Belgorod Region Research Articles

Project methods for improving the main parameters of the implementation of projects and programs of socio-demographic development in the regions of the Central Chernozem Economic Region

The article examines the conditions and specifics of the implementation of projects and programs of demographic development in modern conditions. It is noted that Russia is currently facing demographic risks unprecedented in the history of the state, the main of which are the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a special military operation in its economic and political terms. Today, there is an objective need to revise the existing strategic directions, as well as tools for implementing demographic policy. The main parameters of the implementation of projects and programs of socio-demographic development need to be adjusted, including taking into account regional specifics. This is especially true of the border regions, such as the Belgorod, Kursk and Bryansk regions, which, during a special military operation in Ukraine, faced very serious challenges and threats that had a significant impact on the socio-economic, demographic and socio-cultural living conditions of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The article formulates a number of practical recommendations addressed to authorities of various levels, the business community and public structures, etc., focused on the application of the project approach and aimed at improving the main parameters of the implementation of projects and programs of socio-demographic development in the regions of the Central Chernozem Economic Region.

Determining knowledge of antimicrobial therapy in practitioners (results of the KANT-IV project)

Objective. To determine the level of knowledge of doctors on the rational use of antimicrobial drugs in clinical practice and to compare with data of the previous stage of the study and results obtained from students in a parallel project. Materials and Methods. A multicenter questionnaire survey of practitioners with analysis of results – stage of KANT project (full name of the project – «Physicians’ (Students’) knowledge in antimicrobials usage») conducted in 2020–2023. Results. A total of 336 participants were surveyed in 5 centers (10 Russian regions: Belgorod, Novosibirsk, Rostov, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Sakhalin, Primorsky, Krasnodar, and Krasnoyarsk regions, Republic of Tatarstan). The average level of correct answers (LCA) for the whole questionnaire was 47.5% (taking into account the extended analysis of sub-items questions No. 8 and 9 – 46.8%). Doctors showed the best results in answering questions about the time interval during which the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy is evaluated (LCA – 84.2%); about choosing the most rational action if antimicrobial therapy (AMT) has a positive clinical effect, but requires a long course of therapy (LCA – 72.6%); selection of rational diagnostic/treatment action in the diagnosis of acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis, in a case where etiologic diagnosis is required (LCA – 63.1%). The worst results were recorded in answering to the following questions: indication of the antimicrobial drug of choice in the treatment of various infections (LCA – 29.1%); the choice of auxiliary drugs in addition to the justified appointment of antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of bacterial infections of the respiratory tract for the entire period of the disease or in certain phases (LCA – 26.6% – 35.1%); indication of a combination of antimicrobial drugs that is irrational to prescribe in clinical practice due to a similar mechanism and/or spectrum of activity against pathogens (LCA – 24.4%). Significant differences were found between centers in a number of questions, between physicians in KANT-III and KANT-IV projects (p < 0.001), and between physicians and students in a parallel project (KANT-IV students, LCA – 42.6%, p < 0.001). Conclusions. An unsatisfactory level of physicians’ knowledge of AMT and choice of adjuvant agents, as well as appropriateness of antimicrobial combination was found. The authors believe there is a need for making more efforts in areas of increasing physicians’ compliance to clinical recommendations, expertise and quality control of pharmacotherapy, recruitment of clinical pharmacologists; to optimize the educational process in universities, to expand the scope and availability of additional educational programs within the system of continuous education, as well as to train physicians in using modern sources of scientific medical information.

Ландратские книги исторического региона Белгородской черты 1716-1719 гг.

