Rayleigh-Benard Research Articles

Effective control of two-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection: Invariant multi-agent reinforcement learning is all you need

Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC) is a recurrent phenomenon in a number of industrial and geoscience flows and a well-studied system from a fundamental fluid-mechanics viewpoint. In the present work, we conduct numerical simulations to apply deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for controlling two-dimensional RBC using sensor-based feedback control. We show that effective RBC control can be obtained by leveraging invariant multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), which takes advantage of the locality and translational invariance inherent to RBC flows inside wide channels. MARL applied to RBC allows for an increase in the number of control segments without encountering the curse of dimensionality that would result from a naive increase in the DRL action-size dimension. This is made possible by the MARL ability for re-using the knowledge generated in different parts of the RBC domain. MARL is able to discover an advanced control strategy that destabilizes the spontaneous RBC double-cell pattern, changes the topology of RBC by coalescing adjacent convection cells, and actively controls the resulting coalesced cell to bring it to a new stable configuration. This modified flow configuration results in reduced convective heat transfer, which is beneficial in a number of industrial processes. We additionally draw comparisons with a conventional single-agent reinforcement learning (SARL) setup and report that in the same number of episodes, SARL is not able to learn an effective policy to control the cells. Thus, our work both shows the potential of MARL for controlling large RBC systems and demonstrates the possibility for DRL to discover strategies that move the RBC configuration between different topological configurations, yielding desirable heat-transfer characteristics.

Uniform magnetic field impact on absolute versus convective onset of Darcy–Benard convection with horizontal throughflow

PurposeThe onset of Darcy–Benard convection in a fluid-saturated porous layer within channeled walls can be through either the convectively amplified perturbations or absolutely unstable modes. The convective type route to formation of cellular forms has received much more interest in the literature than the absolute mode. This paper aims to explore the absolute instability mechanism on triggering the Benard convection in the presence of a uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to the channel walls.Design/methodology/approachPursuing a completely theoretical linear stability approach, the locus of wavenumbers and critical Rayleigh numbers with respect to varying Peclet numbers leading to zero complex group velocity, and hence the absolute instability onset, is formulated in closed form. The formulae also incorporate the influence of fluid movement through the porous layer.FindingsWanenumbers are found to be increasing in magnitude under the effect of the magnetic field. Although the magnetic field expectedly behaves in favor of stabilizing the convection through both convective and absolute instabilities by pushing the threshold value of Rayleigh number to higher values, a peculiarity exists in such a manner that the stabilizing effect of magnetic field can no longer compete against the absolute instability mechanism within the magnetized field after some critical location possessing negative part of the wavenumber.Originality/valueThe significant outcome is attributed to the exchange of instabilities as far as the absolute instability mechanism is concerned. Magnetic field is always stabilizing and no such trend is observed regarding the convective type instability.

A review on Rayleigh-Bénard convection influenced by the complicating factors

Thermal convection is one of the basic modes (thermal convection, thermal conduction, thermal radiation) of heat transfer, and it belongs to the thermo-fluid mechanics. With the development and progress of science and technology, as well as the cross accommodation of disciplines, new contents and challenges arise in the thermal convection. For instance, along with the increasing energy consumption all over the world, the enhanced energy transport has attracted more and more attentions, which is inseparable from the development of thermal convection. As a classical model of natural convection, the Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) convection has been investigated for more than 100 years and numerous research findings have been obtained. However, it is still one of the most notable subjects, particularly the complex flow and heat transport problems of the stabilizing-destabilizing flow. This review, therefore, focuses on the RB convection researches, as well as natural convection of other configurations, under the influence of various complicating factors, including thermal radiation, magnetic field, rotation and electrical field. The flow and transport characteristics, especially the heat transfer, are summarized and analyzed. Although these factors usually show a stabilizing effect, like the delay of the onset of instabilities, it is quite surprising that there is a counterintuitive but significant flux enhancement within the specific strength range. Finally, some topics of future work are prospected briefly, such as the multi-fields coupling problem, the ultimate regime with additional field effects and the unifying view on strengthening mechanism of stabilizing effects.

