Countries Benefit Research Articles

Official Development Assistance (ODA) Jepang kepada Indonesia pada Masa Orde Baru (1966-1998)

The History of Japan and Indonesia Relations: Japanese ODA to Indonesia during the New Order Era (1966-1998). Official Development Assistance (ODA) is a foreign aid used by the member nations of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). ODA is used to contribute to the economic development and prosperity of developing countries. Japan as one of the DAC member countries provides ODA to said developing countries, with a special focus on the Asia region - Indonesia being one of the priority recipients. This research focuses on Japan’s ODA history, and the history of Japanese-Indonesian relations spanning the New Order era from 1966 to 1998. The methodology of research is qualitative, and based on historical data with the aim to explain Japan’s ODA strategies with regards to Indonesia as well as the reason behind it. The resources used to acquire data are primary sources from official websites of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and secondary sources such as books and journals describing Japan’s ODA to Indonesia. The findings of this research indicate the implementation of Japan’s ODA to Indonesia serves several national interests, as well as identifies interdependencies between the countries. Whereas Japan provides ODA to Indonesia with the goal of improving the country’s image on the world stage, as well as promoting mutual economic growth through investment and trade, Indonesia is also dependent on Japan’s ODA for economic growth and infrastructural development - in summary the welfare of the country. In summary both countries benefit from the ODA aid and have developed closer ties thanks to its continuation.

Immigration and work, considerations about the challenges in Brazil: bibliographic review of the literature

Introduction: Migratory flows towards countries that have more labor supply are not recent. In this sense, the arrival of immigrants in host countries, in many cases, makes this population more susceptible to health risk situations because of work activities, lack of integration with the local population and the immigration process itself. Methods: The study used a bibliographic review of the literature as a method. In this context, integration policies and the recognition of educational training in the country of origin can contribute to improving the living conditions of this population in Brazil. Results: In this context, this study aims to provide a summary of the challenges faced by immigrants in search of improved living conditions. Furthermore, this study contributes to identifying the main challenges facing immigrants recently arrived in Brazil and the difficult process of integration into local society. It is observed that the authors highlight in common that, worldwide, in the different receiving countries, regardless of the social, political, and economic context in which the immigrants find themselves, there is some destructive process that conditions the health-disease process of this population, resulting from the various factors mentioned above. Conclusion: Yet the positive contribution of migration to development is increasingly recognized, and these targeted policies will maximize their benefits in both countries of origin and destination.

Sustaining Integrity: The Role of Education and Macroeconomic Variables for Corruption Eradication

This study aims to analyze the effect of education level and several macroeconomic variables on the corruption index in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member countries. This study uses the two-stage least square (2SLS) estimation method. This study found that the lifelong learning index, higher education participation, and foreign direct investment have a negative and significant effect on corruption in all APEC member countries and developing country members. Secondary education and government efficiency index have a negative and significant effect on corruption in all countries (all member states, developed and developing countries). GDP per capita and economic openness have a positive and significant effect on corruption levels in APEC member states and developing countries. The fight against corruption must be immediately implemented as a political influence. Delaying this will reduce the effectiveness of future policies. Institutional reforms bring more positive benefits in countries that are really fighting corruption.

Current Status and Sustainable Development Strategies of Traditional Korean Medicine Official Development Assistance (ODA) in Global Health

Objectives: Korea has a unique history of being both a recipient and a donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA), and the international community expects Korea to contribute to the development of developing countries by utilizing this experience. Traditional Korean medicine (TKM) seeks to contribute to global health, however the concept of ODA has been unclear and there has been no clear strategy and sustainable initiatives.Methods: This study examines the concept of ODA and its application in global health, including business objectives, scale, evaluation principles, and development strategies. Additionally, we reviewed the current status of Traditional Korean medicine globalization projects and conducted a SWOT analysis of the internal and external environment of the TKM sector. Based on these findings, we redefined the concept of ODA for TKM and proposed suggestions for its development.Results: The current study identified key ideas for TKM ODA. It should prioritize the improvement of primary healthcare in recipient countries, aligning with the international evaluation criteria of the SDGs. Secondly, TKM's 70 years of experience can be leveraged to enhance both the competence and economic benefits of recipient countries' medical systems. Based on these concepts, a TKM ODA development model was proposed, comprising two core visions, three development strategies and goals, and six core values.Conclusion: This study systematically examined the TKM in global health and suggested sustainable development strategies for TKM ODA. Through its expansion, TKM could contribute to the advancement of global traditional medicine and its overall engagement in healthcare.

