Belief Conflict Research Articles

Bayesian Analysis of the Relationship Between Belief Conflict and Occupational Dysfunction.

Elucidation of the relationship between belief conflict and occupational dysfunction in occupational health is needed. Knowledge of this relationship is important to the development of preventive occupational therapy. To examine the relationship between belief conflict and occupational dysfunction. Cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited via nonrandom sampling, and data were analyzed with Bayesian modeling. Health care institutions in Japan. Participants were 890 health care workers. Data were collected by means of the Participant Profile, the Assessment of Belief Conflict in Relationship-14 (ABCR-14), and the Classification and Assessment of Occupational Dysfunction. Belief conflict and occupational dysfunction showed moderate to strong positive correlations. The cutoff value for the ABCR-14 was estimated to be 58 points. The odds ratio indicated that groups with high belief conflict were very likely to experience occupational dysfunction. These findings show that belief conflict and occupational dysfunction are more than moderately associated. Longitudinal studies are needed to prove the causal relationship between belief conflict and occupational dysfunction. Considering that those falling into the high-belief-conflict group are likely to experience occupational dysfunction, it is necessary to focus efforts not only on teamwork but also on the improvement of health. Preventive occupational therapy needs to assume a leading role in improving the occupational health of health care workers who experience belief conflict and occupational dysfunction.

Development of a support system for measurement and analysis of thinking processes based on a metacognitive interpretation framework: a case study of dissolution of belief conflict thinking processes

The ability for metacognitive thought, or “thinking about thinking,” is recognized as an increasingly important skill for the future enrichment of social life. However, this skill is difficult to teach because it involves implicit cognitive activities that cannot be perceived by an outside observer. In this study, we propose an interpretation framework of metacognition as one approach to considering metacognitive thinking processes. This framework serves as the design principles for developing a system that makes it possible to provide metacognitive interpretations of gaze behaviors and thought operation actions and provides a common basis for sharing and comparing knowledge from analysis results. In this study, for an example of framework-based system development, we construct a thinking externalization application and thinking analysis support system with a thinking task of dissolving belief conflict as the theme. We also demonstrate an example of the analysis of thinking about belief conflict, as derived from lower-level and higher-level thinking interpretation rules. From the example results of the defined interpretation rules, we found that the desired behavior occurred, demonstrating the postulated possibility of capturing the thought process. By realizing a series of phases on the framework proposed in this paper, it contributes to the feasibility of grasping the metacognition process and accumulating knowledge about it.

Schools, Work and Consumption: Education and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism

This paper examines several contemporary social theorists and commentators who have focused on conflicts in contemporary social values and beliefs and have pointed to what has been called the 'cultural contradiction of capitalism.' These contradictions, it is argued, tum on the conflict between traditional notions of bourgeois morality and attitudes, and those that have been spawned by a consumption-oriented capitalism. The paper suggests that it is within this context that many of the problems and predicaments presently faced by schools become comprehensible. School may now constitute the final bulwark for the socialization of the young into the work-oriented, instrumentally-motivated values of traditional bourgeois society. In so doing it has become the public battleground for the struggle to resolve the contradictory nature of culture in contemporary society.

Family Stability and Conflict of Spiritual Beliefs and Superstitions among Yazdi People in Iran : A Qualitative Study

Family Stability and Conflict of Spiritual Beliefs and Superstitions among Yazdi People in Iran : A Qualitative Study

SITUATIONAL LOGIC: AN ANALYSIS OF OPEN INNOVATION USING CORPORATE ACCELERATORS

Open innovation is an innovation framework proposing that established firms use external sources as pathways to new ideas, technologies, business models and markets. Within this framework, established companies can use startups, or young, growth-oriented business to help them achieve radical or breakthrough innovations. In this paper, we focus on established firms which use “corporate accelerators” to run fast-moving, competitive programs in which startup companies participate. Our purpose is to identify inhibitors to the collaboration between established firms and startups in these accelerator programs. We conducted 27 interviews with participants from startups, established companies using startups as innovators, and the accelerator management who provided the platform for this engagement. Our theoretical framework is the social realist theory of Margaret Archer. This provides a conceptualisation of the reflexivity of the participants and the “situational logic” of conflict and competition in which they find themselves. We found that collaboration will be inhibited by conflicts in basic beliefs, or propositions, about concepts such as authority, autonomy and risk, as well as competition for material resources and personal goals.

