Belt Pulley Research Articles

Experimental and numerical study of heat transfer through a synchronous belt transmission type AT10

In most industrial applications, the re-use of belts in power transmissions continues to increase and invade the market especially in automobiles where various types of belts are used. For this purpose, the belt manufacturers are aware of the importance and the valuable advantages of this transmission member and put all their efforts to develop and improve its geometrical and mechanical characteristics in order to achieve an optimal service life. Indeed, this article is devoted to an experimental and numerical thermal study of a toothed belt transmission type AT10. The tests were carried out on an original derrick of test for the purpose of measuring belt and pulley temperatures, detector devices and data acquisitions will also be described. Further, we have developed a model that calculates the heat flux through our pulley-belt transmission. The results will be synthesized to make a comparison between two thermal fluxes. The first is determined from our mathematical model and the second is calculated using the thermal simulation of this belt pulley transmission. Finally, a discussion of the results, which will allow us to fully understand this thermal phenomenon.

Dynamic analysis of a pulley–belt system with spring supports

In this paper, a new dynamic model for a pulley–belt system is proposed, in which the system considers not only the deflection of a belt but also the rigid-body motion of pulleys. This paper focuses on the effects of the rigid-body motion, which determines the dynamic characteristics of the pulley–belt system with spring supports. To this end, by using Hamilton’s principle, four linear governing equations of motion and eight boundary conditions are derived. The Galerkin method is used to discretize the equations of motion. The eigenvalue problems are solved to analyze the natural frequencies and mode shapes that are affected by the rigid-body motion of the system. The natural frequency loci veering and mode exchange are investigated for different moving velocities of the belt and various values of the spring constant. In addition, the beat phenomena in the upper and lower belts are also analyzed. Based on these analyses, we show that the natural frequency veering and beat phenomena are caused by a coupling effect between the rigid-body motion and belt deflection in the pulley–belt system.

On static contact of belt and different pulleys

The fitting of a looped belt on two pulleys with different radii is considered. A geometrically nonlinear model with account for tension and transverse shear is applied for modeling the belt. The pulleys are considered rigid bodies, and the belt-pulley contact is assumed frictionless. The problem has an axis of symmetry, therefore the boundary value problem is formulated and solved for a half of the belt. The considered part consists of three segments, two contact segments and a free span segment between them. The introduction of a dimensionless material coordinate at all segments leads to a system of ordinary differential equations of fifteenth order. The nonlinear boundary value problem for this system and boundary conditions is solved numerically with the shooting method and the finite difference method. As a result, the belt shape including the rotation angle, the forces, moments and contact pressure are determined. The contact pressure increases near the end point of contact areas, however no concentrated contact forces occur.

Statistic-Based Method to Monitor Belt Transmission Looseness Through Motor Phase Currents

Belt–pulley systems are widely used in the industry due to their high efficiency and their low cost. However, only few works exist about the monitoring of their degradation. This paper details the impact of belt looseness on electrical measurements under steady and transient state in order to identify spectral signatures. This analysis enlightens the advantage of the transient state to detect belt looseness because it exacerbates belt slip. An innovative methodology is then proposed based on the application of a square-wave speed reference in order to monitor belt looseness. A statistical-based indicator is defined from the phase currents in order to automatically detect drifting of the indicator. A normalization process is also applied to increase the detection robustness. The proposed indicator is evaluated on a 30-kW induction machine and a direct-current machine coupled with two trapezoidal belts for three speed and four load conditions. It reaches very good results with almost 90% correct detections for 1% false alarms. These results are way better than those obtained with a classic spectral analysis during the steady state. Moreover, results demonstrate that higher load conditions are more accurate for the monitoring of belt looseness.

Identification of the Quality of Timing Belt Pulleys

The paper present a test result of the quality of timing belt pulley. The quality of the pulleys have a significant impact on coupling timing belt with pulley. This is connected with the problem of the accuracy of movement and displacement. The majority of transport is realized the use of conveyor belts. Parallel conveyors, manipulators, electric actuators use movement with timing belts. The accuracy of motion, transmission with timing belt depends on the quality of belt gears, a specially quality of pulley. Measurements of these show a number of errors, affecting the kinematics and dynamics of the whole system-transport. It is also one of the most important parameters affecting on the durability of the timing belt. The quality of the wheels also depends on the chosen production technology, which is linked to the material and possibilities of the manufacturer.

