cell membrane permeability were evaluated to identify the cell survival status (i.e., dead or living) based on terahertz spectroscopy amplitude differences. Therefore, extending the terahertz spectrum detection to the molecular level can characterize the life essence of cells and tissues.

Anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate for bladder outlet obstruction: a narrative review.

Anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP) differs from other endoscopic modalities for bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) because it extracts the whole benign prostatic hyperplasia component. AEEP has been launched for almost 40 years as a first-line treatment method for BOO regardless of prostate size according to several guidelines. However, it remains underperformed worldwide. In this review article, we elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages of AEEP compared to other surgical modalities for BOO to investigate its efficacy and safety as a gold standard surgical management option for males with BOO.

Operando Characterization of Dissolution and Deposition of Manganese Oxide Redox in Aqueous Zinc Batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc manganese oxide batteries are emerging as a possible alternative to lithium ion batteries for scalable stationary energy storage applications, due to their low cost, safety and environmentally benign components. In this presentation, operando, spatiotemporal measurements providing direct spectroscopic evidence of the faradaic mechanism that governs the electrochemistry will be discussed. Multiple characterization approaches including simultaneous visualization and quantification of the Mn distribution in the electrolyte will be described. These results will contribute to future development of novel chemistries suitable for scalable stationary energy storage.

Phase Evolution in Lead-Free Cs-Doped FASnI3 Hybrid Perovskites and Optical Properties

Tin halide perovskites are among the candidates having potential to substitute lead-based perovskites due to their environmentally benign components and potential medical usage. Nevertheless, the air stability remains a challenge due to Sn2+ oxidation. The recent developments have shown that adding SnF2 as an additive and A-site cation replacement by an inorganic element such as Cs+ can improve the film stability. However, exploring the structural change through A-site doping in Sn-based perovskites experimentally requires an in-depth investigation. Here, the phase evolution mechanism from the transformation of CsxFA1–xSnI3 to Cs2SnI6 via Cs2–xFAxSnI6 in the presence of the intermediate phase SnI2–(dmf)x due to Cs substitution in FASnI3 and the substitution’s influences on the optical properties were identified and investigated. Introducing a small amount of Cs+ (≤5% CsI) significantly promoted Sn2+ oxidation due to the anharmonic lattice dynamics. Later, at 10% CsI, self-doping was initiated, resulting in the coexistence of Sn2+/Sn4+. However, phase separation of Cs2SnI6 via Cs2–xFAxSnI6 occurred at contents greater than 10% CsI. Notably, the absorption coefficient was amplified along with the increasing Cs content (at 10% CsI, 6 times greater than that of FASnI3). The air stability was also enhanced as a result of Cs substitution. This work demonstrates the structural engineering of A-site cations in order to obtain various material properties for photovoltaic (PV) and non-PV applications.

Analysis of Time-Resolved Plasma Jet Emissions That Drive Methylene Blue Dye Decomposition

Plasma-based water purification uses energetic electrons to induce chemical reactions that break down harmful contaminants into benign components. The chemical reactions needed to decompose organic chemicals and bacteria in water are driven by the production of the hydroxyl radical, OH. In this article, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet was used to produce OH and decompose methylene blue (MB) dye in water samples. The behavior of the plasma and the emission of excited OH* near the plasma-liquid interface were analyzed. Nanosecond-resolved measurements near the plasma-water interface were obtained using ICCD imaging and emissions spectroscopy synchronized to the pulsed dc power that drives plasma formation in the plasma jet. The plasma was observed to form along the front of ionization waves as “bullets” that locally produce reactive species. When the bullet hits the water surface, it rebounds and creates a secondary excitation of species at the water surface. The bouncing phenomenon increases the plasma interactions above the water surface and increases OH* excitation up to 192%. However, this increase in excitation and emission does not necessarily mean increased total OH. Higher discharge frequencies produced more OH* emission but did not change the rate of MB dye removal. Higher voltages do increase dye removal rate but with decreasing effectiveness. The results indicate that in steady state, most of the water in the gas channel has been dissociated to form OH, and each bullet merely re-excites the ground state OH (X) into OH* (A) state. A minimum operational frequency of 1 kHz was thus found to provide the best efficiency while maintaining OH production.

Synergistically Integrating Nickel Porous Nanosheets with 5d Transition Metal Oxides Enabling Efficient Electrocatalytic Overall Water Splitting.