Switzerland in international trade in goods and services

The Swiss economy is highly integrated into the international economy and the country benefits from an open trade regime for manufactured goods. The priority directions of Switzerland’s foreign economic policy are assistance with the entry of Swiss companies into international markets and the subsequent development of economic ties with the EU. In the article, the author examines Switzerland as a participant in international trade.

Exploring the factors affecting bike sharing usage in developing countries: a case study on Chandigarh, India

ABSTRACT Bike-sharing is one of the world’s fastest-growing new modes of transportation, with new schemes appearing on a regular basis. This paper examines the usage trends in a bike-sharing scheme operating in Chandigarh since 2020. While many studies have been conducted on how bike-sharing schemes are changing mobility in cities worldwide, particularly in developed countries, few have examined the dynamics of these schemes in cities in developing countries like India. One of the reasons for looking at a city like Chandigarh is to see if medium and smaller cities in developing countries benefit from bikesharing schemes and if bike-sharing schemes can play a prominent role in these cities. The study conducted an exploratory analysis using app data to examine the impact of factors such as temporal, weather, travel characteristics, and bike type (conventional or E-bike) on bike share usage in the city. Some of the research findings on the impact of various factors on bicycle ride durations (short, medium, and long) can assist other cities in developing countries in planning new bike station networks. Furthermore, analysing mode selection (conventional and E-bike) in bike share provides insights into user preferences and how various influencing factors influence their mode choice behaviour in similar cities.

CHINA'S ROLE IN MODERN WORLD POLITICS

The article examines the role of China in modern world politics. China's share in the world economy in 2022 is analyzed. The key factors that contributed to the country's growth are identified. The dynamics of China's GDP growth in 2010-2022 is studied. China's place in the global competitiveness ranking for 2021-2022 is substantiated. The inflow of FDI is analyzed, which is cyclical in nature, since investments are a direct indicator of crises. It is noted that China's economic expansion is expanding and its influence in the world is increasing due to the formation of dependence on China as both an exporter and an importer. The data of the Global Innovation Index report, where China is among the 20 most innovative countries in the world, are substantiated. The foreign policy of the People's Republic of China is studied and its basic principles are determined. It is substantiated that China has a strong economy and a strong competitive position in the world economy, which allows China to position itself as one of the world leaders in the international arena. The economic power of China is determined. Xi Jinping's foreign policy is substantiated. It is revealed that over the years, China has made significant progress in transforming into a dynamic, knowledge-based economy and has managed to introduce new rules to cope with the governance challenges posed by the onset of the currency crisis, pandemic and the 2022 crisis. It is investigated that China currently accounts for almost a third of world exports and imports. The role of China in world politics is studied on the example of its position on the war in Ukraine and relations with Russia. China's place in the world ranking of countries according to the Innovation Index for 2020-2022 is studied. It is noted that in its foreign policy, China adheres to five basic principles, in particular: mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in the internal affairs of another country, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. The dynamics of Russian exports to China is analyzed.

Immigration and health outcomes: A study on native health perception and limitations in Europe

This study examines the impact of immigration on the self-perceived health of natives in 16 European countries from 2006 to 2018. Utilizing data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the European Union Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS), we focus on two health outcomes: natives’ self-perceived health and health-related limitations in daily activities. Contrary to concerns, our findings indicate a positive influence of immigration on natives’ health perception and a reduction in health-related limitations. Noteworthy variations by gender and age emerge, with more pronounced benefits in countries with lower human capital. These results underscore the potential health advantages of immigration, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced immigration policies that consider societal impact and call for a comprehensive evaluation of immigration’s effects.