English

Mechanical sugarcane planters simultaneously perform ploughing, fertiliser application, seedling metering and furrow covering operations. This study aimed to evaluate the billet metering quality and uniformity of a sugarcane planter and the total damage to buds. The experimental design used was completely randomised in a 2 x2 factorial arrangement totalling four treatments, which consisted of two planting speeds (5.0 and 6.5 km h-1) and two conveyor belt rotation speeds (50 and 100%, which corresponds to 45 and 85 rpm, respectively, in the conveyor belt pulley), with 20 replicates per treatment. The following parameters were evaluated: number of billets m-1, total buds m-1, viable buds m-1 and damaged buds (%). The planter metering mechanism exhibited uniform billet metering with low bud damage (5.9%). The increase in working speed decreased the number of billets (9.7 m-1), total buds (22.9 m-1) and viable buds (18.5 m-1). Furthermore, the increase in conveyor belt rotation speed also increased these parameters.   Key words: Statistical process control, agricultural mechanisation, planting speed, Saccharum officinarum.

Profile design of noncircular belt pulleys

During design of the envelope of a noncircular belt pulley one should take into account several conditions resulting from kinematics and geometry of the uneven-running strand transmission. Design of proper values of pitches for a belt pulley, which enable good cooperation between the belt pulley and the belt, should be carefully done. In available Polish literature and catalogues offered by belt manufacturers, one can find only detailed dimensions of belts with a trapezoidal profile. Information on other profiles is insufficient for full description of geometrical features of belt pulley teeth as well as to design tools for machining belt pulleys. Manufacturers of belt pulleys and belts give only necessary data to submit a purchase order. The paper presents a digitization process (scanning) of geometry of the envelope of circular belt pulleys with non-standard profiles; this scanning has been done with the application of coordinate measuring machines. The obtained information on geometrical features of tooth profiles has been numerically analysed. As a result of this analysis, the mathematical description has been obtained. Finally, noncircular belt pulleys with different tooth profiles have been designed and manufactured.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST RIG TO ESTIMATE FATIGUE LIFE OF THE TIMING BELT OF I. C. ENGINE

Timing belt mechanism of an internal combustion engine synchronizes the rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft. The power developed in I.C. engine, some power of that is utilized to operate timing belt mechanism. Timing valves are operated by camshaft with lever and spring mechanism. Engine valve should open and close at proper time during each inlet and exhaust strokes of the cylinder. The failure of timing belt in I.C. engine leads to problem to valve timing and this can cause collision between valves and piston in engines. It can causing serious engine damage by bending valves and breaking piston and it leads to complete breakdown or catastrophic engine failure. A large number of factors have influence on timing belt drive’s lifetime: wear, amount of transmitted power, operating environment, coaxiality of shafts and belt pulleys, handling before and during assembly and others. Failure of belt most frequently occurs because of damage of belt’s and belt pulley’s teeth or damage of tractive element due to wear and fatigue. Considering their purpose and very important role in transmission of power, motion and valve timing, it is necessary to know fatigue life of timing belt. The study was thus needed to analyze fatigue failure of timing belt. The paper includes designing and development of a test rig for estimation fatigue life of timing belt. Test rig is developed based on ISO and Automotive industry standards. The study involves observation of change of physical properties, wear and geometric parameters of the belt. Thereafter tooth deflection and tooth root strain is obtained by calculation. Tooth deflection and tooth root strain play important role in fatigue of the belt.

Rancang Bangun Alat Roll Press untuk Mengolah Batang Tanaman Rumput Payung (Cyperus Alternifolius) menjadi Serat Bahan Baku Komposit

Composite material could be developed into new material that would be useful for many interests. Fiber as composite raw material must be given pretreatment to improve the quality of composite. In this research, raw material for the composite was umbrella grass (Cyperus Alternifolius). A tool was designed to facilitate the processes of rolling or pressing, or abbreviated as roll press. Indeed, the design of roll press was preceded by designing the construction section that involved shaft, transmission system, bearing, pulley belt, and driver motor to move the roll. Result of rolling must be suitable for processing umbrella grass into the fiber of composite raw material. Testing was conduced to examine the work of the tool against the stalk of umbrella grass. Two testing was considered. First was testing against the variation of loads, which involved 10kg, 12kg and 14kg. Second test was against the variation of roll rotation at 160rpm, 197rpm and 280 rpm. Result of both tests provided specific fiber derived from umbrella grass that would be compatible to be composite material. Some results of research were indicated. Main drive motor was ½ PK with rotation (n 1 ) = 1430rpm. Pulley diameter (d 1 ) was 75mm. Reducer system was signified by n 2 = 831rpm and d 2 = 129mm, and if d 3 = 59mm was used, the outcome was n 4 = 160rpm with d 4 = 307mm. In case of bearing, its sliding moment was 0.309N.mm and tangent force was 2.06N. The frame of roll press tool was designed at the dimension of length x wide x height = 600mm x 320mm x 1200mm. The best parameter was 160rpm with load force of 10kg. By taking account all these results, it could be said that the result of roll press processing had successfully produced the fiber from umbrella grass into the suitable raw material for the composite.