Investigation of turbulent superstructures in Rayleigh–Bénard convection by Lagrangian particle tracking of fluorescent microspheres

We present spatially and temporally resolved velocity and acceleration measurements of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC) in the entire fluid sample of square horizontal cross section with length L=320 mm and height H=20 mm, resulting in an aspect ratio of Gamma =H/L=16. The working fluid was water with a Prandtl number of Pr=7 and the Rayleigh number was set to {text{Ra}}= 1.1times 10^6. In order to minimize surface reflections, we used fluorescent polyethylene microspheres as tracer particles that were imaged at a rate of 19 Hz by six cameras. From the images, the particle positions, velocities, and accelerations were determined via the ‘Shake-The-Box’ (STB) Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm. With this approach, we could simultaneously track more than 300,000 particles and hence study the resulting turbulent structures in the Eulerian and Lagrangian frames while resolving the smallest spatial and temporal scales of the flow.

Rayleigh-Benard convection of water conveying copper nanoparticles of larger radius and inter-particle spacing at increasing ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivities

As in the case of enhancing the performance of high-temperature superconductors, the dynamics of colloidal mixes of water and copper-based nanoparticles exposed to an inclined magnetic field owing to free convection is a recognized issue. However, nothing is known about the dynamics mentioned above when the radius and inter-particle spacing of copper nanoparticles grow in the presence of Joule dissipation, mass flux owing to a temperature gradient, internal heating, and heat flux due to concentration gradient. When the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivities is incorporated into the momentum equation using appropriate models, the governing equation (i.e. Partial Differential Equations) that models the transport mentioned above was scaled, solved numerically, and simulated with a focus on the nanoparticle radius and the spacing between copper nanoparticles. The resultant non-linear coupled Ordinary Differential Equation was solved using the MATLAB integrated (i.e. bvp4c software package) and the shooting approach (i.e. fourth-order Runge–Kutta integration strategy shrk4). Just because of the resulting improvement in the temperature distribution, increasing the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivities leads to a more pronounced local skin friction within the layers adjacent to the wall and heat transfer. Because buoyancy forces are exclusively associated with the growth of concentration difference, they cause the distance covered by the transport phenomenon in terms of the spatial domain to decrease. Higher ratios of momentum to thermal diffusivities cause the full-fledged sheer stress profile, which is proportional to friction across fluid layers, to rise.

Analysis of bioconvection and oxytactic microorganisms in a porous cavity with nano-enhanced phase change materials and quadrant heater: Application of support vector regression based model

In this numerical study, two-dimensional simulations are performed to obtain the bioconvection flow in a quadrant heater located porous closed space saturated with nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM). The Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is employed to compute the governing equations for the considered system by developing a computer code. The study is performed for wide range of parameters as aspect ratio, Darcy number, Hartmann number, nanoparticle fraction, bioconvection Rayleigh number and natural convection Rayleigh number were tested. Also, the analysis is supported via artificial intelligent by using multiple support vector regression based model. The tests were performed with artificial intelligence on temperature values. After the analysis, it is found that radius of the curvilinear shaped heater plays role on both heat transfer and fluid flow, oxygen distribution, density of motile microorganism and heat capacity. Application of support vector machine technique gives good agreement with computational fluid dynamics results. Heat and mass transfer are improved with increasing of nanoparticle addition but decrease with increasing of strength of magnetic field.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE MODEL OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM DISTRIBUTION AT THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

This paper considers the formation process of the protosolar hydrogen-helium cloud in chronological order. From the list of hypotheses about the solar system formation, the electromagnetic hypothesis of Alfvén was selected since it is based on the plasma state of the protosolar hydrogen-helium cloud. It presumably describes a supernova explosion and its contribution to the solar system formation. The spatial-temporal dynamics of changes in the density and velocity of ions in a cylindrical two-component hydrogen-helium plasma is described. It is shown that the motion velocities of two-type particles represent Benard cells oscillating with different periods. The proposed electromagnetic wave model was used to calculate the distribution of hydrogen and helium ions in the solar system at the beginning of its formation and after a supernova explosion.