The article is devoted to the study of Landrat books of the historical region of the Belgorod region: Belgorod, Voronezh, Yelets and Kozlovsky districts (Landrat shares). Landrat books are the latest, most extensive and detailed household censuses of the population of Russia. This was done in 1716-1719. Landrat - special assistants to the governor. In science, there has traditionally been a skeptical attitude towards the data of the Landrat books. This source is considered unreliable. The author is confident that this attitude is based on an erroneous understanding of the conclusions of Mikhail Klochkov made in an article in 1915. It is believed that the scientist proved the inferiority of household censuses of Peter's time by comparing the materials of the description of 1678 and the results of the revision tales of 1728. This erroneous opinion is contained in “Essays on the History of the USSR” (1954) and from that time on, researchers refused to use the Landrat books, thinking that they were erroneous. The documents we studied were preserved in the fund 350 of the RGADA. There are many different materials here: small censuses of 1709-1718 (cities, regions, towns, population categories separately), various final extracts, population census for the purpose of collecting taxes, descriptions of lands from provincial offices. The documents of the Chamber Collegium, an institution that at that time was in charge of the allocation and collection of state revenues, are also kept here. The geographical boundaries of the article are determined by the great role of the Belgorod Line - a complex of military-defensive structures erected in the middle of the 17th century. on the territory of Belgorod, Voronezh, Yelets and Kozlov districts. Based on the purpose of the article - to demonstrate the practical experience and informative capabilities of Landrat censuses, the form of each book was analyzed and the three largest rural settlements were examined in detail. Based on the results of the work done, the author notes that full-fledged work with Landrat books is possible only if you fully understand the form of each book separately. The landrat book of a separate county has its own characteristics, but they all contain information about the gender and age composition, population movements, family ties, settlements and social gradation of society. An analysis of four Landrat books demonstrates the possibilities of using this type of documentation in historical research.

Служилые люди болховца 1647–1687 гг.: чиновная структура и служебные обязанности

Introduction. Using the example of the history of Bolkhovets, one of the cities of the Belgorod region, the author analyzes the socio-demographic processes of the development of fortress cities in the south of Russia in the XVII century, considers the city service as the basic structure for the formation of the regimental service, traces the evolution and archaization of the duties of serving people from the moment of settlement of the city to 1687. Materials and methods. The work is based on archival sources from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The main method of research was the analysis of sources, as well as their classification and systematization. Based on the material, tables were prepared that reflect key information on the structure of official duties of Bolkhovets' employees. Results. The study describes for the first time the official structure and official duties of serving people on the example of a particular city during the key period of the formation of Russian statehood in the south of the country. Conclusion. The presented version of the established official structure of Bolkhovets from 1647 to 1687 can be described as typical for most cities of the Belgorod region. The processes of evolution of the civil servants of this city, their responsibilities and structural changes in the accounting structure of the city are directly correlated with national processes, which are based on the construction of effective regional management. And the formation of mobile territorial regiments made it possible to solve security issues outside the region, which became a new form of the previously adopted defense strategy through the offensive.

Intensity and Direction of Dynamics of Soil Fertility Indicators in Landscape Farming

The purpose of the work is to study the dynamics of soil fertility indicators after the development of adaptive landscape farming systems in the most eroded region of the Belgorod region since 1981. Based on 40 years of research at the model object “Turnip Log”, it is shown that the direction and intensity of the soil-forming process is changing. Four stages are distinguished: at the first until 1993 the decrease in humus content and alkalization of the soil environment, characteristic of washed away carbonate soils, continues; at the second stage, the rate of humus loss drops 10 times; the third ten-year period is characterized by a significant increase in organic matter and its stabilization subsequently, which accompanied by a transition in pHsol. to the area of neutral values. The dynamics of mobile forms of macroelements and agronomically valuable cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ indicate the cultivation of soils in general. At the same time, it is emphasized that there are no universal elements in the agricultural system; Along with the creation of an ecological framework of protective plantings, it is necessary to comply with the principles of adaptive placement of agricultural crops and a deficit-free balance of humus and nutrients in crop rotations.

