Bending Position Research Articles

Study of cyclists’ skin deformation for compression skinsuit design

Skin deformation during cycling is an important factor when designing a performance cycling garment, as the space between the body and the garment creates aerodynamic drag and a subsequent negative impact on the cyclist’s performance. Thus, skin deformation has been studied for an aerodynamic skinsuit via a three-dimensional (3D) body image. An understanding of skin deformation during cycling, especially in the torso and thigh areas, is essential for cycling suit design and pattern making, and there are few studies investigating this. This study aimed to analyze cyclists’ 3D skin deformation during cycling captured by a motion capture system. Eight healthy male amateur cyclists were invited to participate in this study. The trajectories of 68 reflective markers on the skin were continuously captured during cycling. The mean values and standard deviations of the eight participants’ skin deformation were analyzed against the static posture skin data. The results showed that the anterior torso skin was contracted by 0.3–22.3%, while most of the posterior torso skin measurements were expanded by 6.7–32.0% during cycling in a bending posture when compared to a standing posture during cycling. The skin deformation value of the torso was stable after the first bending posture during cycling. The thigh skins were deformed from –14.7% to 7.6% during cycling. The results can be used as pattern adjustment rate for compression cycling skinsuit design.

Fourier transform infrared studies of gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) – Ethylene carbonate incorporated with water-soluble sodium sulfide

The incorporation of plasticizer to a solid polymer electrolyte have shown high conductivity, good thermal and chemical stabilities, long life and reduced costs. The improved conductivity is mainly contributed by higher ion diffusion coefficient and better ion mobility. However, little is known about the possible molecular interactions between plasticizer, polymer host and salt, particularly in explaining the mechanism pertaining to ion transport in the gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). A flexible GPE based on poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAAm-PAA), ethylene carbonate (EC) and water-soluble sodium sulfide (Na2S) was developed. PAAm-PAA and Na2S are incorporated as the polymer backbone and the source of charge carriers, respectively, and EC acts as the plasticizer of the system. When 0.4 wt% of EC was added to PAAm-PAA-Na2S GPE, the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes increased from 5.11 × 10−2 S cm−1 to 6.92 × 10−2 S cm−1. The possible molecular interactions between PAAm-PAA, Na2S and EC and their correlation with ionic conductivity were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the intensities of the amide (CO, C–N), carboxylate (COO−) and sulfate (SO42−) bands increased with the addition of EC, and the position of the asymmetric bending (v4) of SO42− band down shifted from 677 cm−1 to 667 cm−1. These findings, the changes in shape, intensity, and position of the PAAm-PAA-Na2S-EC GPE, suggest a dipole-dipole interaction between (i) PAAm-PAA and distilled water, (ii) PAAm-PAA and EC and (iii) EC and distilled water. On the other hand, ion-dipoles interactions may occur between (i) Na+ cation and distilled water, (ii) Na+ cation and PAAm-PAA and (iii) Na+ cation and EC. It can be concluded that EC interacts with both PAAm-PAA and Na2S, and EC-Na+ complexes also appear in PAAm-PAA-Na2S-EC GPE. The increase in the conductivity of GPE is attributed to the high ion diffusion coefficient and mobility, which is attributed to the presence of EC.

High-Payload and Self-Adaptive Robotic Hand With 1-Degree-of-Freedom Translation/Rotation Switching Mechanism

This study proposes a novel robotic hand that can achieve self-adaptive grasping and a large payload (over 20 kg) with a single actuator. Accordingly, two novel mechanisms, an actuation system with self-motion switching and a self-adaptive finger with a self-locking mechanism, are installed in a 1-degree-of-freedom robotic hand. The actuation system switches the output motion from translational to rotational according to the applied external load. The finger is bent by inserting a flexible shaft inside it. Its bending posture can conform to the shape of the object owing to the flexible shaft, and the posture is fixed by a self-locking mechanism, which can be released by the rotational motion of the actuation system. This study presents a mechanical analysis of these mechanisms to achieve the desired behavior. The analysis was validated experimentally, and a robotic hand with these mechanisms were evaluated using grasping tests.