Effect of aspect ratio on PCM melting behavior in a square cavity

For latent heat thermal energy storage applications with phase change material (PCM) in restricted space, the factors such as container shape and heating surface must be considered. In this paper, a 2D square cavity PCM is taken as the research object, and the melting process of PCM with different square cavity aspect ratio (AR) was simulated under the condition of constant heat flux (60 W) at the left wall/bottom wall. An innovative and effective indicator, i.e., differential liquid fraction curve along with solid-liquid interface evolution is proposed to reveal the melting rate and typical phase change characteristics. The results show that the complete melting time increases with the increase of AR for both left wall and bottom wall heating conditions. For general applications, the bottom wall heating has a higher melting rate compared with left wall, especially for the cavity with AR >1. During the phase change process, the melting rate can reach its maximum value at the peak of differential liquid fraction curve with an observation of the longest solid-liquid interface. In addition, the melting pattern of high AR cavity during the latter part of the left wall heating process would become similar to the low AR case under the “scouring effect” of natural convection on the solid-liquid interface. For bottom wall cases, the natural convection waveform presents Rayleigh-Benard convection cells, and with the increase of AR, the irregularity of the vortex structure becomes more obvious. The results can provide useful guidance for accurately evaluating phase change characteristics and designing thermal energy storage system.

Application of 4D two-colour LIF to explore the temperature field of laterally confined turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection

Recent studies show the significant effect of the third dimension and flow unsteadiness of laterally confined Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC). However, there are limited studies investigating 4D flow properties. The application of 4D two-colour laser-induced fluorescence to explore a laterally confined RBC at high Rayleigh number of $$Ra=9.9\times {10}^{7}$$ and Prandtl number of $$Pr=6.1$$ is investigated using a scanning laser system. A two-colour, two dyes approach was employed to resolve the laser sheet intensity variations due to refractive index variations caused mainly by the generation of thermal plumes. Two temperature-sensitive fluorescent dyes with opposite sensitivities were used to enhance the overall temperature sensitivity to 7.3%/°C. Details of the experimental procedure and optical system employed to reach such a high sensitivity are demonstrated. From the whole field temperature distribution, the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, the Nusselt number, and its evolution were calculated for both hot and cold boundaries. Temperature field and Nusselt number obtained from 3D and 2D fields are reported to compare the results for these two scenarios. Thermal plumes were found to have a conical shape in the laterally confined RBC compared to the conventional mushroom shape. From visualization of the time-resolved 3D temperature field and 2D distribution of the Nusselt number, it was also found that only by volumetric measurement, temporal and spatial variations of the temperature and heat transfer can be evaluated. This shows that to evaluate the classic and ultimate theories, volumetric measurement is required for a coherent understanding of the physics.

Single sidewall cooling modulation on Rayleigh–Bénard convection

We experimentally explored the effect of single-sidewall cooling on Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection. Canonical RB was also studied to aid insight. The scenarios shared tank dimensions and bottom and top wall temperatures; the single sidewall cooling had the top wall temperature. Turbulence was explored at two canonical Rayleigh numbers, $Ra=1.6\times 10^{10}$ and $Ra=2\times 10^9$ under Prandtl number $Pr=5.4$ . Particle image velocimetry described vertical planes parallel and perpendicular to the sidewall cooling. The two $Ra$ scenarios reveal pronounced changes in the flow structure and large-scale circulation (LSC) due to the sidewall cooling. The density gradient induced by the sidewall cooling led to asymmetric descending and ascending flows and irregular LSC. Flow statistics departed from the canonical case, exhibiting lower buoyancy effects, represented by an effective Rayleigh number with effective height dependent on the distance from the lateral cooling. Velocity spectra show two scalings, $\varPhi \propto f^{-5/3}$ Kolmogorov (KO41) and $\varPhi \propto f^{-11/5}$ Bolgiano (BO59) in the larger $Ra$ ; the latter was not present in the smaller set-up. The BO59 scaling with sidewall cooling appears at higher frequencies than its canonical counterpart, suggesting weaker buoyancy effects. The LSC core motions allowed us to identify a characteristic time scale of the order of vortex turnover time associated with distinct vortex modes. The velocity spectra of the vortex core oscillation along its principal axis showed a scaling of $\varPhi _c \propto f^{-5/3}$ for the single sidewall cooling, which was dominant closer there. It did not occur in the canonical case, evidencing the modulation of LSC oscillation on the flow.