Directed work on breeding of high-blooded rabbit litters in the rabbit breeding laboratory of Belgorod GAU

The rabbit is one of the most common types of laboratory animals used in a number of experimental studies in general biology, medicine and veterinary medicine. And today, the most actively discussed strategy is the policy of import substitution as a factor in ensuring the growth of domestic agribusiness, and of course rabbit breeding is the most promising and rapidly developing industry. Therefore, we believe that the creation of crossbred rabbits of domestic selection that are not inferior in their characteristics to their European counterparts is an extremely urgent task, which served as the driver for the development of the issue of creating a highly productive herd of rabbits (high-blooded crossbreeds) in a relatively short time: until 2024. It should be noted that the selection process began in 2013 and systematically developed until the present time, when it became obvious and relevant for the development of the food cluster of the Belgorod region, including the work on the creation of a specialized, fully adapted line of rabbits. As a result of systematic selection work aimed at growth energy, milk production in rabbits and white dermis, we have a rabbit with a given phenotype (white color with a thickness of 9-15 microns in the area of the withers of the epidermis, dermis -250-350 microns, in accordance with the requirements for the production of resorbing membranes from dermis of rabbits for the dental industry), the live weight of male sires over 8 months of age on average is 4.8-5.8 kg, female rabbits - 4.7-5.5 kg. Today, the obtained economically useful characteristics are being stabilized and consolidated in the offspring.

Палеопочвы кровли протерозойского фундамента территории Курской магнитной аномалии

This work represents the results of multidisciplinary study of paleosols from the weathered roof of Precambrian basement (Stary Oskol, Belgorod region). Shallow paleosols were developed from ferruginous shale and diagenetically modified weathering crust of ferruginous quartzite which led to its sideritization. At the studied location (quarry of the Stoilensky mining and processing plant) the age of weathering crust is pre-Devonian. Both rocks contain pyrite. Paleosols developed under similar primitive lithophytic vegetation. The studied paleosols are identified as in situ, biotic, of extreme pedogenesis. The trigger for their development was the pyritization. As a result, the chemical weathering prevailed under physical and biological ones. Both soils were attributed to acid-sulfate. Paleosols have not developed the continuous cover. The paleosols previously discovered in this area were developed from ferruginous quartzite and are also attributed to the acid-sulfate type. It seems that this soil type was widely distributed in the past.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ПОДСТАНЦИЙ В ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМЕ БЕЛГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И РЕШЕНИЙ

The work is devoted to the current topic of using digital technologies and solutions in modern electric power industry and the concept of digital transformation of electrical energy. The issue of organizing and constructing digital substations is considered as one of the leading trends in the modern electric power industry. The paper presents the main technical and organizational solutions typical for the construction of digital substations based on open protocols of the international standard IEC 61850 “Networks and communication systems in substations.” A general assessment of the condition of step-down substations in the power system of the Belgorod region is given. As an object of study, the diagram of one of the typical substations in the power system of the Belgorod region is presented and analyzed. For the considered substation, a concept for its modernization has been proposed using digital technologies and solutions to comply with the term “Digital Substation” and in accordance with the requirements of the international standard IEC 61850. Moreover, the modernization concept is proposed both taking into account the achievement of the necessary substation control functions, and in accordance with the existing level domestic energy industry and the state of the region's electrical networks. The proposed modernization will lead to an increase in the level of controllability and observability of the substation, a reduction in the costs of monitoring and self-diagnosis of secondary connections, and an increase in the level of intelligent control of the operating mode of power equipment and secondary systems. In addition, it will ensure the gradual modernization of existing substations in the region in the direction of their digitalization.