PENERAPAN WILLIAM FLEXION EXERCISE, NEURODYNAMIC TENSION DAN NEURODYNAMIC SLIDER SEBAGAI UPAYA PENGURANGAN NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH DI KECAMATAN MOJOLABAN SUKOHARJO

Low Back Pain (LBP) or associated low back pain with stress/strain of back muscles, tendons, and ligaments that are usually felt after doing excessive activities, such as lifting heavy weights wrong, bending too long, standing/sitting too long with the position wrongly, lower back pain that arises can result in loss and interfere with work productivity. William flexion exercise is a type of exercise with the concept of spinal flexion Consists of seven sets, aims to reduce pain and provide stability on lower trunk. The purpose of this activity is to provide education to the people of Laban Kulon Village which aims to make the community understand how to handle it, how to prevent it, and how to avoid low back pain. The service activities carried out in Laban Kulon Village RT 02 RW 2 Laban, Mojolaban Sukoharjo on Sunday, March 20, 2022 went smoothly. Based on the results of previous observations and interviews, many residents complained of lower back pain due to their lifestyle and daily activities. The majority are farmers and labourers. The risk factors for myogenic low back pain are the habit of lifting weights too often, sitting and lying down for a long time, sleeping in an uncomfortable position, obesity and lack of exercise. bending or body position during static work.

Ergonomic assessment of wheel hoe and design compliance for women farm worker

Weeding is carried out by women farm workers with hand tools and most of these tools are operated in squatting or bending posture. These tools are essentially designed for male farm workers. One of the common hand tool used for weeding is wheel hoe. Therefore, ergonomic assessments of an existing wheel hoe and design modification were done to make it compatible for women workers. The wheel hoe was ergonomically evaluated for physiological and postural parameters. Mismatches were observed between required energy and sustainable energy output and between tool dimensions and anthropometric measurements of female operators. Based on the ergonomic evaluation the hoe was modified with two blade sizes and three handle widths .The modified wheel hoes were re-evaluated. Working with an existing wheel hoe was categorized as “heavy work” with “higher” overall discomfort. Heart rate, oxygen consumption and energy expenditure were lowest for modified weeder (10%-440mm) and the work classification improved to “moderate category”. The resting period with the modified hoe reduced from 33.4 min to 20.7 min for one hour work cycle. With change in handle dimensions shoulder, elbow and wrist deviation were close to the natural range of motion. The body part discomfort score and overall discomfort score also reduced from 31 and 2.5 respectively to 18 and 1.5 for modified weeder (10%-440mm). Women workers found the modified hoe with 10% blade dimension and handle width 440mm, very comfortable to use. Modifications in the existing wheel hoe according to anthropometric parameters of female workers reduced energy consumption, body deviations and rest pause between work cycles and thus enhanced work output.

Fiber-Optic Sensor for Directional Bending Monitoring Based on a Pattern Recognition Algorithm

A fiber sensor for directional bending monitoring is presented. The sensor is made of a single piece of a multimode elliptical-core fiber (ECF) and works in a reflection regime. The interference spectrum generated by the proposed system has a nonuniform amplitude and nonperiodic shape that makes the sensing signal adequate for a pattern recognition algorithm to be implemented. The ECF is fixed to a flexible rod, and each bending position of the rod generates a specific optical spectrum, which is then identified by a pattern recognition algorithm. Using algorithm identification, the trajectory of the flexible rod can be calculated. Experimental results demonstrating directional bending monitoring, based on pattern recognition and estimation of the flexible rod trajectory, are presented.

