In-plane Bending Research Articles

Finite element method analysis of bone stress for variants of locking plate placement

This study investigates the optimal placement of locking plate screws for bone fracture stabilization in the humerus, a crucial factor for enhancing healing outcomes and patient comfort. Utilizing Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling, the research aimed to determine the most effective screw configuration for achieving optimal stress distribution in the humerus bone. A computer tomography (CT) scan of the humerus was performed, and the resulting images were used to create a detailed model in SOLIDWORKS 2012. This model was then analyzed using ANSYS Workbench V13 to develop a finite element model of the bone. Four different screw configurations were examined: 4 × 0°, 4 × 10°, 4 × 20°, 2 × 20°; 2 × 0°. These configurations were subjected to bending in the XZ and YZ planes, as well as tension and compression along the Z axis. The research identified the 2 × 20°+2 × 0° configuration as the most beneficial, with average stress values below 30 MPa and peak stress values below 50 MPa in 3-point bending at the first screw. This configuration consistently showed the lowest stress values across all loading scenarios. Specifically, stress levels ranged from 20 MPa to 50 MPa for bending in the XZ plane, 20 MPa–35 MPa for bending in the YZ plane, 20 MPa–30 MPa for extension in the Z-axis, and 18 MPa–25 MPa for compression in the Z-axis. The 4 × 10° and 4 × 20° configurations also produced satisfactory results, with stress levels not exceeding 70 MPa. However, the 4 × 0° configuration presented considerable stress during bending and compression in the Z-axis, with stress values exceeding 100 MPa, potentially leading to mechanical damage. In conclusion, the 2 × 20°; 2 × 0° screw configuration was identified as the most effective in minimizing stress on the treated bone. Future work will involve a more detailed analysis of this methodology and its potential integration into clinical practice, with a focus on enhancing patient outcomes in bone fracture treatment.

Design methodology for catadioptric zoom panoramic optical systems based on image plane bending matched correction.

Zoom panoramic optical systems incorporate a panoramic peripheral vision zoom imaging function, enabling swift wide-area coarse and localized precise detection. These systems find applicability in examining pipes and other internal structures. This study centers on the catadioptric zoom panoramic optical system and its associated optical design method. A mathematical model of the front mirror was formulated based on the imaging relationship. Subsequently, the bending of the image plane of the front mirror was computed and simplified through curve fitting. The object surface bending of the zoom subsystem was established correspondingly, leveraging the solution for the mirror bending curve matched correction, culminating in deriving the initial structure of the zoom. Integrating the front mirror and zoom subsystems facilitated the comprehensive design realization of the catadioptric zoom panoramic optical system. A catadioptric zoom panoramic optical system was designed to validate the proposed design method. This study introduces a novel, to the best of our knowledge, conceptual approach to crafting catadioptric zoom panoramic optical systems.

Structural Behaviour of FRP-Reinforced Tubular T-Joint Subjected to Combined In-Plane Bending and Axial Load

In this study, 90 finite-element models are used to explore the behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced joints under combined in-plane bending (IPB) and axial load (AX). The effects of joint geometry, FRP layer count, and AX levels of the chord or brace are considered. Three typical failure modes are observed: chord plastic failure, brace plastic failure, and brace buckling failure. Increasing the number of FRP layers can ensure that failure is chord-related failure in a ductility manner rather than the unexpectedly brace-related brittle failure. Depending on the stress distribution of fibres, FRP reinforcement can restrict the deformation of joints subjected to complex loading patterns. Moreover, added FRP layers efficiently reduce the effect of brace AX on the IPB resistance. Finally, a modified strength equation is established, including the influence of FRP reinforcement, chord AX, and brace AX.

Effect of the Bending of Reflection Planes in Crystals on the Propagation of an Anomalous Wave in X-ray Diffraction

Effect of the Bending of Reflection Planes in Crystals on the Propagation of an Anomalous Wave in X-ray Diffraction

Design Optimization of a Hybrid-Driven Soft Surgical Robot with Biomimetic Constraints.