Triboelectric smart machine elements and self-powered encoder

A new concept for recovering a part of wasted energy caused by friction in typical mechanical components is introduced. Triboelectric charge generation on movable surfaces is the principle used for conducting electrons through external loads. The concept is evaluated by development and study of three versatile elements, including a bearing, gears and belt–pulley systems. Moreover, the first self-sufficient encoder, which is entirely powered by the energy captured by triboelectricity, is presented. Indeed, the capability of using introduced ad hoc modifications on the structure of machine elements is illustrated for measuring and displaying the rotational speed of a belt–pulley system.

Design and Development of Built-in-Clutch Joint for Single-Drive and Multi-Degrees of Freedom Manipulator

This study presents a joint mechanism that enables a manipulator to possess a multiple degrees of freedom with a single drive actuating unit. The joint called a Built-in-Clutch Joint (BCJ) is composed of an electromagnetic clutch, brake, and a belt pulley system. The joint is driven by a motor via the belt and pulleys when the clutch on the BCJ is engaged and the brake is disengaged. In addition, the joint angular velocity can be arbitrarily controlled by changing pulse width of input signal to the clutch. This study confirms the concept of the BCJ, and experimentally evaluates its mechanical design and performance based on the joint reachability and the transmission efficiency.

Analysis of the Powder Forging Processes for Vehicle Timing Belt Pulley by Finite Element Analysis

This paper uses finite element analysis to analyze the changes in mechanical properties and micro structural characteristics of vehicle timing belt pulleys, which is a key component of vehicles engines, made using powder forging processes. The timing belt pulley is an important part that transfers the power generated by the engine to the drive shaft of the valve. The process happens as follows: The powder is inserted into a forging mold, and the product is formed from compression and finally sinter heat-treated in a high-temperature heat treatment furnace. This study aims to perform 3D modeling to analyze the forging process at each stage, then predict the changes in mechanical properties of the product in the subsequent heat treatment process through numerical analysis. The results of analysis will give the load upon the mold punch, product density, temperature distribution and stress and deformation distributions as the result of stroke changes during forging. Next, structural change and temperature distribution according to cooling rate will be found for various individual cross sections following the heat treatment process. The results will allow testing the effectiveness of powder forging process analysis.Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Forging Processes, Powder Vehicle, Timing Belt Pulley

A Two-Dimensional Discrete Model for Dynamic Analysis of Belt Transmission with Dry Friction

Abstract The paper presents a model for dynamic analysis of belt transmission. A twodimensional discrete model was assumed of a belt consisting of rigid bodies joined by translational and torsion spring-damping elements. In the model, both a contact model and a dry friction model including creep were taken into consideration for belt-pulley interaction. A model with stiffness and damping between the contacting surfaces was used to describe the contact phenomenon, whereas a simplified model of friction was assumed. Motion of the transmission is triggered under the influence of torque loads applied on the pulleys. Equations of motion of separate elements of the belt and pulleys were solved numerically by using adaptive stepsize integration methods. Calculation results are presented of the reaction forces acting on the belt as well as contact and friction forces between the belt body and pulley in the sample of the belt transmission. These were obtained under the influence of the assumed drive and resistance torques.

Double Helical Synchronous Belt Transmission Design

The meshing impact noise caused by the gradually engagement between double helical synchronous belt and the pulley was reduced due to its spiral angle effect. Therefore, double helical synchronous belt transmission receives much concern with its excellent characteristics of de-noising, low transmission error and high carrying capacity. The profiles of synchronous belt and belt pulley were studied based on conjugate-curvature high degree contact meshing theory under the circumstance that the pitch of belt and belt pulley are identical. The higher contact strength of the belt teeth and a smaller clearance in the contact point adjacent area were ensured with Hertz contact theory as the synchronous belt is in contact with pulley. And then a conjugated arc tooth profile with two-step contact and three-step adjacent gap infinitesimal was proposed based on the simple easy to processing method, which was adopted as main parameters for double synchronous belt and pulley’s normal teeth profile. The three-dimensional transmission model was built and the static nonlinear contact analysis was done with finite element software ANSYS. Finally, the noise experiment was conducted on the high speed test bench to compare the noise reduction effect between double helical synchronous belt and straight tooth timing belt with the identical end face profile. The simulation and experiment result show that the double helical synchronous belt transmission can reduce noise level by 11dB approximately compared with straight tooth timing belt transmission.