ANALISIS KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ERGONOMI STUDI KASUS CAHYA SETYA TROPHY

Cahya setya trophy is a small manufacturing industry that produces trophies, vandels, acrylics, etc. In this small industry in the warehouse, there is still a lack of awareness to use personal protective equipment and a work method that can cause Musculosketal disorders. This study aims to analyze K3 from the Cahya setya trophy warehouse using observation methods, Nordic Body Map, RULA and REBA. The observation method was used for the initial step of the study and the Nordic Body Map was used to find a sample as a research from the RULA, REBA method. The results of work safety observations found that the dangerous action if not wearing shoes was the worst possibility that it could cause the employee's feet to bruise, and not using gloves was the worst possibility that the hands could be scratched. The results of the occupational health analysis using the REBA method, the bent position got a final score of 8, the duct tape process squat position got 9 scores, both positions had an action level of 3, and the packaging squat position got a score of 12 with an action level of 4, which means there is a very high risk and this position is very dangerous, then change action is needed, The results of the RULA method in the packaging squat position, the duct tape squat got a score of 6 which had an action level of 3 and the bent position got a score of 7 which had an action level of 4. From the results of these calculations, all work methods require action to change work methods, if changes in work methods are not immediately carried out, it can trigger Musculosketal disorders and lack of comforted at work.

Effects of increasing the width of collar on reduction of scouring surrounding the rectangular piers in a 180-degree bend

Employment of protective structures is vital for reducing the effect of the local scour created surrounding the bridge piers. One of the most effective protective structures used for controlling and reducing scour surrounding the bridge piers is the collars. Hence, research on the mechanism of scouring surrounding the combination of pier and collar as well as the effect of collar on reduction of scouring surrounding the pier is of great significance. In this study, the effect of various collar width-to-pier width ratios on reduction of scouring parameters surrounding the rectangular piers has been investigated experimentally in various 180-degree sharp bend positions. The experiments were conducted under clear water and threshold of sediment motion in the upstream straight path. Results indicated that collars with collar width-to-pier width ratios equal to 3 to 4 perform the best at reducing the maximum depth of scouring in front of the nose of piers. Increasing the width of collar surrounding the piers reduces the maximum depth of scouring. Increasing the length of pier reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of the collar in delaying the scour process at the pier nose as well as the amount of the maximum scour reduction. The highest amount of scour depth reduction occurred in the vicinity of the pier and the collar at the 90-degree section with the collar installed with a ratio of collar width to pier width equal to 4 surrounding the piers with a ratio of length to width equal to 2 and 3 by approximately 75 and 70%, respectively.

Data-driven multi-joint waveguide bending sensor based on time series neural network.

Due to the bulky interrogation devices, traditional fiber optic sensing system is mainly connected by wire or equipped only for large facilities. However, the advancement in neural network algorithms and flexible materials has broadened its application scenarios to bionics. In this paper, a multi-joint waveguide bending sensor based on color dyed filters is designed to detect bending angles, directions and positions. The sensors are fabricated by casting method using soft silicone rubber. Besides, required optical properties of sensor materials are characterized to better understand principles of the sensor design. Time series neural networks are utilized to predict bending position and angle quantitatively. The results confirm that the waveguide sensor demodulated by the data-driven neural network algorithm performs well and can be used for engineering applications.

Experimental Analysis of the Annular Velocity of a Capsule When Starting at Different Positions of a Horizontal Bend Pipe