The current study investigated the geometry optimization of a hybrid-driven (based on the combination of air pressure and tendon tension) soft robot for use in robot-assisted intra-bronchial intervention. Soft robots, made from compliant materials, have gained popularity for use in surgical interventions due to their dexterity and safety. The current study aimed to design a catheter-like soft robot with an improved performance by minimizing radial expansion during inflation and increasing the force exerted on targeted tissues through geometry optimization. To do so, a finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to optimize the soft robot's geometry, considering a multi-objective goal function that incorporated factors such as chamber pressures, tendon tensions, and the cross-sectional area. To accomplish this, a cylindrical soft robot with three air chambers, three tendons, and a central working channel was considered. Then, the dimensions of the soft robot, including the length of the air chambers, the diameter of the air chambers, and the offsets of the air chambers and tendon routes, were optimized to minimize the goal function in an in-plane bending scenario. To accurately simulate the behavior of the soft robot, Ecoflex 00-50 samples were tested based on ISO 7743, and a hyperplastic model was fitted on the compression test data. The FEA simulations were performed using the response surface optimization (RSO) module in ANSYS software, which iteratively explored the design space based on defined objectives and constraints. Using RSO, 45 points of experiments were generated based on the geometrical and loading constraints. During the simulations, tendon force was applied to the tip of the soft robot, while simultaneously, air pressure was applied inside the chamber. Following the optimization of the geometry, a prototype of the soft robot with the optimized values was fabricated and tested in a phantom model, mimicking simulated surgical conditions. The decreased actuation effort and radial expansion of the soft robot resulting from the optimization process have the potential to increase the performance of the manipulator. This advancement led to improved control over the soft robot while additionally minimizing unnecessary cross-sectional expansion. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the optimization methodology for refining the soft robot's design and highlights its potential for enhancing surgical interventions.

Research on Wear Damage of Anchor Chain under Different Load Modes

In the marine environment, mooring anchor chains bear complex loads such as axial tension and out of plane bending. These loads cause wear and corrosion damage to the anchor chain, reducing its fatigue strength, and even leading to fatigue fracture. The inspection load applied to the anchor chain before leaving the factory will generate residual stress, which will affect the stress characteristics and fatigue life of the anchor chain during service. This article aims to obtain the residual stress generated by the test load on the anchor chain through numerical simulation, and explore the impact of the test load residual stress on the stress characteristics and wear performance of the anchor chain; Analyze the stress and contact characteristics of anchor chains under different bending angles and wear depths, and obtain the locations where fatigue damage is prone to occur in the later stage of anchor chain wear.

Effect of the bending of reflecting planes in crystals on the propagation of an anomalous wave in x-ray diffraction

The effect of bending of reflection planes in crystals on the propagation of an anomalous wave in X-ray diffraction has been studied by numerical simulation methods. The bending sign of the reflection planes was found to affect radically the propagation of the X-ray wave field in the crystal. The Bormann effect was shown to be suppressed at certain bending parameters.

Machining-induced residual stress and deformation during Mg–Li alloy thin-walled rib-web parts milling

The deformation of thin-walled parts based on the lightweight Mg–Li alloy materials caused by machining-induced stress is an important factor hindering the further development of lightweight in the aerospace field. Prediction of the machining-induced residual stress is the key to understand the deformation and derive low-stress machining scheme. In this study, the equivalent cutting deformation loads were applied to substitute the strongly coupled thermal-mechanical behavior between the tool and part to realize the prediction of the machining-induced stress and deformation of thin-walled rib-web part under different milling conditions. The local regular and complex rib-web parts share a same deformation mode, both behave as in-plane bending deformation of the machined surface. The low-stress milling scheme of up milling combined with cryogenic cooling obtained based on the local regular four rid-web thin-walled part was applicable to the prediction of the complex Mg-Li alloy disk rib-web part. Compared with the initial scheme, the maximum stress and deformation displacement based on the low-stress scheme were reduced from 80 to 36 MPa and from 0.04060 to 0.00814 mm, respectively. Finally, the effectiveness of low-stress milling scheme were verified based on the milling and measurement experiments of the complex thin-walled disk rib-web part. These results indicate the effectiveness of the modeling method for thin-walled rib-web parts and prove the results obtained based on the local model can be extended and applied to large complex parts with the same structural type.