Government information: Literacies, behaviours and practices

The current trend in the delivery of government information online is predicated on the belief that it will enable improvements in the provision of government services and citizens' participation in democratic processes. Government policy in this matter is wrapped in the rhetoric of public accessibility, that is, it must be easy to find, to access and to use. This paper draws upon a case study to explore the validity of this rhetoric; it uses Pierre Bourdieu's concept of society as a metaphorical game in which different players, government and citizens, play with different rules, a situation that can result in mismatches and conflicts in expectations and beliefs. Societal understanding of accessibility to government information is more nuanced and multidimensional than accessibility as an institutional practice within government departments, and requires high levels of digital and civic literacies. The case study findings demonstrate that accessibility did not meet the expectations of a group of university students who were both digitally and civically literate but were not able to find documents mandated to be published. The research concludes that there is a gap between the assumptions of the providers of government information and the expectations of their users; this disparity raises issues of social justice that will need to be bridged if government policies for online information delivery are to fulfil their objectives and rhetoric.

ISLAM, MINORITAS DAN PLURALISME DI INDONESIA

<p>Because of governmental system that acknowledged six official<br />religions (Islam, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddha, and Confucius),<br />Indonesia as democratic country are judged by international world<br />doing religious discrimination on other religious minority group<br />(outside official religion). The role of MUI as authoritative religious<br />agency, exactly, worsen religious belief conflicts by giving label<br />"deviant" on new religious/stream/belief out of mainstream official<br />religions. Hegemony interests of religious majority groups<br />(organizations) as moral power that has the right to claim about the<br />truth in governmental system has jeopardize pluralism structures in<br />Indonesia. Pluralism by MUI is forbidden with the reason of insulting<br />religious truths. While Islam as major religion follow by Indonesian<br />community has explained that pluralism is a reality that become<br />natural law and could not be denied.</p>

Rational metabolic revision based on core beliefs

When an agent can not recognize, immediately, the implausible part of new information received, she will usually first expand her belief state by the new information, and then she may encounter some belief conflicts, and find the implausible information based on her criteria to consolidate her belief state. This process indicates a new kind of non-prioritized multiple revision, called metabolic revision. I give some axiomatic postulates for metabolic revision and propose two functional constructions for it, namely kernel metabolic revision and partial meet metabolic revision, with respect to which the representation theorems are proved. I also compare metabolic revision with some related works in the literature, including semi-revision, merging with integrity constraints, evaluation, and evaluative multiple revision.

Believing in Perceiving: Known Illusions and the Classical Dual‐Component Theory

AbstractAccording to a classic but nowadays discarded philosophical theory, perceptual experience is a complex of nonconceptual sensory states and full‐blown propositional beliefs. This classicaldual‐component theoryof experience is often taken to be obsolete. In particular, there seem to be cases in which perceptual experience and belief conflict: cases ofknown illusions, wherein subjects have beliefs contrary to the contents of their experiences. Modern dual‐component theories reject the belief requirement and instead hold that perceptual experience is a complex of nonconceptual sensory states and some other sort of conceptual state. The most popular modern dual‐component theory appeals tosui generispropositional attitudes called ‘perceptual seemings’. This article argues that the classical dual‐component theory has the resources to explain known illusions without giving up the claim that the conceptual components of experience are beliefs. The classical dual‐component view, though often viewed as outdated and implausible, should be regarded as a serious contender in contemporary debates about the nature of perceptual experience.

Development of the Assessment of Belief Conflict in Relationship-14 (ABCR-14).

PurposeNurses and other healthcare workers frequently experience belief conflict, one of the most important, new stress-related problems in both academic and clinical fields.MethodsIn this study, using a sample of 1,683 nursing practitioners, we developed The Assessment of Belief Conflict in Relationship-14 (ABCR-14), a new scale that assesses belief conflict in the healthcare field. Standard psychometric procedures were used to develop and test the scale, including a qualitative framework concept and item-pool development, item reduction, and scale development. We analyzed the psychometric properties of ABCR-14 according to entropy, polyserial correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, average variance extracted, Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT).ResultsThe results of the analysis supported a three-factor model consisting of 14 items. The validity and reliability of ABCR-14 was suggested by evidence from high construct validity, structural validity, hypothesis testing, internal consistency reliability, and concurrent validity. The result of the MIRT offered strong support for good item response of item slope parameters and difficulty parameters. However, the ABCR-14 Likert scale might need to be explored from the MIRT point of view. Yet, as mentioned above, there is sufficient evidence to support that ABCR-14 has high validity and reliability.ConclusionThe ABCR-14 demonstrates good psychometric properties for nursing belief conflict. Further studies are recommended to confirm its application in clinical practice.