The study of the annular slit flow field is important for energy consumption, transport efficiency, and the force on the capsule for hydraulic capsule transportation. A combination of physical experiments and theoretical analysis was used to study the annular flow field around a capsule that was set in motion at different positions of a horizontal bend pipe. We study the flow velocity distribution of the gap flow field at different bend positions of the capsule by changing the position of the capsule at the bend. We found that the distribution of the flow field remained similar for different starting positions of the capsule, but the flow velocity increased suddenly and dramatically at the inflow section of the ring gap. We recorded different velocity distributions of the annular gap on the concave and convex sides of the pipe; on the convex side, the streamline of the gap was smooth, and the change in velocity was relatively small. The flow velocity of the slit flow varied more notably on the concave side of the pipe, and there was a greater fluctuation in the flow velocity distribution. Because the effects of the capsule and the pipe on water flow were not the same, we found large fluctuations in gap flow velocity at different measuring points on the concave side. Gap flow velocity was most influenced by axial flow velocity. We found that the axial flow velocity was about one order of magnitude greater than the radial flow velocity or circumferential flow velocity. In this paper, we analyze the changes in the ring gap flow field of the capsule at different bending positions and analyze the reasons for the flow field changes and the flow velocity distribution law. This is of great significance to the study of the transport efficiency and energy consumption of the capsule. The results of this paper complement the study of capsule initiation at different positions in the bend and provide a reference point in terms of transport efficiency, energy consumption, and capsule stress. The results of this study promote the development of hydraulic capsule transportation.

Posture Analysis Using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) & Nordic Body Map (NBM) Methods to Reduce the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Automotive Company

This study aims to identify the operator's posture at work, determine the factors that influence the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) complaints, and give suggestions for improving the postures. The method used in the research is Nordic Body Map (NBM) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Material handling processes carried out by some operator's production in the line press magazine stamping could be affected body postures. If the company does not carry out an analysis of the situation, it could be impacting the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders for the operator who is working in this area. Process manual handling was carried out 4800 cycles in a day (8 hours of work) with a bent posture, causing complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The results of Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire processing results scored 75 and 81 points, and the second activity was the REBA assessment when the operator took material from the train. The REBA score was 8. The results of this study have high scores for NBMs and REBAs, requiring investigation and changing work attitudes.

POSTURAL STRESS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS OF FARM WOMEN IN UPROOTING OF PADDY SEEDLINGS FROM MAT NURSERY

– Uprooting of paddy seedlings from wet bed is one of the most drudgery prone farm activities of Assam. Raising paddy seedlings in mat nursery is a solution for reduction of drudgery of farm women. A study was carried out to assess postural stress and incidence of musculoskeletal problems of farm women while uprooting in mat nursery. Angle of deviation in lower lumber region was measured with Flexi curve. Body Map was used to identify pains in different parts of the body. Angle of deviation at lumbar region was higher in wet bed and reported more ‘severe’ pain in shoulder joints, back, legs due to prolonged bending posture adopted in uprooting deep rooted seedlings. Mat nursery is a suitable alternative to wet bed for reducing drudgery, muscular stress, and labor cost. It is important to bring resilience in Indian agriculture to climate change

A Phantom Study on Feasibility of Manual Field-in-Field Clinical Implementation for Total Body Irradiation and Comparison of Midplane Dose with Different Bilateral TBI Techniques.

The aim of this study is to implement a new treatment technique in total body irradiation (TBI) using the manual field-in-field-TBI (MFIF-TBI) technique and dosimetrically verifying its results with respect to compensator-based TBI (CB-TBI) and open field TBI technique. A rice flour phantom (RFP) was placed on TBI couch with knee bent position at 385 cm source to surface distance. Midplane depth (MPD) was calculated for skull, umbilicus, and calf regions by measuring separations. Three subfields were opened manually for different regions using the multi-leaf collimator and jaws. The treatment Monitor unit (MU) was calculated based on each subfield size. In the CB-TBI technique, Perspex was used as a compensator. Treatment MU was calculated using MPD of umbilicus region and the required compensator thickness was calculated. For open field TBI, treatment MU was calculated using MPD of umbilicus region, and the treatment was executed without placing compensator. The diodes were placed on the surface of RFP to measure the delivered dose and the results were compared. The MFIF-TBI results showed that the deviation was within ± 3.0% for the different regions, except for the neck for which the deviation was 8.72%. In the CB-TBI delivery, the dose deviation was ± 3.0% for different regions in the RFP. The open field TBI results showed that the dose deviation was not within the limit ± 10.0%. The MFIF-TBI technique can be implemented for TBI treatment as no TPS is required, and laborious process of making a compensator can be avoided while ensuring that the dose uniformity in all the regions within the tolerance limit.