An Out-of-Plane Bending Fatigue Assessment Approach for Offshore Mooring Chains Considering the Real-Time Updating of Interlink Bending Stiffness

Fatigue failure caused by frequent tension and bending loads is a crucial safety concern for mooring chains used on floating structures in the oil and gas industry. The bending effect for a chain’s fatigue is usually not considered by existing fatigue analysis methods, and even if it is considered, existing commercial software can only calculate the constant interlink bending stiffness without consideration of the stiffness variations due to tension and friction. To address this issue, this study develops an in-plane bending (IPB)/out-of-plane bending (OPB) fatigue assessment approach for offshore mooring chains considering the time-varying nonlinear interlink bending stiffness. Initially, the mooring tension and IPB/OPB angles are calculated by an in-house code MeCAP (multi-element coupled analysis program), considering the time-varying interlink stiffness between the chain links. The fatigue life of mooring chains for pure tension–tension (TT) and OPB combined fatigue at different hotspot locations (A, B, and C) is calculated by MeCAP-fatigue, a newly-developed module in MeCAP. Based on the analysis model, a comparative study is implemented to investigate the effects of interlink stiffness on fatigue damage. The differences and advantages of the combined fatigue calculation method over the pure TT fatigue assessment method are discussed. The results illustrate that combined fatigue would be underestimated significantly if zero interlink stiffness (hinge joint assumption) is applied or even constant interlink stiffness (calculated by mooring pretension), while pure TT fatigue will be largely unaffected. Moreover, compared to pure TT fatigue, the OPB combined fatigue assessment method, considering the effects of OPB/IPB and the time-varying properties of the connection between chain links, could evaluate fatigue life more comprehensively.

Limit load evaluation for healthy elbows and elbows with notch at intrados under in-plane bending moment

Elbows are critical parts of any piping system used in nuclear power plant industry. These elbows experience internal pressure and also undergoes in-plane bending due to external loading. In the present study, limit load for two types of elbows, viz., healthy elbow and elbow having circumferential through-wall notch at intrados, with and without internal pressure subjected to in-plane bending moment is determined. Limit load is dependent on the parameters, namely, thickness, mean radius, bent radius, internal pressure, yield stress, notch size and deformed diameter of the elbow. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, the expressions for limit load evaluation were proposed by various researchers. In the present study, the limit load evaluation expressions proposed by Chattopadhyay and Tomar (2006), Chang-Sik and Kim (2006) and Hong et al. (2010) are considered. The general approach followed is to arrive at a weakening factor for considering the effects of bend geometry, internal pressure and presence of notch. Limit load obtained by using the above expressions have been compared with the twice elastic slope (TES) method and experimental measured maximum load (EMML) values. For elbows without any defect, limit load of TES method are about one-third approximately compared to EMML values. But for elbows with defect, it is lesser than EMML values by 20%. Predicted limit load for healthy elbows with and without internal pressure using the different expressions, found to vary less than 10% compared to TES method. For the elbows with circumferential through-wall crack at intrados without internal pressure, limit load obtained using TES method is around 15% more compared to the values obtained using the expressions.

Bending load effects on stress concentration factor distribution of multi-planar DTKY tubular joints

The stress concentration factor (SCF) in tubular joints is an important parameter in calculating the fatigue life of offshore structures. In design practices, estimating the SCF is usually based on standard empirical formulas, providing the majority for uni-planar tubular joints, and could not be applied directly for multi-planar joint cases. Therefore, accurate SCF estimation became critical for specific multi-planar tubular joints commonly found as members of offshore platforms. More detailed analyses of complex designs are possible with the recent development of finite element analysis and supported by advanced digital computers. Thus, this research is intended to analyze the SCF of multi-planar DTKY tubular joints with finite element analysis. The local model of the tubular joint will be simulated for bending moment load cases. The results show stress distribution characteristic of the joint at both brace and chord sides. The results indicated that the SCF of the joint under the in-plane bending (IPB) loading is higher at the brace than the chord side, with values of 2.83 and 1.47, respectively. Meanwhile, under the out-of-plane bending (OPB) loading, the SCF is 2.43 at the chord saddle location and 3.54 at the brace saddle location.

Tissue palpation in endoscopy using EIT and soft actuators.