The Conversion to Protestantism: A Challenge in Ethnic and Religious Life of Brahmanism Cham People in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

The Cham Balamon people in Vietnam are an ethnic group with long religious and cultural traditions, who give a great importance to preserving their own cultural identity through generations. However, in recent years there are many economic, cultural and social changes in the life of the Cham Balamon community. One of the significant changes in the spiritual life of this community is the conversion of belief from Hinduism to Christianity. We think that this is an outstanding problem that needs to be addressed by formal and comprehensive scientific research projects. We have dispatched several research groups to conduct field trips, deep interviews and sociological surveys on the spiritual life of the Cham Balamon community. This paper is the first step of those researches pointing out the problems and challenges to the Cham Balamon community in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam. These are cultural and belief conflicts among people in the community or even among family members. However, we would predict that the biggest challenge is the risk of losing cultural identities that the Cham Balamon community is facing today due to religious conversion

The stone that mourns its victims: Haiti still recovering from its injuries and traumas 5 years after the 2010 earthquake.

On Jan. 12, 2010, at 4:53 p.m. local time, Haiti was struck by the largest earthquake in its modern history. The quake killed over 222,000 people, about 2.5% of the national population, and left more than 300,000 injured, between 4,000 and 7,000 amputees, and roughly 1.5 million homeless. Following the earthquake, studies were carried out to evaluate its impact on mental health. Depending on the age group and the time of assessment, prevalences ranged from 24.6% to 47.7% for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from 26.0% to 46.2% for major depressive disorder (1–4). Studies also revealeddifficulties inmourning the deaths of those who went missing (5). The inhumation of corpses in mass graves without identification and without respect for any cultural ritual has greatly prevented survivors from mourning their relatives who perished in this disaster, as is described by participants in various studies carried out since July 2010 (2) and reported in other studies (6). In fact, as Kluger(7) suggested,whenthere isnograve,mourningbecomes endless. Indeed, according to figures from the Haitian government and international institutions, at least 180,000 corpses were put in mass graves without being formally identified (8). Moreover, to date, no list of victims has been established. In theabsenceof this list, forwhichnoofficial initiativehas been takenyet, thememorial of theearthquakehasbecomean important place of pilgrimage. Consisting of the stone shown here and its plate, on which is written in Creole “12 January 2010/We will never forget,” the memorial represents, symbolically, the solid remains of the disaster. Erected on the largest mass grave at the north entrance of Port-au-Prince, where between 70,000 and 90,000 corpses are buried, according to the authorities, it is a place of contemplation for relatives who pay tribute to victims at special occasions: birthdays,November1 (All Saints’Day), January12, etc. In the absence of tangible signs that can facilitate the grieving Memorial for the Haiti earthquake of Jan. 12, 2010 (photograph by Darwin Clormeus; used by permission)

信念対立解明アプローチによって治療関係が改善し身体活動量が向上した慢性閉塞性肺疾患症例

信念対立解明アプローチによって治療関係が改善し身体活動量が向上した慢性閉塞性肺疾患症例

PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN IPA BERBASIS TOLERANSI UNTUK DAERAH RAWAN KONFLIK

West Nusa Tenggara has been inhabited by three major tribes namely; Sasak in Lombok, Samawa, in western Sumbawa, and Mbojo tribe in the middle and east of Sumbawa Island. Other tribes in Indonesia such as Bali, Java, Medan, and others color the cultural diversity of the people of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The blending of various characters, cultures, and customs in a community of life is very potential to cause tribal, religious, belief, and racial conflicts. This fact occurs because of the lack of tolerance in the community. Tolerance can be built through well-planned education. This study aims to: 1) know the model of 'learning devices' IPA based on tolerance for school / madrasah in conflict prone areas, 2) to know the ability of science teachers in applying learning tools IPA based on tolerance, 3) to know the social skills of students in science learning, 4 ) know the attitude of student's tolerance after learning, 5) knowing student cognitive learning outcomes after science-based learning tolerance. The research used is research development with model development of Kemp et al. (1994). This research was conducted in two stages, namely: (1) Development of Learning Device which includes; (a) Instructional Problems, (b) Learner Characteristics, (c) Task Analysis, (d) Objectives, (e) Content Sequencing, (f) Instructional Strategies, (g) Instructional Delivery, (h) Evaluation Instrumens, ) Instructional Resources. (2) Testing Devices to be implemented on the students of class IX MTs Kondok Barokah Nahdlatul Wathan. Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by calculating descriptive statistic parameters, such as; the highest value, the lowest value, the average, standard deviation, and percentage.