Evaluation of Agricultural Work Environment with Ergonomic Checkpoints in Demangan, Siman, Ponorogo

An ergonomic checkpoint is a method for evaluating the current work environment and implementing a more suitable work environment. When workers do work activities, the work environment is a critical component. Ergonomics is described as studying human factors in the workplace, including anatomy, physiology, psychology, engineering, management, and design. Based on preliminary observations, several activities allow potential hazards to arise, such as farmers’ lack of understanding of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when spraying pesticides and farmers’ use of t-shirts as a mask. Farmers repeated movements with a bent body position when planting rice seeds, which can cause potential health problems such as musculoskeletal. Using descriptive observational research, this study tries to objectively establish the conditions of the work environment concerning the circumstances. The Ergonomic Checkpoints method was used for data collecting. The results of the work environment assessment using the Ergonomic Checkpoints method in agriculture in Demangan Village revealed that five aspects that required corrective action, consisting of materials storage, and handling, had two points of incompatibility, machine safety had one moment of incompatibility, premises/workspace had one moment of incompatibility, and welfare facility had one moment of mismatch. Farmers in Demangan village should use Ergonomic Checkpoints to pay attention to the work environment in keeping with agricultural standards.

Математичне моделювання напружено-деформованого стану моделі колінного суглоба при аплазії хрестоподібних зв’язок та після відновлення зв’язкового апарату

Defects in the establishment and development of the cruciate ligaments are one of the main causes of the instability of the knee joint in congenital longitudinal defects of the development of the lower limbs. This pathology occurs with a frequency of 0.017 per 1000 newborns. The absence of cruciate ligaments leads to a change in the shape of the articular surfaces of the knee joint, and is formed due to hypoplasia of the femoral condyles, the absence of the intercondylar fossa of the femur, and the absence of the intercondylar elevation of the tibia. Purpose - to study the stressed-deformed state of the knee joint with aplasia of the cruciate ligaments before and after reconstructive interventions and to compare the obtained results with the norm. Materials and methods. A basic finite-element model of the lower limb was developed, which was supplemented with collateral and cruciate ligaments of the knee joint. On the basis of the basic model, a model with aplasia of the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint and a model reflecting the state of the knee joint after reconstructive surgery using the SUPER KNEE method according to D. Paley were developed. The model was tested under the influence of a vertical load in the position of bending the knee joint at an angle of 135. Results. The results of the mathematical modeling showed that the aplasia of the cruciate ligaments leads to an increase in the stress level, both in the bone elements of the model and in the elements of the ligamentous apparatus. Restoration of the ligamentous apparatus of the knee joint with artificial materials according to the SUPER KNEE method according to D. Paley allows to reduce the stress level in the bone elements of the model, while the stress in the femur is determined to be lower even compared to the normal model. Ligaments made of artificial material assume the main loads in the knee joint, and ensure an even load of mylar tape on both sides of the joint. The high level of stresses in mylar tape compared to normal ties is due to the higher modulus of elasticity of the material and its lower plasticity. Conclusions. Aplasia of the cruciate ligaments leads to an increase in the stress level, both in the bony elements of the model and in the elements of the ligamentous apparatus. Restoration of the ligamentous apparatus of the knee joint allows to reduce the stress level in the bony elements of the model with ligament aplasia, and brings the values closer to the parameters of the normal model. Tensions in the ligamentous apparatus of the knee joint after its restoration increase significantly, which is due to the mechanical properties of the artificial material that replaces the ligaments. The increased level of stress that occurs in the mylar tape indicates that it firmly holds the load arising in the joint. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Light-Activated Colloidal Micromotors with Synthetically Tunable Shapes and Shape-Directed Propulsion.