The integration of soft robots in medical procedures has significantly improved diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, addressing safety concerns and enhancing surgeon dexterity. In conjunction with artificial intelligence, these soft robots hold the potential to expedite autonomous interventions, such as tissue palpation for cancer detection. While cameras are prevalent in surgical instruments, situations with obscured views necessitate palpation. This proof-of-concept study investigates the effectiveness of using a soft robot integrated with Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) capabilities for tissue palpation in simulated in vivo inspection of the large intestine. The approach involves classifying tissue samples of varying thickness into healthy and cancerous tissues using the shape changes induced on a hydraulically-driven soft continuum robot during palpation. Shape changes of the robot are mapped using EIT, providing arrays of impedance measurements. Following the fabrication of an in-plane bending soft manipulator, the preliminary tissue phantom design is detailed. The phantom, representing the descending colon wall, considers induced stiffness by surrounding tissues based on a mass-spring model. The shape changes of the manipulator, resulting from interactions with tissues of different stiffness, are measured, and EIT measurements are fed into a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) classifier. Train and test datasets are collected as temporal sequences of data from a single training phantom and two test phantoms, namely, A and B, possessing distinctive thickness patterns. The collected dataset from phantom B, which differs in stiffness distribution, remains unseen to the network, thus posing challenges to the classifier. The classifier and proposed method achieve an accuracy of and on phantom A and B, respectively. Classification results are presented through confusion matrices and heat maps, visualising the accuracy of the algorithm and corresponding classified tissues.

Photoelectron spectrum of the pyridyl radical.

We report the photoelectron spectrum of the pyridyl radical (C5H4N), a species of interest in astrochemistry and combustion. The radicals were produced via hydrogen abstraction in a fluorine discharge and ionized with synchrotron radiation. Mass-selected slow photoelectron spectra of the products were obtained from photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectra. A Franck-Condon simulation based on computed geometries and vibrational frequencies identified contributions of the o- and p-pyridyl radicals. For the o-isomer an adiabatic ionisation energy of 7.70 eV was obtained, in excellent agreement with a computed value of 7.72 eV. The spectrum of o-pyridyl is characterized by a long progression in an in-plane bending mode and the N-C stretch that contains the radical site.

Comparative Computational Study on Molecular Structure, Electronic and Vibrational Analysis of Vinyl Bromide based on HF and DFT Approach

In this study, we have used the Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory method of calculation and compared the equilibrium configuration, electronic and vibrational mode of Vinyl Bromide molecule. The molecule is geometrically optimized initially by using 6-31G basis set with B3LYP functional and then bond angles, bond lengths, dihedral angles and IR spectra are compared respectively. Various groups of atoms in Vinyl Bromide molecule by DFT has more accurate bond length, bond angle values rather than by HF computation when comparing with the experimental values. The ground state energies are found at angle 10° or 180° or 360° using HF and DFT method of calculation for the H4-C1-C2-Br6 position. Values of the carbon-hydrogen, carbon-carbon and carbon-bromine bond lengths and bond angles for optimization state of C2H3Br molecule using Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory methods with respect to the basis set 6-31G have been analyzed. The C−H in-plane bending vibration and C−H out-of-plane bending vibrations occur in the region 1400–1050 cm-1 and 1000–675 cm-1 respectively. The electronic properties, such as Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energies are performed by HF and DFT approach and the difference in Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energy gap for HF and DFT method are 14.0847 eV and 6.8994 eV respectively

Design of functionally graded material to reduce stress concentration around semicircular notches for Inplane tensile and bending loads

Design of functionally graded material to reduce stress concentration around semicircular notches for Inplane tensile and bending loads

Computational Analysis of Rheological Secondary Flow in a Pipe-Manifold Containing In-Plane Double Bends