Exploring electric scooter regulations and user perspectives: A comprehensive study in Hungary

This paper focuses on the integration of electric scooters into the Hungarian urban transportation system as innovative mobility solutions. This change may provide several social advantages in the country, including environmental and economic benefits as well, to improve the quality of life. In this article, we investigate the policy regulations introduced at government level that facilitate this integration. To bridge the regulatory gap surrounding e-scooters and capture the voice of customers, we employ a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) house, utilizing the data of an extensive investigation involving a literature review, a qualitative social media listening process, two interviews with government officials, seven focus group interviews and a questionnaire. These diverse data sources contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and potential improvement directions. By developing the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) house, we determine priority levels for effective problem-solving and enhancement. According to our results, users are eagerly anticipating new laws regulating the usage of e-scooters, such as optimizing speed limits, designating the usage of e-scooter infrastructure, and appointing dedicated parking places. Overall, this study serves as a valuable reference for the government in shaping future e-scooter legislation. By addressing the identified user expectations and incorporating these insights into regulatory frameworks, policymakers can facilitate the seamless integration of electric scooters into urban transportation systems. This integration is expected to yield numerous societal benefits, such as reduced environmental impact, improved mobility options, and enhanced economic viability.

ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTEGRATING INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION BENEFICIARIES IN ROMANIA

The integration of beneficiaries of international protection is both a social and economic challenge for Romania. On the one hand, they can contribute to the budget and stimulate the economy through work and consumption, but on the other hand they require initial investment for integration. Studies show that effective integration can generate long-term economic benefits for host countries, but also that barriers such as access to the labour market, education or housing exist. Sound statistical data and relevant indicators are essential to inform policies. Integration is also a European priority, with the EU supporting inclusion through access to essential services. The costs of integration in Romania are estimated at 8000 euro/person annually and include accommodation, education, health. The materialized benefits indicate a contribution of over 4000 euros / year from a employed refugee. Financing in Romania comes mainly from EU funds such as AMIF or ERDF, non-reimbursable. National policy provides for measures such as training, reskilling and collaboration with Employment Agencies for Integration into the labour market. Global estimates indicate tax benefits of more than €110 million for 20 years after the integration of 100,000 refugees. Research shows mixed views on the economic impact, but also real difficulties in integrating into the labour market due to recognition of qualifications. Active policies and public-private partnerships are needed to increase employability and unlock the long-term potential of refugees.

Firm-Level Upgrading in Developing Countries

In principle, firms in developing countries benefit from the fact that advanced technologies and products have already been developed in industrialized countries and can simply be adopted, a process often referred to as industrial upgrading. But for many firms this advantage remains elusive. What is getting in the way? This paper reviews recent firm-level empirical research on the determinants of upgrading in developing countries. The first part focuses on how to define and measure various dimensions of upgrading—learning, quality upgrading, technology adoption, and product innovation. The second part takes stock of recent evidence on the drivers of upgrading, classifying them as output-side drivers, input-side drivers, or drivers of know-how. I conclude with some thoughts about promising directions for research in the area. (JEL D21, D24, D83, F14, L26, O14, O31)

Dampak dari Penanganan Pandemi COVID-19 Terhadap Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung di Indonesia

Investment is an activity with the aim to seek long-term profits by buying stocks or securities. One of other types of investment is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which focused on investment activity to do business in a country carried out by foreign nationals with foreign capital or in partnership with domestic investors. FDI has many benefits for the host country and as the investing party, in the form of enriching the countries, industrial and technological progress, and increasing economic growth. But behind all benefits, in doing FDI there are risks that can be faced by foreign investors. These risks are triggered by political instability, inconsistency and incompetence of law enforcement, weak economy in a country, and can also be triggered by the spread of a disease on a massive scale. This research uses normative juridicial aapproach method and uses a qualitative approach. The result of this study shows that political, legal, and economic risks in a country have a negative impact on FDI and foreign investors. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic and the handling by the Indonesian Government are in fact inconsistent and unresponsive which cause a domino effect on society, FDI, and also foreign investors.

Should foreign aid consider inter‐Pacific Islands migration in the context of climate change? Evidence from Fiji