Эффективность новых сортов и сортообразцов люпина белого на чернозёмной почве в условиях Белгородской области

Микрополевой опыт по оценке и сравнительному анализу новых сортов и сортообразцов люпина белого проведён в 2021–2022 годах в коллекционном питомнике ФГБОУ ВО «Белгородский ГАУ». Объектом изучения были два новых сорта и четыре сортообразца люпина белого селекции ВНИИ люпина. Цель исследований — провести оценку, сравнительный анализ и выявить новые наиболее урожайные сорта и сортообразцы люпина белого, характеризующиеся высокими показателями качества семян, экономической и биоэнергетической эффективности производства. В результате исследований установлено, что сортообразцы СН 5-20, СН 6-20, СН 19-20 и СН 34-19 по урожайности семян (соответственно 431,3, 400,5, 403,2 и 407,6 г/м2) превысили стандартный сорт Мичуринский на 74,5–81,6 г/м2, или на 22,9–25,0%. Сортообразец СН 6-20 отличался также и высоким содержанием белка (43,73%), а образец СН 34-19 — высоким содержанием жира (10,60%). Наибольшие показатели биоэнергетической эффективности обеспечили сортообразцы СН 5-20, СН 6-20, СН 34-19 и СН 19-20, у которых выход обменной энергии составил соответственно 60,6, 58,1, 54,5, 52,2 ГДж/м2, чистый энергетический доход — 38,7, 36,2, 32,6, 30,3 ГДж/м2, а биоэнергетический коэффициент — 2,77, 2,65, 2,49, 2,38, что значительно превышает показатели стандартного сорта. Наивысший условно чистый доход был получен у сортообразцов СН 5-20 (87 027 руб./га), СН 34-19 (78 848 руб./га), СН 19-20 (77 283 руб./га) и СН 6-20 (76 355 руб./га), что на 19 161–36 816 руб./га больше, чем у стандарта. Исследуемые сорта люпина белого Мичуринский и Алый парус при достаточно высокой урожайности семян (326,0 и 379,6 г/м2) и содержании белка (38,57 и 36,32%) отличались малой алкалоидностью (0,053 и 0,088%). По вышеуказанным признакам эти образцы предложены в качестве исходных форм для селекции люпина This article reports on the competitive field trial with new genotypes of white lupine conducted at the nursery of the Belgorod State Agrarian University in 2021–2022. Two varieties and four genotypes of white lupine were obtained from the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine. The aim of this research was to test and identify the most productive genotypes of white lupine with high seed quality, economic and energy efficiency. Such genotypes as SN 5-20, SN 6-20, SN 19-20 and SN 34-19 exceeded the standard variety (Michurinskiy) in seed productivity by 74.5–81.6 g/m2, or by 22.9–25.0% yielding 431.3, 400.5, 403.2 and 407.6 g/m2, respectively. SN 6-20 also showed high protein content (43.73%), while SN 34-19 — high fat concentration (10.60%). Such genotypes as SN 5-20, SN 6-20, SN 34-19 and SN 19-20 provided the yield of exchange energy of 60.6, 58.1, 54.5, 52.2 GJ/m2, net energy income — 38.7, 36.2, 32.6, 30.3 GJ/m2, energy coefficient — 2.77, 2.65, 2.49, 2.38, respectively, exceeding significantly the standard. SN 5-20 (87 027 RUB/ha), SN 34-19 (78 848 RUB/ha), SN 19-20 (77 283 RUB/ha) and SN 6-20 (76 355 RUB/ha), had the highest net income exceeding the standard by 19 161–36 816 RUB/ha. The Michurinskiy and Alyy parus varieties had reasonably high seed yield (326.0 and 379.6 g/m2) and protein content (38.57 and 36.32%) but low alkaloid concentration (0.053 and 0.088%). Based on the obtained results these genotypes can be used as parent material in lupine breeding

Evaluation of breeding forms and varieties of hybrid clover of different geographical origin in the conditions of the Central Black Earth Region