Non-Newtonian fluid flow in pipe bends is inevitable in industrial applications. Previous researchers have extensively explored Newtonian flow through curved ducts. However, the non-Newtonian counterpart gets little attention. We study the turbulent flow of shear-dependent fluids obeying the Power-Law model in a pipe manifold containing an in-plane double bend. Ostwald–de Waele's power law is used to model the fluid's rheology. We utilize computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with the k-ε turbulence model. We validate our numerical results with previous experimental results. The in-plane double bend perturbs the flow in the pipe manifold to develop a Prandtl's secondary flow of the first kind. A fully developed flow at the bend upstream is disturbed due to the bend's curvature and regains its fully developed characteristics upon a certain downstream length after the exit of the bend. We study the rheological characteristics of the secondary flow within the bend and the evolution of fluid flow at the bend downstream. We demonstrate that the centrifugal force-dominated secondary flow increases with a decrease of the non-Newtonian power-law index. We capture the camel's-back-shaped velocity profiles within the bend due to accelerating-decelerating flow. The study reveals that the average flow velocity increases along the bend with a corresponding pressure head loss. We quantify this velocity rise by a newly introduced non-dimensional number, viz. enhancement ratio. The double bend's enhancement ratio decreases with an increase in n.

Comparison of different techniques for prehospital cervical spine immobilization: Biomechanical measurements with a wireless motion capture system.

Various rescue techniques are used for the prehospital transport of trauma patients. This study compares different techniques in terms of immobilization of the cervical spine and the rescue time. A wireless motion capture system (Xsens Technologies, Enschede, The Netherlands) was used to record motion in three-dimensional space and the rescue time in a standardized environment. Immobilization was performed by applying different techniques through different teams of trained paramedics and physicians. All tests were performed on the set course, starting with the test person lying on the floor and ending with the test person lying on an ambulance cot ready to be loaded into an ambulance. Six different settings for rescue techniques were examined: rescue sheet with/without rigid cervical collar (P1S1, P1S0), vacuum mattress and scoop stretcher with/without rigid cervical collar (P2S1, P2S0), and long spinal board with/without rigid cervical collar (P3S1, P3S0). Four time intervals were defined: the time interval in which the rigid cervical collar is applied (T0), the time interval in which the test person is positioned on rescue sheet, vacuum mattress and scoop stretcher, or long spinal board (T1), the time interval in which the test person is carried to the ambulance cot (T2), and the time interval in which the ambulance cot is rolled to the ambulance (T3). An ANOVA was performed to compare the different techniques. During the simulated extrication procedures, a rigid cervical collar provided biomechanical stability at all angles with hardly any loss of time (mean angle ranges during T1: axial rotation P1S0 vs P1S1 p<0.0001, P2S0 vs P2S1 p<0.0001, P3S0 vs P3S1 p<0.0001; lateral bending P1S0 vs P1S1 p = 0.0263, P2S0 vs P2S1 p<0.0001, P3S0 vs P3S1 p<0.0001; flexion/extension P1S0 vs P1S1 p = 0.0023, P2S0 vs P2S1 p<0.0001). Of the three techniques examined, the scoop stretcher and vacuum mattress were best for reducing lateral bending in the frontal plane (mean angle ranges during T1: P2S1 vs P3S1 p = 0.0333; P2S0 vs P3S0 p = 0.0123) as well as flexion and extension in the sagittal plane (mean angle ranges during T2: P1S1 vs P2S1 p<0.0001; P1S0 vs P2S0 p<0.0001). On the other hand, the rescue sheet was clearly superior in terms of time (total duration P1S0 vs P2S0 p<0.001, P1S1 vs P2S1 p<0.001, P1S0 vs P3S0 p<0.001, P1S1 vs P3S1 p<0.001) but was always associated with significantly larger angular ranges of the cervical spine during the procedure. Therefore, the choice of technique depends on various factors such as the rescue time, the available personnel, as well as the severity of the suspected instability.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND XRD ANALYSIS OF COPPER (II) AND IRON (II) COMPLEXES OF BENZOIC ACID HYDRAZIDE.