AbstractMotivationThis research brings a Pacific Islands‐centred perspective into the discussion of foreign aid and climate mobility. Climate‐related migration is a crucial issue in Oceania as climate change is increasingly affecting Pacific Islanders. In this context, the Pacific Islands are typically seen as migrant‐sending countries to places outside the region. Inter‐Pacific Islands migration (IPIM) is barely recognized.PurposeShould foreign aid consider climate‐related IPIM? This article focuses on Fiji to: (1) assess current knowledge on migration between the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and Fiji's role therein; (2) maps aid‐funded climate mobility initiatives in the Pacific Islands; and (3) explores Fiji's national polices and local Fijian perspectives on regional climate‐related immigration to Fiji.Methods and approachThis study draws on a combination of statistical analysis, policy document analysis, expert interviews, and semi‐structured interviews and an in‐depth online survey involving local Fijians. Additionally, it incorporates the author's personal work experience as a Pacific Islander and a Fijian traversing climate mobility aid and policy spaces relating to Oceania.FindingsCurrent aid policies and initiatives addressing climate mobility have insufficiently considered IPIM. Migration from other PICTs to Fiji is significant, both in terms of numbers and in its current and potential impacts on local Fijians. Neither research, nor Fiji's national policies, nor donors have sufficiently considered this issue to date.Policy implicationsAid policies and initiatives targeting climate‐related migration in PICTs need to be refocused to give more attention to IPIM. Donors must expand their support to migrant‐receiving communities in PICTs such as Fiji. By recognizing and investing in IPIM, donors can foster mutual benefits for Fiji, other PICTs, and donor countries.

The Compound Injustice of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

ABSTRACT EU co-legislators recently approved the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), which establishes a uniform carbon price on both EU and imported products, in ETS covered sectors. This violates the CBDR-RC principle. Yet, CBAM advocates claim that the resulting unfair mitigation can be offset by scaling up climate finance, to the benefit of poorer countries. I argue that the CBAM’s unfairness is compounded by previous climate injustice, as avoidable emissions by developed countries pushed the climate crisis to the point where fair mitigation is no longer viable. This implies that a disadvantage within the distributive sphere of emissions abatement cannot be counterbalanced by additional advantages within the distributive sphere of climate finance.

TCOD: an integrated resource for tropical crops.

Tropical crops are vital for tropical agriculture, with resource scarcity, functional diversity and extensive market demand, providing considerable economic benefits for the world's tropical agriculture-producing countries. The rapid development of sequencing technology has promoted a milestone in tropical crop research, resulting in the generation of massive amount of data, which urgently needs an effective platform for data integration and sharing. However, the existing databases cannot fully satisfy researchers' requirements due to the relatively limited integration level and untimely update. Here, we present the Tropical Crop Omics Database (TCOD, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/tcod), a comprehensive multi-omics data platform for tropical crops. TCOD integrates diverse omics data from 15 species, encompassing 34 chromosome-level de novo assemblies, 1 255 004 genes with functional annotations, 282 436 992 unique variants from 2048 WGS samples, 88 transcriptomic profiles from 1997 RNA-Seq samplesand 13 381 germplasm items. Additionally, TCOD not only employs genes as a bridge to interconnect multi-omics data, enabling cross-species comparisons based on homology relationships, but also offers user-friendly online tools for efficient data mining and visualization. In short, TCOD integrates multi-species, multi-omics data and online tools, which will facilitate the research on genomic selective breeding and trait biology of tropical crops.

Towards improved short-term forecasting for Lake Victoria Basin: Part I – A radar-based convective mode analysis

Abstract East African countries benefit economically from the largest freshwater lake in Africa: Lake Victoria (LV). Around 30 million people live along its coastline and 5.4 million people subsist on its fishing industry. However, more than 1,000 fishermen die annually by high-wave conditions often produced by severe convective wind phenomena, which marks this lake one of the deadliest places in the world for hazardous weather impacts. The World Meteorological Organization launched the 3-year “HIGH impact Weather lAke sYstem” (HIGHWAY) project, with the main objective to reduce loss of lives and economic goods in the lake basin and improve the resilience of the local communities. The project conducted a field campaign in 2019 aiming to provide forecasters with high-resolution observations and to study the storm life cycle over the lake basin. The research discussed here used the S-band polarimetric Tanzania radar from the field campaign to investigate the diurnal cycle of the convective mode over the lake. We classified the lake storms occurring during the two wet seasons into six different convective modes and present their diurnal evolution, organization, and main radar-based attributes, thereby extending the knowledge of convection on the lake. The result is the creation of a “convection catalog for Lake Victoria,” using the operational forecast lake sectors, and defining the exact times for the different timeslots resulting from the HIGHWAY project for the marine forecast. This will inform methods to improve the marine operational forecasts for Lake Victoria, and to provide the basis for new Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) for severe weather surveillance and warning.

Applying data mining techniques to predict vitamin D deficiency in diabetic patients.