LBM-MHD Data-Driven Approach to Predict Rayleigh–Bénard Convective Heat Transfer by Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm

This study aims to consider lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)–magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) data to develop equations to predict the average rate of heat transfer quantitatively. The present approach considers a 2D rectangular cavity with adiabatic side walls, and the bottom wall is heated while the top wall is kept cold. Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection was considered a heat-transfer phenomenon within the cavity. The Hartmann (Ha) number, by varying the inclination angle (θ), was considered in developing the equations by considering the input parameters, namely, the Rayleigh (Ra) numbers, Darcy (Da) numbers, and porosity (ϵ) of the cavity in different segments. Each segment considers a data-driven approach to calibrate the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm, which is highly linked with the artificial neural network (ANN) machine learning method. Separate validations have been conducted in corresponding sections to showcase the accuracy of the equations. Overall, coefficients of determination (R2) were found to be within 0.85 to 0.99. The significant findings of this study present mathematical equations to predict the average Nusselt number (Nu¯). The equations can be used to quantitatively predict the heat transfer without directly simulating LBM. In other words, the equations can be considered validations methods for any LBM-MHD model, which considers RB convection within the range of the parameters in each equation.

Evolution and Features of Dust Devil‐Like Vortices in Turbulent Rayleigh‐Bénard Convection—An Experimental Study

AbstractWe present an experimental study simulating atmospheric dust devils in a controlled laboratory experiment. The experimental facility, called the “Barrel of Ilmenau” (www.ilmenauer-fass.de) represents a classical Rayleigh‐Bénard set‐up and is believed to model the phenomena in a convective atmospheric boundary layer fairly well. Our work complements and extends the numerical work of Giersch and Raasch (2021)https//doi.org/10.1029/2020jd034334 by experiments. Dust devils are thermal convective vortices with a vertical axis of rotation visualized by entrained soil particles. They evolve in the convective atmospheric boundary layer and are believed to substantially contribute to the aerosol transport into the atmosphere. Thus, their evolution, size, lifetime, and frequency of occurrence are of particular research interest. Extensive experimental studies have been conducted by field measurements and laboratory experiments so far. Beyond that, our study is the first attempt of Rayleigh‐Bénard convection (RBC) in air to investigate dust devil‐like vortices in a laboratory experiment. Up to now, this set‐up mimics the natural process of dust devil evolution as closest to reality. The flow measurement was carried out by particle tracking velocimetry using neutrally buoyant soap bubbles. We initially identified dust devil‐like vortices by eye from the Lagrangian velocity field, and in a later, more sophisticated analysis by a specific algorithm from the corresponding Eulerian velocity field. We analyzed their frequency of occurrence, observation time, and size. With our work, we could demonstrate that turbulent RBC is an appropriate model to mimic the natural process of the evolution of dust devils in the convective atmospheric boundary layer without artificial stimulation.

Pattern selection and heat transfer in the Rayleigh–Bénard convection near the vicinity of the convection onset with viscoelastic fluids

The effect of viscoelasticity on the flow and heat transport in the Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC), a frequently encountered phenomenon in nature and industry, in a rectangular enclosure with horizontal periodic boundary is investigated via direct numerical simulation. The working fluid is described by a finitely extensible nonlinear elastic-Peterlin constitutive model almost all important features of viscoelastic fluid flow. Numerical simulations are conducted at a low concentration β=0.9, where β=μs/μ0, μs is the solvent viscosity, and μ0=μs+μp is the sum of μs and the polymer viscosity μp. A parametric analysis is performed to understand the influence of the Weissenberg number Wi, the viscosity ratio β, and the extension length L on the oscillating mode of the viscoelastic RBC. The results indicate that both Wi and β weakly inhibit the convection onset and the transition from steady to oscillatory convection. The amplitude and frequency of the oscillations in the oscillatory flow regime are both suppressed. However, the strongly elastic nonlinearity makes the flow transition irregular and even brings about the relaminarization or lead to the convection cells traveling in the horizontal direction. The increasing extension length L induces multiple pairs of roll flow patterns at a specific setting of (Ra, Wi). Heat transport is reduced (up to 8.5%) by elasticity but still obeys the power law with Ra if the flow pattern has one pair of rolls. However, heat transfer enhancement occurs if multiple pairs of rolls are induced.