Design and Simulation for New Type Pulley Straightening Machine Based on Pro/E

Pro/Engineer (Pro/E) was applied to design a new kind of motorcycle belt pulley straightening machine, which was composed of electric cylinder and stepper motor in this paper. The effect of positioning and correcting were achieved by the straightening machine during operation. The motion simulation for correcting key parts was done under mechanical module of the software. The mechanism motion speed and the motion trails of the straightening machine were acquired under different positioning accuracy. Through analysis on the motion trails, the best range of the correcting parts′ rotational speed can be optimized.

Development and Application of a Synchronous Belt Drive Design System

To solve the synchronous belt drive design and 3D modeling problem, a synchronous belt drive design system has been developed with the Visual Basic language and SolidWorks platform. Applications have shown that this system can realize design calculation of the synchronous belt drive and the 3D modeling of spare parts and assemblies like the small belt pulley, large belt pulley and synchronous belt, as required by the customer. Also, it has a user-friendly interface, handy operation, simple operation, and accurate design results, to effectively shorten the design period.

A Study on the Fish Pond Oxygenase System Driven by Wind Turbine

This study developed an oxygenase system with horizontal-axis wind turbine driving the oxygenation device by belt pulley for aquaculture, and verified the feasibility of the system in conditions of Taiwan’s average wind speed. The experimental system is consisted of a horizontal wind turbine, a reciprocating compressor, and water channels. At the first stage of the experiment, the reciprocating compressor oxygenase system was measured according to the power supply standards in terms of power consumption, air displacement and oxygen production, in case of various rotating speeds and the compliance with aquaculture standards. At the second stage of the experiment, the wind turbine was used to directly drive the reciprocating compressor oxygenase system. According to the experimental results, regarding the test of the compressor oxygenase system, when power supply rotating speed is 406.7 rpm, power consumption is 234.5 W and the oxygen production is 7.48mg/L, which is above the level of amount of dissolved oxygen of aquaculture at 5.5mg/L. In case of driving the oxygenation device by wind power, when wind speed is 5.06 m/s and the wind turbine rotating speed is 140 rpm, the average dissolved oxygen in the water is 5.9 mg/L, which meets the aquaculture standards. Even in case of unstable wind speed, good oxygen production effects can be achieved. Moreover, the system is directly driven by wind power and does not require electric power.

Timing Belt Gear Design for Mechatronics System

The development of measurement techniques allows for a new approach to the design of machines. One can use 3D scanning systems and multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machines as coordinate measuring machines (CMM). The obtained cloud of measuring points allows to enter more variables into the geometrical product specification (GPS) and hence it allows to get a new method for assessing the tolerances. These situtation refers to axisymmetric elements that have an impact on operation of number of mechanisms. The application of coordinate measuring machines allowed for a new approach to the quality of belt pulley mounitng. Conditions of the contact surface area and allowable manufacturing errors, the actual position of the rotation axis of shaft hole and many other parameters can be defined during the manufacturing stage.

Study of Substituting an Electromechanical System by a Hydro-Pneumatic System in a Sorting Line of Ceramic Plates

This study aims to develop an electromechanical system to perform alternating movements, including ascents and descents in a stacker machine for classification of ceramic tiles, replacing a cylinder hydropneumatic where this is showing faults during the working process. Initially, we collected some system parameters such as time of ascent and descent of the truck and the mass of the system by adding the mass of the material, in this case the ceramic coating. Given this information we propose design all efforts in the system and make the correct choice of machine elements to be used in the mechanism. This will be through mathematical calculations, brochures, catalogs, books, parts of machinery and the use of software like SolidWorks. The final set will consist of a geared traction as main axes (driving and driven), and synchronized belt pulleys, bearings, screws and mounting base. The proposed project aims to minimize downtime, reduce maintenance cost of repairing these cylinders, gain speed and thereby improve the performance of machine.

Design and Research on Household Food Slicer

The research purpose is to design a mini type household food slicer to slice the root vegetables. The study elaborates on the design of each part of the slicer, including selecting electric motor and V belt, the design of V belt pulley, shaft, elevating mechanism and blade, to introduce the main structure and operating principles of the slicer, based on which the conclusion has been reached.