An integration hydrogen adsorption benign component such as a metal with an oxygen-containing reactant adsorption benign component such as metal oxide allows for efficient overall water splitting in alkaline solutions and yet remains a considerable challenge. Herein, 5d transition metal oxide WO2 and WO3 (denoted as WOx) nanoparticles are purposely integrated with a porous Ni nanosheet array grown on nickel foam (NF) to design a strongly coupled Ni/WOx/NF porous nanosheet array electrocatalyst. Through the anion exchange of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets with tungstate, followed by hydrogenation treatment, abundant Ni/WOx interfaces with strong coupling interaction are generated. Benefiting from the strong synergies between Ni and WOx and the unique nanostructure, Ni/WOx/NF only requires the overpotentials of 42 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 395.7 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to achieve the current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, the Ni/WOx/NF can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at a low cell voltage of 1.54 V in a two-electrode system. This work opens a novel avenue for the design of high-performance but low-cost electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.

Adenosarcoma of Uterus with Sarcomatous Overgrowth and Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation - A Rare Pathological Entity

Uterine adenosarcoma is a rare malignancy. It is defined as a biphasic tumor composed of both sarcomatous stroma and benign epithelial components. When the sarcomatous component occupies more than 25 % of the tumor then it is referred to as the sarcomatous overgrowth which accounts to about 10% of uterine adenosarcoma cases [1]. Usually, adenosarcoma is considered a tumor of low malignant potential. But the sarcomatous overgrowth variant presents as a high-grade sarcoma and so reduces the survival rate of the patient.

Antibacterial cotton from novel phytic acid-based multilayer nanocoating

In an effort to impart antimicrobial behavior to cotton using renewable and environmentally benign components, fabric was treated using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Alternating layers of phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH) were deposited from water. Cotton coated with four and eight bilayers (BLs) of anionic PA and cationic CH, with and without adding copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) into the CH solution, was evaluated in accordance with the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) TM 100-2019 test method. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to determine whether the addition of copper salt into a CH network improves antibacterial efficacy. The copper ions were successfully incorporated into the CH network formed using LbL assembly onto cotton fibers. The location of deposited copper ions was determined with electron microscopy. Just four BLs of PA/CH–copper (II) sulfate kill 100% of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and add only 5.2 wt% to the fabric. This nanocoating provides a unique opportunity to impart antibacterial behavior to textiles without harming the environment.

Abstract PO026: Building the infrastructure required to research novel therapies for 35% of women with endometrial cancer who have rare subtypes

Abstract Whilst the majority of Endometrial Cancers (ECs) are common Type 1 endometrioid cancers, accounting for 75-80% of cases, with a good prognosis, Type 2 ECs include high-grade, clinically aggressive histologies, with poor response rates to hormonal therapies. Serous endometrial carcinoma is the second most common type, accounting for ~10 percent of cases, most with a p53 abnormality and a lesser proportion with HER2 overexpression/amplification/mutation. Clear cell endometrial carcinoma accounts for &amp;lt;5 % of EC, with the most aggressive cases also having p53 mutations. Mixed histologies and undifferentiated ECs are also aggressive. Carcinosarcoma (ECS) is a rare, aggressive, biphasic carcinoma that accounts for &amp;lt;5 percent of ECs, 90% with p53 abnormalities. Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) can be low-grade or high-grade, or undifferentiated or resemble ovarian sex cord tumors. Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) are epithelioid or myxoid in type. Adenosarcoma involves a benign epithelial component mixed with a malignant stromal element. Whilst there have been considerable improvements in death rates for all cancers combined over the last 20 years, these improvements have not been seen for most rare cancers (RC). In order to ensure that those diagnosed with RC have access to research and novel therapies, we designed the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) Stafford Fox Rare Cancer Program (SFRCP). The WEHI-SFRCP has streamlined ethics, governance, consenting processes, including remote consent at home anywhere in Australia, and data collection protocols to allow the analysis of data and tissue of any type of RC. We have interconnected clinical and laboratory RC Databases within BioGrid Australia using the online REDCap platform. We have extensive laboratory processes in place for processing of tumour and blood samples, including the generation of PBMCs, DNA, RNA, to generate NGS including WGS; patient-derived xenografts (PDX), organoids, cell lines and other derivatives. We have high grade serous endometrial cancer (33 cases, including 4 PDX with 3 pending); uLMS (32 cases, including 2 PDX with 3 pending); endometrial carcinosarcoma (13 cases, including 3 PDX, 1 pending); rare (other, adenosarcoma, STUMP). We perform NGS testing on cases, depending on tumour purity, including Whole Genome Sequencing from fresh tumour samples; characterize PDX according to current chemotherapy and relevant novel therapeutics; study rare endometrial subtypes in specific projects and also provide information back to patients to guide therapy in the clinic. By integrating data sets with endometrial projects of similar depth we will drive forward the study of rare endometrial cancer subtypes. Citation Format: Clare L. Scott, Ratana Lim, Amandine Carmagnac, Cassandra Vandenberg, Gayanie Ratnayake, Genevieve Dall, Joshua Tram, Justin Bedo, Jocelyn Penington, Joep Vissers, Sean Grimmond, Matthew Wakefield, Anthony Papenfuss, Holly Barker. Building the infrastructure required to research novel therapies for 35% of women with endometrial cancer who have rare subtypes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference: Endometrial Cancer: New Biology Driving Research and Treatment; 2020 Nov 9-10. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PO026.