Vitamin D is among the vitamins necessary for both adults' and children's health. It plays a significant role in calcium absorption, the immune system, cell proliferation and differentiation, bone protection, skeletal health, rickets, muscle health, heart health, disease pathogenesis and severity, glucose metabolism, glucose intolerance, varying insulin secretion, and diabetes. Because the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) test, which is used to measure vitamin D is expensive and may not be covered in healthcare benefits in many countries, this study aims to predict vitamin D deficiency in diabetic patients. The prediction method is based on data mining techniques combined with feature selection by using historical electronic health records. The results were compared with a filter-based feature selection algorithm, namely relief-F. Non-valuable features were eliminated effectively with the relief-F feature selection method without any performance loss in classification. The performances of the methods were evaluated using classification accuracy (ACC), sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, precision, kappa results, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The analyses have been conducted on a vitamin D dataset of diabetic patients and the results show that the highest classification accuracy of 97.044% was obtained for the support vector machines (SVM) model using radial kernel that contains 18 features.

The Pandemic’s Implications on the Existing World Order: Changing in State Relations and Human Behaviors

Objective: This research aimed at tracing and analyzing the reasons that stood behind the world coronavirus crisis. It discussed the nature and reasons that made the pandemic a continuously developing case, and discrediting the claims made by the competing countries that pandemic was caused by bats, and showing the legitimacy of vaccines in light of not taking enough time to ensure their effect and human safety of side effects. Method: The research used the legal, the researcher used historical, descriptive-analytical, comparative, and legal methods for the purposes of answering the research questions and testing the hypothesis based on the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the international competition for world leadership and subjugating their peoples to control them with new colonial tools. Result: The research showed that the world today is facing a complex humanitarian crisis, which may require control and treatment for several years to come; and the pandemic has proven the weak role of the World Health Organization, which has long been working for the benefit of powerful countries; and the world has become insecure, and humanity is in danger. There are evildoers whose goal is to destroy humanity to fulfill their whims and demonic desires. Conclusion: The research concluded that that the pandemic was used as a third world war by proxy to weaken the world and enslave its peoples by recolonizing it in a new form with an economic flavor, thus insulting human rights and international law.

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION CULTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN ODISHA

The objectives of the paper is to analyse research outputs, self financing courses, research initiatives and inclusive education in Odisha. The study highlights on Government investment in in research activities and Researchers who lead them with the expectations that the country benefits in the long term from increased productivity and enhance social development.The total expenditure on higher education by Odisha State government is approximately Rs.1, 200 Crore which represents 0.5% of its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). This includes plan and non-plan for revenue and capital expenditure. The state’s annual per capita expenditure on higher education for its 18-23-year-old population is about Rs. 2,700 (EY, 2015). Studies have highlighted the value of continuity of sound leadership in enhancing institutional strength. All HEIs have Student Placement Cells but not all are equally functional. Cells are headed on a part-time basis by a member of the faculty who is a full-time teacher of a discipline, fitting in the management of the cell.Skills development, much sought after by employers, was supported by some colleges through well-planned co-curricular activities and processes. Experience with interactive sessions outside the regular classroom environment increases the flexibility and ease with which graduates can adapt to new environments. KEY WORDS: Culture, Journals, Patients, Publications, Research Policies

Spatial spillover effects of green technology innovation and renewable energy on ecological sustainability: New evidence and analysis

AbstractRapid industrialization and modernization have drastically impaired ecological sustainability and increased ecological footprint (EFP). Despite the vital relevance of renewable energy (REC) and green technological innovation (GTI), in many facets of life, the part played by these factors and their spatial spillover effects in exploring ecological sustainability in EU countries has yet to be well studied. Thus, using a spatial panel econometric technique, this research investigates the direct and spillover effects of GTI and REC on ecological sustainability in 20 selected EU nations between 1995 and 2018. First, the empirical results affirm a positive spatial connection of EFP across nations, implying that employing spatial models can provide more trustworthy results than traditional econometric approaches. Second, both GTI and REC tend to significantly promote domestic ecological sustainability. Third, the environmental quality of EU countries benefit from the high GTI, REC, and human capital of their neighboring nations. Fourth, economic growth and financial globalization (FG) have a negative and significant effect on environmental quality. Other empirical analyses indicated that the indirect effect of FG on EFP is positive and significant. With a focus on the EU countries, this paper assists policymakers in developing a comprehensive strategy for enhancing ecological responsibility via renewable energy and green technology innovation.