An Inhomogeneous Steady-State Convection of a Vertical Vortex Fluid

An exact solution of the Oberbeck – Boussinesq equations for the description of the steady-state Bénard – Rayleigh convection in an infinitely extensive horizontal layer is presented. This exact solution describes the large-scale motion of a vertical vortex flow outside the field of the Coriolis force. The large-scale fluid flow is considered in the approximation of a thin layer with nondeformable (flat) boundaries. This assumption allows us to describe the large-scale fluid motion as shear motion. Two velocity vector components, called horizontal components, are taken into account. Consequently, the third component of the velocity vector (the vertical velocity) is zero. The shear flow of the vertical vortex flow is described by linear forms from the horizontal coordinates for velocity, temperature and pressure fields. The topology of the steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid is defined by coefficients of linear forms which have a dependence on the vertical (transverse) coordinate. The functions unknown in advance are exactly defined from the system of ordinary differential equations of order fifteen. The coefficients of the forms are polynomials. The spectral properties of the polynomials in the domain of definition of the solution are investigated. The analysis of distribution of the zeroes of hydrodynamical fields has allowed a definition of the stratification of the physical fields. The paper presents a detailed study of the existence of steady reverse flows in the convective fluid flow of Bénard – Rayleigh – Couette type.

Scaling transition of thermal dissipation in turbulent convection

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of non-slip two dimensional (2D) Rayleigh–Benard convection (RBC) is conducted for a wide range of Rayleigh number (Ra up to 1013) at Prandtl number Pr = 0.7 and aspect ratio Γ = 1. The thermal dissipation rate is shown to display an evident scaling transition through the compensated plot, i.e., ⟨εθ⟩∝Raγ with γ≈−0.17 for 106≤Ra≤109, while γ≈−0.19 for Ra=109≤Ra≤1013. To track the transition, separate contributions from the thermal boundary layer (BL) and the bulk flow region are examined, incorporated also with the mean and fluctuation decomposition. It turns out that the mean temperature gradient in the BL is the dominant contribution, and together with other parts (i.e., fluctuations in the BL and bulk, and the mean gradient in the bulk), they all exhibit an obvious transition at Ra≈109. We have further checked the Nusselt number (Nu), which also shows the transition at Ra≈109. Interestingly, Nu∝Ra0.33 is observed for small Ra, while Nu∝Ra2/7 is absent in 2D RBC cases. To understand the physical origin of transition, spatial distributions and probability density functions of thermal dissipation rate are finally discussed, with notable statistical features changed at Ra≈109.

On the thermal effect of porous material in porous media Rayleigh–Bénard convection

We perform a two-dimensional numerical study on the thermal effect of porous media on global heat transport and flow structure in Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection, focusing on the role of thermal conductivity $\lambda$ of porous media, which ranges from $0.1$ to $50$ relative to the fluid. The simulation is carried out in a square RB cell with the Rayleigh number $Ra$ ranging from $10^7$ to $10^9$ and the Prandtl number $Pr$ fixed at $4.3$ . The porosity of the system is fixed at $\phi =0.812$ , with the porous media modelled by a set of randomly displayed circular obstacles. For a fixed $Ra$ , the increase of conductivity shows a small effect on the total heat transfer, slightly depressing the Nusselt number. The limited influence comes from the small number of obstacles contacting with thermal plumes in the system as well as the counteraction of the increased plume area and the depressed plume strength. The study shows that the global heat transfer is insensitive to the conduction effect of separated porous media in the bulk region, which may have implications for industrial designs.

Experimental and numerical investigation of Rayleigh-Benard convection in rectangular cavity with motor oil

Naturally flows have been the scope of the scientific research for centuries, Rayleigh-Benard convection being one of the leading. Many researchers have considered the flow patterns, boundary conditions, various cavities, nanofluids, theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. The flow was investigated in atmosphere and in nanofluids, in air, water, molten metals, non-Newtonian fluids. Almost all research focuses on 2-D or 3-D analysis of flow in laterally unlimited enclosures, as parallel plates or coaxial cylinders. In technical practice, only limited enclosures exist. This paper presents numerical and real experimental results for the test chamber with ratio 4?2?1 in x-, y-, and z direction, respectfully. The measurements were taken at fifteen different positions on the faces of the tank. Probes used are PT100 elements. As the chamber is limited in all directions, the results have shown strong influence of the lateral walls. The results are compared with the those obtained by IR camera. Various fluids were tested, and results for motor oil will be presented.