Uterine adenosarcoma. Report of 5 cases and review of literature

Uterine adenosarcoma is an uncommon biphasic tumor with benign epithelial and malignant mesenchymal components, often presenting difficulties for morphological diagnosis. We describe 5 cases of adenosarcoma of the uterine corpus and cervix, and vaginal stump in patients aged 46-76 years. Clinical data, ultrasound results, morphological data, including immunohistochemical studies with antibodies to CD10, estrogen and progesterone receptors, desmin, smooth muscle actin, and Ki-67 are presented. Large polypoid mass of the epithelial-mesenchymal structure within the uterine cavity in women of peri - and postmenopausal age require the exclusion of malignancy of the mesenchymal component with searchig for diagnostic criteria - periglandular cuffing of the stromal cells and mitoses.

Using Biomimicry to Support Resilient Infrastructure Design

AbstractInfrastructure must be resilient to both known and unknown disturbances. In the past, resilient infrastructure design efforts have tended to focus on principles of robustness and recovery against projected failures. This framing has developed independently from resilience principles in biological and ecological systems. As such, there are open questions as to whether the approaches of natural systems that lead to adaptation and transformation are relevant to engineered systems. To improve engineered system resilience, infrastructure managers may benefit from considering and applying a set of “Life's Principles”—design principles and patterns drawn from the field of biomimicry. Nature has long withstood disturbances within and beyond previous experience. Infrastructure resilience theory and practice are assessed against Life's Principles identifying alignments, contradictions, contentions, and gaps. Resilient infrastructure theory, which emphasizes a need for flexible and agile infrastructure, aligns well with Life's Principles, addressing each principle and most sub‐principles (excluding “breakdown products into benign components” and “do chemistry in water”). Meanwhile, resilient infrastructure practice only occasionally aligns with Life's Principles and contradicts five out of six principles. As resilience theory advances, Life's Principles offer support in broadening how infrastructure managers approach resilience, and by using biomimicry, infrastructure managers can be better equipped to deploy resilience for complexity and uncertainty.

Recurrent urothelial carcinoma-like FGFR3 genomic alterations in malignant Brenner tumors of the ovary.

Malignant Brenner tumor is a rare primary ovarian carcinoma subtype that may present diagnostic and therapeutic conundrums. Here, we characterize the genomics of 11 malignant Brenner tumors, which represented 0.1% of 14,153 clinically advanced ovarian carcinomas submitted for genomic profiling during the course of clinical care. At the time of molecular profiling, there was no evidence of a primary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract in any case. Cases with transitional-like morphologic features in the setting of variant ovarian serous or endometrioid carcinoma morphology were excluded from the final cohort. Malignant Brenner tumors exhibited CDKN2A/2B loss and oncogenic FGFR1/3 genomic alterations in 55% of cases, respectively; including recurrent FGFR3 S249C or FGFR3-TACC3 fusion in 45% of cases. FGFR3-mutated cases had an associated benign or borderline Brenner tumor pre-cursor components, further confirming the diagnosis and the ovarian site of origin. Malignant Brenner tumors were microsatellite stable, had low tumor mutational burden and exhibited no evidence of homologous recombination deficiency. PIK3CA mutations were enriched with FGFR3 alterations, while FGFR3 wild-type cases featured MDM2 amplification or TP53 mutations. The FGFR3 S249C short variant mutation was absent in 14,142 non-Brenner, ovarian carcinomas subtypes. In contrast to malignant Brenner tumors, FGFR1/2/3 alterations were present in ~5% of non-Brenner, ovarian serous, clear cell and endometrioid carcinoma subtypes, most often as FGFR1 amplification in serous carcinoma or FGFR2 short variant alterations in clear cell or endometrioid carcinomas, respectively. Finally, malignant Brenner tumors had overall distinct genomic signatures compared to FGFR-mutated ovarian serous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinoma subtypes. This study provides insights into the molecular pathogenesis of malignant Brenner tumors, contrasts the extent of FGFR1/2/3 alterations in ovarian serous, clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas and emphasizes the potential value of novel and FDA-approved, anti-FGFR inhibitors, such as erdafitinib and pemigatinib, in refractory, FGFR3-mutated malignant Brenner tumors.