The aim of the research was to evaluate wild forms of hybrid clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) of di erent geographical origin in the year of sowing (the rst year of herbage life), in comparison with varieties, under conditions of unstable moisture in the Central Black Earth region. We studied 20 varieties and wild forms - varieties Novator (standard), Pervenets, Fregat, wild forms from the North- West, Central, Volgo- Vyatsky, Central Black Earth regions, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Canada, etc.). The research was conducted in Belgorod region in two plots of collection nurseries in 2022-2023 on typical chernozem. The highest dry matter yield in the year of sowing (0.411…0.504 kg/m2) on average for two years possessed varieties Novator (standard) and Pervenets, as well as wild forms from Canada VIC 8, Tatarstan - VIC № 753, Moscow - M-2/21 and Belgorod - B-2/20 regions. The form M-2/21 is of particular value. With dry matter yield in the year of sowing in 2022 at the level of the standard (0.416 kg/m2) in 2023 the number provided a yield of 0.672 kg/m2, significantly exceeding the standard by 0.165 kg/m2, or 32.5 %. On average for two years, the samples showed signi cant morphological dissimilarity and variation in length of one stem (43.1…57.6 cm), weight of one stem (1.6…3.5 g), obliquity (26.5…50.1 %). When evaluating the forms of hybrid clover by productivity in the year of sowing, the most reliable evaluation traits include stem length (r=0.514) and stem weight (r=0.599), the degree of anthocyanin colouration of the stem (r=0.501) and leaf area (r=0.521).

Selection of alfalfa variegated on creation of intensive varieties with high fodder productivity: results and prospects

The research was conducted in 2019-2023 in Belgorod region to assess the dry matter (DM) yield of breeding samples of alfalfa variegated, obtained by repeated selection of biotypes with high fertility in the year of sowing («juvenile samples» - JS-samples), in comparison with the original breeding varieties to select the best ones. Soil - typical chernozem with humus content (according to Tyurin) - 4.8 %, pHsol.- 6.6, P2O5 and K2O content (according to Chirikov) - 122 and 180 mg/kg, respectively. The research was carried out in three plots (2019-2023) with a randomised arrangement of plots, the repetition was fivefold. The plots were double rowed with a length of 3.5 m and row spacing width of 30 cm. Multiple selection from alfalfa varieties (Belgorodskaya 86, Krasnoyaruzskaya 1, Krasnoyaruzskaya 2) resulted in the creation of JS-samples: B-86 JS, K-1 JS and K-2 JS, which differed from the original varieties by rapid development in the first years of life. JS-samples surpassed the initial varieties by 32.1…36.0 % (p

Strand’s mouse <i>Sicista strandi </i> (Rodentia, Dipodoidea) on the southwestern periphery of its range: Genetic and environmental aspects

The position of the Sicista strandi population from the southwestern periphery of its range (the mountainous Caucasus, the vicinity of the Ekiptsoko cordon, Zol’sky district of Kabardino-Balkaria, the adjacent territory with terra typica of the species) in the species structure was investigated on the basis of a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of a fragment of the gene of nu-clear DNA in this population and in representatives of the species from a number of localities from the Russian Plain for the first time. It was established that according to this molecular feature, the studied Caucasian population belongs to the southern grouping of the species, covering, in addition to the Caucasus, samples from the basins of the Lower (Rostov region) and Middle Don (Lugansk region) and presumably from the Lower Volga region, and differs from samples from the northern parts of the range in the Central Chernozem Zone (Kursk and Belgorod region). In the S. strandi population from the southwestern periphery of the range, a number of environmental and biological characteristics (biotopic confinement, population composition, abundance, diurnal, seasonal activity, reproduction, and nutrition) considered in a comparative aspect in connection with the genetic differentiation of the species were studied for the first time.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ УРБАНИСТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ПУТЕМ ДИЗАЙН-КОДА ЦВЕТА