Numerical simulation of tidal synchronization of the large-scale circulation in Rayleigh--Bénard convection with aspect ratio 1

A possible explanation for the apparent phase stability of the 11.07-year Schwabe cycle of the solar dynamo was the subject of a series of recent papers. The synchronization of the helicity of an instability with azimuthal wavenumber m=1 by a tidal m=2 perturbation played a key role here. To analyze this type of interaction in a paradigmatic set-up, we study a thermally driven Rayleigh-B\'enard Convection (RBC) of a liquid metal under the influence of a tide-like electromagnetic forcing. As shown previously, the time-modulation of this forcing emerges as a peak frequency in the m=2 mode of the radial flow velocity component. In this paper we present new numerical results on the interplay between the Large Scale Circulation (LSC) of a RBC flow and the time modulated electromagnetic forcing.

Chemoconvection of miscible solutions in an inclined layer

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the chemoconvective flow of two miscible reacting solutions that generate a plain layer oriented at some angle to the gravity field. In the experiments, the aqueous solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were used. The system evolves from an initial state, in which each homogeneous solution occupies half of the layer, and the contact surface between the layers is flat. When the reacting solutions come into contact with each other, an acid-base neutralization reaction occurs, forming salt and water. The system configuration is chosen so that the acid solution of lower density rests on top of the denser base. This excludes the development of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The experiments were performed for such initial concentrations of the reagents at which a wave regime is realized in the system. The wave comprises a density jump rapidly advancing in the direction of gravity and separating the immobile alkali solution and the layer of acid and salt mixture, the convective motion of which feeds the frontal reaction with fresh acid. The visualization of the flow in the experiments was performed using a Fizeau interferometer. The numerical study of a complete three-dimensional problem was carried out using the ANSYS CFX hydrodynamic simulation program. We studied the flow evolution at a gradual increase in the angle of inclination from 0° to 70°. We found that the layer inclination leads to a significant change in the structure and intensity of the convective motion. Already at small inclination angles (up to 30°), the flow becomes three-dimensional, which makes the Hele-Shaw approximation inapplicable to this case. We show that there is a spontaneous stratification of salt and acid concentration fields in the cocurrent wave flow. With an increase in the angle of inclination, the wave velocity decreases, and chemoconvection in the cocurrent flow becomes less intense and acquires a certain vortex structure. At larger angles (from 50° to 70°), the wave front is strongly deformed or the wave breaks up. We demonstrate that an up-and-down fluid flow develops in the layer above the density jump. This flow eventually loses its stability with respect to the vertical rolls of solutal Rayleigh convection. There is a good agreement between the experimental measurements and the results of numerical simulation of the 3D problem.

On the energy transport and heat transfer efficiency in radiatively heated particle-laden Rayleigh–Bénard convection

We investigate the energy transport and heat transfer efficiency in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection laden with radiatively heated inertial particles. Direct numerical simulations combined with the Lagrangian point-particle mode were carried out in the range of density ratio $854.7\le \rho _p/\rho _0 \le 8547$ and radiation intensity $1\le \phi /\phi _{solar}\le 100$ for both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) simulations. The Rayleigh number ranges from $2\times 10^6$ to $10^8$ for 2-D cases, and is $10^7$ for 3-D cases for $Pr=0.71$ . It is found that particles with small density ratio that encounter strong radiation significantly alter the flow momentum transport and fluid heat transfer, so the fluid temperature of bulk is remarkably heated. We then derived the theoretical relation of the Nusselt number for interphase heat transfer in the heated particle-laden RB convection, which reveals that the heat transfer difference between the top and bottom plates stems from the interphase heat transfer. We further found that both the interphase heat transfer and the interphase thermal energy transport exhibit universal properties. They are both increased linearly with the reciprocal of the normalized density ratio. Additionally, both the interphase heat transfer and the interphase thermal energy transport increase linearly with the increase of radiation intensity. The growth rates exhibit specific scaling relations versus Rayleigh number and density ratio. Two different regimes distinguished by the critical density ratio, i.e. the exothermic particle regime and the endothermic particle regime, are observed. We further derived the power-law relation of the critical density ratios versus Rayleigh number and radiation intensity, i.e. $\rho _p/\rho _c \sim (\phi /\phi _{solar})^{1/2}\,Ra^{1/3}$ , which is in remarkable agreement with the 3-D simulations.