Controlling the propulsion modes of colloidal micromotors, from translational to spinning and helical motion, expands the versatility of their potential applications in microrobotics and micromachinery. Engineering colloidal shapes with designed asymmetry can regulate their propulsion behaviors, yet current methods rely on complicated and costly fabrication processes such as lithography. Herein, we present a solution-based synthesis of light-activated colloidal motors adopting straight and various tunable bent geometries, which feature controlled asymmetry and allow shape-directed propulsions. The keys for our strategy are the synthesis of bent silica rods with a tailored bending position and degree, together with the site-specific installation of a photoactive engine. Upon light illumination, the resulting particles propel autonomously, whereby their shape information is translated to various propulsion modes including linear locomotion, steering, and spinning. This low-cost, scalable method for fabricating micromotors with a high degree of control of shapes could promote study in microscale actuation, in active assembly, and eventually for fabrication of colloidal functional materials.

Effect of a Corrective Exercise Program Using Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Forward Head and Rounded Shoulders with Ergonomic Intervention in Adolescent Age Group

Background: Due to the current lifestyle of adolescents; their bodies have adapted faulty postures that have caused musculoskeletal changes in the body creating symptomatic problems like pain in neck and upper part of back. The static forward bent posture causes deformity like rounded shoulders and forward head posture. This needs to be corrected as early as possible by stretching and strengthening the muscles around the shoulder girdle. Objectives: To investigate the effects of using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation to correct forward head and rounded shoulders in adolescent children along with ergonomic intervention. Materials and methodology: An experimental study was conducted at Krishna College of Physiotherapy, Karad. A sample of 40 was selected by convenience sampling conducted over a period of 3 months. The participants were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The interpretation of the study will be done on the basis of comparing pre and post test assessment Result: The results of this study showed the pre and post mean±SD of VAS on rest and activity, OTWT, STWT shows <0.0001 which is extremely significant. Conclusion: This study had a positive effect on adolescent children who had forward head and rounded shoulders and PNF can be used for correcting these along with ergonomic interventions KEY WORDS: PNF, Forward head, Rounded Shoulders, Ergonomics, Adolescents.

Peter Satir (1936–2022), cell biology pioneer and mentor

Peter Satir (1936–2022), cell biology pioneer and mentor

An Ergonomic Design Process of the Functional Clothing for Yoga Sports

Abstract Reports attribute many physical, psychological and mental benefits to yoga sports. However, when it comes to actual research, yoga clothing has not attracted the same level of attention. The aim of this study, which involved a questionnaire survey, clothing development and clothing performance evaluation, is to propose an ergonomic design process for the design of yoga functional clothing. Results showed that textile material was rated as the most important factor for yoga clothing. The shoulder and the waist-belly regions were considered as the most important areas for yoga clothing. The newly designed clothing prototype was observed to subject significantly lower pressure to the waist under the forward bending pose (p<0.05), but with significantly higher pressure on the buttocks at the posture of the deep knee bending pose (p<0.05). It also resulted in a lower change rate of clothing vertical displacement, especially at the shoulder and waist regions. The newly designed prototype was rated with a significantly lower tightening sensation and pulling sensation during the deep knee bending posture (p<0.05). Results indicate that proper design of yoga clothing structure and selection of fabric material could reduce clothing deformation, pressure on the skin and improve subjective wearing sensations.

Spray deposited yttrium incorporated TiO2 photoelectrode for efficient photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

This work presents result on yttrium-doped titanium dioxide (YTO) thin films using a cost-effective spray pyrolysis technique for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of phthalic acid (PA) and benzoic acid (BA). The physicochemical properties of YTO thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, etc. The obtained results confirm the presence of yttrium in the host lattice. The band bending and flat band positions were studied using Mott–Schottky analysis. The film with 1% doping amount shows the highest degradation efficiency for both the model pollutants compared to TiO2. The stability of 1% YTO film confirms excellent performance analyzed by recycling tests using a UV–vis spectrophotometer. These results highlight the significance of rare earth metal doping in TiO2 for improved photoelectrocatalytic degradation efficiency.