Immunohistochemical markers and the clinical course of adenosarcoma: a series of seven cases

BackgroundUterine adenosarcoma, a rare uterine tumor subtype, is a biphasic tumor consisting of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. To date, there is no research comparing the histopathological features and immunohistochemistry of primary and recurrent tumors; furthermore, the relationship between pathology and the clinical course remains unclear. We reviewed the pathology and immunohistochemical features of patients with adenosarcoma and investigated the relevance of the histomorphological features to the clinical course. We also compared the immunohistochemical features of the primary and recurrent tumors.MethodsThe data of seven patients with adenosarcoma who underwent surgery in our hospital were evaluated. We performed immunohistochemical staining for the progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, p53, and two Switch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable chromatin remodeling proteins (SMARCA4, BCOR), which were recently developed for the undifferentiated sarcoma diagnosis in addition to conventional staining methods.ResultsAll patients had International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB–IC diseases. All tumors were polypoid and every patient presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. Six patients aged over 50 years and were menopausal; one patient aged under 50 years and was non-menopausal (average age: 59.1 years). Histologically, the sarcomatous components were homologous and heterogenous in six and one patient, respectively. Four and three cases were recurrent and non-recurrent, respectively. The recurrent patients showed high-grade morphology with sarcomatous overgrowth and were negative for ER and PR. Three recurrences could be evaluated by imaging, showing recurrence only in a distant area; biopsy specimens from these tissues revealed the identical mesenchymal component found in the primary tumor without a benign epithelial component. Immunohistochemical staining results were also similar to the corresponding of the original tumor, except for the p53 expression in one patient. At the primary site, p53 was overexpressed in two recurrent patients and had a wild-type level in one recurrent patient; however, all three recurrent tissues showed p53 overexpression. None of our patients showed SMARCA4 loss, and BCOR expression was positive in one case.ConclusionsInitial pathological adenosarcoma analysis with appropriate immunohistochemical staining is vital for prognostic assessment. p53 expression might increase at recurrence. SMARCA4 and BCOR might not be an index of malignancy.

Synergistic effects of fructose and glucose on lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults

BackgroundFructose consumption increases risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. It is assumed that the effects of free sugars on risk factors are less potent because they contain less fructose. We compared the effects of consuming fructose, glucose or their combination, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), on cardiometabolic risk factors. MethodsAdults (18–40 years; BMI 18–35 kg/m2) participated in a parallel, double-blinded dietary intervention during which beverages sweetened with aspartame, glucose (25% of energy requirements (ereq)), fructose or HFCS (25% and 17.5% ereq) were consumed for two weeks. Groups were matched for sex, baseline BMI and plasma lipid/lipoprotein concentrations. 24-h serial blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of intervention. Primary outcomes were 24-h triglyceride AUC, LDL-cholesterol (C), and apolipoprotein (apo)B. Interactions between fructose and glucose were assessed post hoc. Findings145 subjects (26.0 ± 5.8 years; body mass index 25.0 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed the study. As expected, the increase of 24-h triglycerides compared with aspartame was highest during fructose consumption (25%: 6.66 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [1.90 to 11.63], P = 0.0013 versus aspartame), intermediate during HFCS consumption (25%: 4.68 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [−0.18 to 9.55], P = 0.066 versus aspartame) and lowest during glucose consumption. In contrast, the increase of LDL-C was highest during HFCS consumption (25%: 0.46 mmol/L 95% CI [0.16 to 0.77], P = 0.0002 versus aspartame) and intermediate during fructose consumption (25%: 0.33 mmol/L 95% CI [0.03 to 0.63], P = 0.023 versus aspartame), as was the increase of apoB (HFCS-25%: 0.108 g/L 95%CI [0.032 to 0.184], P = 0.001; fructose 25%: 0.072 g/L 95%CI [−0.004 to 0.148], P = 0.074 versus aspartame).The post hoc analyses showed significant interactive effects of fructose*glucose on LDL-C and apoB (both P < 0.01), but not on 24-h triglyceride (P = 0.340). ConclusionA significant interaction between fructose and glucose contributed to increases of lipoprotein risk factors when the two monosaccharides were co-ingested as HFCS. Thus, the effects of HFCS on lipoprotein risks factors are not solely mediated by the fructose content and it cannot be assumed that glucose is a benign component of HFCS. Our findings suggest that HFCS may be as harmful as isocaloric amounts of pure fructose and provide further support for the urgency to implement strategies to limit free sugar consumption.