The article is devoted to the methodology of modeling in the design of the urban environment based on the identification of the uniqueness and identity of the territory. Rules and changes in the design code of the city, unnoticeable at first glance, contribute to the creation of a comfortable, harmonious urban environment. This article contains information about artistic and professional skills that form the idea of color harmony, the influence of color on the psychophysiological state of a person as one of the key tools for creating a balanced environment, as well as harmony, territoriality and environmental friendliness. For the administrative center of the Belgorod region – Belgorod, modeling the issue of the design code of urban space should be based on three basic principles: harmony, territoriality and environmental friendliness. The correct design of the design code includes several directions: color solutions of facades (the main color scheme of buildings is brown-beige. The color was not chosen by chance because it has a symbolic meaning in this context), the decoration of the first floors, the placement of signage, colors-lighting of buildings, festive decoration of buildings, as well as the formation of a unique architectural and landscape environment. The opportunity to use landscaping and features of the natural landscape, as well as local natural materials for construction will emphasize the naturalness of the coloristic solution returns material colors to the palette of the designer and architect. The formation of the design code of the urban environment through the semiotization of color provides for the formulation of research tasks, which consist in the analysis of modern urban planning theory and practice in order to improve the urban environment at the regional level

Phytoplankton communities of reservoirs of the forest-steppe zone under conditions of technogenic load

On the example of the rivers Oskolets and Chufichka, flowing into the river Oskol, the phytoplankton of small rivers of the forest-steppe zone of the Belgorod region, which are of technogenic origin, is considered. The taxonomic and ecological composition of communities of microalgae and cyanobacteria was studied in order to determine the ecological and biological state of surface waters of the Starooskol-Gubkinsky mining region of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. Everywhere in the waters of the watercourses under consideration, cyanobacteria species characteristic of polluted habitats, as well as species recognized as producers of cyanotoxins, are observed. Among them are Ostillatoria granulata Gardner, Ostillatoria guttalata van Goor and Ostillatoria putrida Ag., Ostillatoria splendida Grev. The quality class of the studied waters is defined as the III-rd «Satisfactory purity», and in some cases - as the II-nd, that is, the waters are «Clean». It has been established that the processes of water self-purification proceed intensively. However, the quality of waters determined by the Pantle-Bukk saprobity index in the modification of V. Sladechek within the limits of III and
 II classes does not indicate their ecological well-being, since a number of species of cyanobacteria and diatoms show teratological changes, which are expressed in somewhat “blurred” outlines. their appearance. In addition, an abundance of mineral particles associated with the reduction activity of nitrogen bacteria is observed almost everywhere in the waters.

Dynamics of the Agroecological State of the Soils of the Central Chernozem Region during Long-Term Agricultural Us (on the Example of the Belgorod Region)

The paper analyzes the results of eleven survey cycles of arable soils conducted from 1964 to 2022 in the southwestern part of the Central Chernozem region in the Belgorod region. In the steppe zone of the region, ordinary chernozems predominate, in the forest-steppe zone – typical and leached chernozems. During the eleventh survey cycle (2019–2022), the average level of application of mineral fertilizers was 114.4 kg a.i./ha, organic – 9.6 t/ha, liming of acidic soils – 43.8 thousand hectares per year. As a result, the average yield of winter wheat increased to 5.09, sugar beet – up to 45.6, corn for grain – up to 7.15 t/ha. At the same time, the maximum value of the weighted average content of organic matter (5.3%) was recorded in the soils of arable land for the entire observation period. The proportion of acidic soils decreased to 28.6%, including moderately acidic soils, to 3.0%. The value of hydrolytic acidity decreased to 2.7 cmolc/kg. The weighted average content of mobile forms of phosphorus (139 mg/kg) and potassium (161 mg/kg) is the highest in the Central Black Earth region. 85.7% of the surveyed soils belong to the category of low content of mobile forms of sulfur, zinc – 97.2, copper – 92.5, cobalt – 98.8, manganese – 40.1, molybdenum – 21.3%. In terms of the content of mobile forms of boron, 98.2% of the soils are classified as highly rich.