Consoling Ghosts: Stories of Medicine and Mourning from Southeast Asians in Exile by Jean M. Langford (review)

Jean M. Langford, Consoling Ghosts: Stories of Medicine and Mourning from Southeast Asians in Exile. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. 304 pp.Consoling Ghosts is a beautifully written and sensitively portrayed conversation not just about the conflict in beliefs between Southeast Asian emigrants (Khmer, Lao, Hmong, and Kmhmu) and the American institutions with which they must necessarily interact, but one that gradually builds and circles through many areas of understanding and subjectivity. Langford begins with the initial premise that she is not concerned with refugees or immigrants, but instead emigrants, in order to minimize initial assumptions by the reader as to the nature of these emigrants' experience. Centering on the common belief that the spirits of the dead are real and that daily life is engagement with the dead as much as with the living, she goes on to question many fundamental presumptions of psychology, medicine, and even anthropology. Assuming that spirits are real and a part of daily life for the emigrants brings into question several ethical and philosophical assumptions of Western practitioners, such as the idea that patient autonomy trumps family wishes regarding a patient's informed awareness of dying, and the nature of trauma therapy. Southeast Asia-long recognized as a place where ethnicity only carries analysis so far, where ethnic allegiances are strategic and situational, and where commonalities in beliefs and sensibilities bridge political and religious divisions-once again becomes the backdrop for an appreciation of regional similarities. Langford's narrators present the reader with stories that are painful, horrifying, and also inspiring and baffling. Yet, she skips from a Lao narrator to one that is Khmer without making an effort to draw boundaries, other than to identify the narrator. This is intentional, as she describes, recognizing that although this switch may be confusing, it is appropriate, as it allows for the recognition of certain commonalities of world perspective that underlie these cultures and that stand in contrast to those of mainstream American society. In addition, the emigrants from Southeast Asia also share the experience of years of devastating warfare and political genocide (in many ways supported and encouraged by their new hosts), and the consequent minoritization and poverty inherent to living in a marginal position in the US. The emigrants confront the biopolitics surrounding the everyday occurrences of death and dying in hospitals, through hospice, or in the funeral industry, which are organized to value a certain kind of dying and death, often opposed to those with which the Southeast Asian emigrants are accustomed. The same issues have occurred with Vietnamese immigrants, and the author alludes to this in examples. Yet, this is not the prosaic examination of a simple contrast, because Langford's own moments of autobiographical experience, carefully laced throughout the work, suggest a more complex and nuanced comparison. Nor are the narrators speaking with one voice; rather, they present varying levels of skepticism and explanation. Furthermore, deaths of loved ones in the US, under the auspices of an institutionalized death industry, are often as traumatic as the deaths from war and genocide in Southeast Asia. Thus, the violence that emigrants experience is not only the violence of war, but also the violence of marginalization and minoritization. The issues are as complex and confusing as dying itself-a point Langford makes strongly-despite American efforts to sanitize and organize.As part of their experience as emigrants, Southeast Asians confront various dislocations-geographical and spiritual-and are forced to wrestle with the consequences in their relations with each other and with the dead. The relationship of trauma to a concept of time and healing becomes central. From the standard US perspective, the healing of trauma, parallel to the exorcism of ghosts, requires going back in time and witnessing the trauma in order to be released from it. …

Nursing students' approaches toward euthanasia.

In Turkey, which is a secular, democratic nation with a majority Muslim population, euthanasia is illegal and regarded as murder. Nurses and students can be faced with ethical dilemmas and a lack of a legal basis, with a conflict of religious beliefs and social and cultural values concerning euthanasia. The aim of this study was to investigate undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards euthanasia. The study, which had a descriptive design, was conducted with 600 students. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year nursing students at a school of nursing were contacted in May 2009, and 383 students (63.8% of the study population of a total of 600 students) gave informed consent. Two tools were used in accordance with questionnaire preparation rules. The majority of students were female and single (96.9%), and their mean age was 21.3 ± 1.5 years. A majority (78.9%) stated they had received no training course/education on the concept of euthanasia. Nearly one-third (32.4%) of the students were against euthanasia; 14.3% of the students in the study agreed that if their relatives had an irreversible, lethal condition, passive euthanasia could be performed. In addition, 24.8% of the students agreed that if they themselves had an irreversible, lethal condition, passive euthanasia could be performed. Less than half (42.5%) of the students thought that discussions about euthanasia could be useful. There was a significant relation between the study year and being against euthanasia (p < 0.05), the idea that euthanasia could be abused (p < 0.05), and the idea that euthanasia was unethical (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the lack of legal regulations, ethical considerations, religious beliefs, and work experience with dying patients affect nursing students' attitudes towards euthanasia.