Schiff bases are an important class of organic compounds, which play an important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. Metal complexes formed by the reactions of keto forms of Benzoic acid hydrazide (BAH) with Cu(II) and Fe(II) sulphate ions were prepared and characterized by X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and electronic absorption spectra studies. The results showed that the hydrazides reacted with the metal salts in 1:2 molar ratio in all the complexes and acts as neutral bidentate ligands. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the metal complexes provides a detailed comparative account of the behavior of the metal complexes of hydrazide ligand metal complexes. The pattern of BAH complexes shows the main characteristics peak and broad shoulder. In view of the relative half value width (FWHM), it may be concluded that the BAH-Cu is partially crystalline and while the BAH-Fe shows an amorphous nature. The broad characteristic peak indicates the amorphous nature of the polymers. The solubility test on the ligands and its metal (II) complexes revealed their solubility in ethanol and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The infrared spectra of the hydrazide showed that ?(C=O), the carbonyl stretching mode, the coupling between the in-plane bending ?(N-H) and ?(C-N) and the stretching frequency for the amino group ?(NH2) all experienced shifts to lower wave numbers in the complexes suggesting the coordination of the moieties to the metal ions. The electronic absorption spectra of Cu(II) complexes showed absorption band located at 36,496 cm-1 showing a tetrahedral geometry while Fe(II) BAH and BAH ligand show absorption band at a shoulder around 16051 cm-1 with 4A2 ? 4T1 (P) respectively consistent with a four coordinate tetrahedral geometry.

Experimental and numerical investigation of corroded cold-formed steel channel section columns subjected to in-plane compression and bending

This paper investigates the effect of corrosion on bearing capacity of corroded cold-formed steel (CFS) channel section columns subjected to in-plane compression and bending. Herein, 14 CFS columns with different column lengths and corrosion degrees were investigated. The mass loss rate, surface morphology, and initial geometric imperfections of corroded CFS columns were measured. The eccentric compression test of corroded CFS columns that were accelerated corrosion by the outdoor periodic spray test were carried out. The relationships among the failure mode, load–strain curves and load–axial displacement curves, and mass loss rate were analyzed, and then the deterioration laws of bearing performance of corroded CFS channel section columns were discussed. The non-linear finite element model for corroded CFS columns considering surface morphology was then developed by using Geomagic Studio and ABAQUS. The results indicated that the local and overall initial geometric imperfections of corroded specimens were greater than those of non-corroded specimens. With increasing mass loss rate, the distortional buckling deformation of corroded CFS columns occurred in advance and the failure locations were diversified. Corrosion exhibited a greater impact on the buckling critical load than on the ultimate load and post-buckling strength. The failure positions of corroded CFS channel section columns subjected to in-plane compression and bending were found to be mainly related to the areas with severe corrosion of the flange.

Design and optimization of lightweight bending strain energy harvesters using irradiation cross-linked polypropylene ferroelectret

In this work, a concept for bending strain energy harvesting with lightweight ferroelectrets subject to metallic host structures is proposed. The energy harvester (EH) works with the ferroelectret irradiation cross-linked polypropylene (IXPP) and uses the piezoelectric δ 33-mode by transferring in-plane bending strain energy of a host structure to a compression of an IXPP stack. This is achieved with a simple and lightweight transmission made of structural steel. In this way, a high ratio of generated power per used EH mass can be achieved, being the main design goal of this paper. To demonstrate this, miniature EHs as unit cells for larger EH systems are investigated. The strain magnitude of the excitation in an aircraft wing of at 1.5 Hz from previous work is partly taken into account for calculations. In an analytical modeling approach, the energy conversion abilities of the presented concept is compared to concepts using lead zirconate titanate ceramics to stress the usefulness in cases where strain energy is the prominent source of vibration energy. Further, an optimization algorithm is presented for a static and a dynamic case without a host structure and for a dynamic case with an aluminum host structure. The optimized power output and power output per total EH mass for the three cases is calculated to and , 0.7 mW and 80 mW kg−1 as well as (at 1 N excitation magnitude) and (at 1 N excitation magnitude) respectively. Finally, experimental results for case three are presented to validate the model of the proposed and optimized EH topology up to 500 Hz. The results further show a good mechanical reproducibility of the measured transfer behavior and a fairly good reproducibility of the mechanical-electrical results due to deviations in material properties. A comparison of the model with the experimental results shows a good agreement. Therefore a linear ferroelectret model appears to be suitable to predict the system behavior in lower and higher frequency ranges as well as for high ferroelectret material strains. The optimized EH provides a comparably high ratio of power output per mass when added to a structure like an aircraft which is shown in a comparison to other research works. The performance in a real application can be further improved to 52 mW within a 1 m2 area using a clustering approach, discussed in the paper. Large deformations of lightweight structures like aircraft wings at low and high frequencies can thus be exploited to provide enough electrical power decentrally for low-power consumers.