The role of teacher communication in online collaborative language learning between a Chinese and an Australian school: a cautionary tale

Recent years have witnessed rapid growth in language learning within online collaborative learning projects constructed between educational institutions in different cultural and pedagogic contexts. This qualitative case study investigated the role of teacher communication in a short online project between language classes in secondary schools in Australia and China. Analysis of teacher interview data from the Australian school identifies, in the unequal participation across the two school contexts, that the core impacting factor was breakdown in teacher communication. This involved apparent conflict in pedagogic beliefs both across the two educational schema involved and also within the teacher's adaptation to her Australian context. This study provides evidence of the need to address both partners' pedagogic cultures and the development of new teacher skills, in the construction of a ‘middle ground’ in which online intercultural learning experience can be successful.

Social movements, competing rationalities and trigger events: The complexity of Chinese popular mobilizations

This article addresses popular mobilizations in repressive regimes, with China as a case in point. It argues that such mobilizations are very different from those in democratic societies and may not be captured in the single-stranded rationalism promoted by much social movement theory. Without access to political representation and stable outlets for social criticism, mobilizations are likely to be set off by ‘trigger events’, just as their growth occurs through distinct phase shifts. A range of Chinese mobilizations over the last several years are introduced. They tend to show that people initially are driven by simple causes rather than ‘ideology’, and often with an ingrained conflict of beliefs. Yet, due to regime reprisal, it may be a short step from addressing a small local issue to challenging the political system as a whole. With reference to complexity theory it is shown that emergent new forms of organized resistance will never follow a linear and predictable development but will be contextually embedded and continually exchanging with that particular cultural and political environment. Thus, when we see the sudden growth of movements which step over the threshold into open discontent and public resistance, the outcome for both the movement itself and the system as a whole is inherently unpredictable.

Use of an online survey to explore positive and negative outcomes of rehabilitation for people with CFS/ME

Purpose: First, to explore the experiences of people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) of rehabilitation therapies so as to build an understanding of reasons for the discrepancy between the notably mixed experiences regarding effectiveness reported in patient surveys and the RCT evidence about the efficacy of Graded Exercise Therapy (GET). GET is a form of structured and supervised activity management that aims for gradual but progressive increases in physical activity. Second, to review patient experiences of two related rehabilitation approaches, Exercise on Prescription (EoP) and Graded Activity Therapy (GAT). Method: An online survey conducted by the charity Action for ME generated qualitative data about 76 patient experiences of rehabilitation undertaken during or after 2008, examined using thematic analysis. Results: Both positive and negative experiences of rehabilitation were reported. Positive themes included supportive communication, the benefits of a routine linked with baseline setting and pacing, the value of goal setting, and increasing confidence associated with exercise. Negative themes included poor communication, feeling pushed to exercise beyond a sustainable level, having no setback plan, and patients feeling blamed for rehabilitation not working. Conclusions: The negative themes may help explain the negative outcomes from rehabilitation reported by previous patient surveys. The negative themes indicate rehabilitation processes which contradict the NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) Guideline advice regarding GET, indicating that some clinical encounters were not implementing these. These findings suggest areas for improving therapist training, and for developing quality criteria for rehabilitation in CFS/ME.Implications for RehabilitationThe insensitive delivery of rehabilitation support for people with CFS/ME can explain negative outcomes reported in patient surveys.Therapist–patient collaboration, establishing a sustainable baseline and agreeing a setback plan are all examples of higher quality rehabilitation indicated by this research.Greater awareness of the positive and negative experiences of rehabilitation therapies should enable avoidance of the potential pitfalls identified in this research. Positive experiences of rehabilitation therapies include supportive communication with a therapist, treatment which included routines and goals, and value attached to baselines and controlled pacing. By contrast, factors leading to negative experiences include poor communication and support, conflict in beliefs about CFS/ME and rehabilitation, pressure to comply with treatment, worsening of symptoms, baselines experienced as unsustainable, and feeling blamed for rehabilitation not working.

Exploration and Application of Dissolution Approaches for Belief Conflicts in Music Therapy

In this article, the author attempts to clarify the structure of belief conflicts for different approaches in music therapy by presenting a typical thinking process that can be applied by music therapists. Dissolution Approaches for Belief Conflicts (DAB) is a methodology that consists of a group of methods and theories that were specifically created for the dissolution of belief conflicts. This article demonstrated the application of this approach to develop an effective attitude and method of thinking for music therapists. In addition, this approach can promote mutual understanding in the field of music therapy and help prevent future belief conflicts over the differences in clinical and research approaches.