Dynamics of Agroecological State of Soils in the Belgorod Region during Long-Term Agricultural Use

Dynamics of Agroecological State of Soils in the Belgorod Region during Long-Term Agricultural Use

СЛУЖЕБНЫЕ СОБАКИ КАК ИСТОЧНИК РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ДИРОФИЛЯРИОЗА

Due to the peculiarities of keeping and exploitation of service dogs, their frequent movements to various territories both within the country and to neighboring states, this group of animals is an important factor in expanding the range of dirofilariasis. This paper presents the results of a study of infection of service dogs with dirofilaria (Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis) for the period from 2010 to 2022 from different territories of the Russian Federation: Rostov, Novgorod, Astrakhan, Orel, Tula, Belgorod, Bryansk and Kursk regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, the Republics of Bashkortostan, Kalmykia and Adygea. 948 blood samples of dogs were studied, microfilariae were detected in 140 samples, in general, the prevalence of invasion was 14,8 ± 1,1 %. D. repens microfilariae were found in 11,0 ± 1,0 % of dogs, D. immitis – 2,1 ± 0,4 %, simultaneously both types of microfilariae (mixed invasion) – 1,4 ± 0,4 %. Analysis of the data obtained indicates a high prevalence of service dogs with this biohelminthiasis. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the incidence among service dogs in the study areas, which was facilitated by active preventive measures: improved diagnosis of dirofilariasis, the use of effective microfilariacid preparations, and vector control.

MONITORING OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY CONTENT IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEMIC REGION OF RUSSIA

The work analyzed the results of state agroecological monitoring of soils carried out in the southwestern part of the forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozemic region of Russia. It was found that the average gross content of As and Hg in horizon A of arable chernozem of the typical forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozemic region is 4.18 and 0.022 mg/kg, respectively. In the parent rock (C), the content of As is 1.38 times higher, and Hg is 2.22 times lower than in A. In the agroecosystems of the Belgorod region organic fertilizers are the main source of As and Hg, but this does not pose a danger to soil pollution and crop production. The highest average As content (0.020 mg/kg) was found in winter wheat grains, peas and sunflower seeds, and the lowest (0.016 mg/kg) was found in corn and soybean grains. The highest content of Hg is characterized by barley grains (0.006 mg/kg) and winter wheat (0.007 mg/kg), and the lowest content of this element (0.002 mg/kg) was noted in esparcet hay. Exceeding the levels of maximum allowable concentration of As and Hg for food grains and maximum allowable level for feed products was not revealed in the studies.

Features of Monetization of Internet Media: on the Example of Internet Periodicals of the Belgorod Region

This article is devoted to the study of methods of monetization of online periodicals, the study of its features, as well as the analysis of online periodicals of the Belgorod region for the use of various approaches to the issue of monetization. The subject of the research in the article are the Internet periodicals of the Belgorod region, leading the rating of the Information and analytical online service "Medialogia" for 2020, as the most cited periodicals of the Belgorod region for the specified year. The research method includes content analysis and comparative analysis of the techniques and methods used to monetize online media. The main objective of the study was to identify current ways of monetization of online periodicals and to detect trends in their further development. Such a study of online periodicals of the Belgorod region was carried out for the first time, which explains its significance and novelty. During the analysis, the following conclusions were made: currently there is no single business model for monetization of online media. However, further expansion of the range of advertising services offered is inevitable: almost any media outlet has an electronic analogue on the Internet, which means it is becoming increasingly difficult to compete. In order to attract advertisers and audiences, online publications need to take a comprehensive approach to monetization issues and regularly analyze feedback. Online publications of the Belgorod region mostly offer advertisers exactly this approach, but banner advertising is predominant. The least used way of monetization is a paid subscription to content.

Показатели вегетативной нервной системы и эндотоксикоза у коров при физиологической и осложненной гестозом беременности

The purpose of the study was to study the state of the autonomic nervous system and the level of endogenous intoxication markers in animals during pregnancy, physiological and complicated by gestosis and toxic liver dystrophy (hepatosis) and their combination. Materials and methods were used in accordance with the assigned tasks. In the conditions of two farms specializing in the production of milk and located in the Belgorod and Pskov regions, studies were conducted, the object of which were cows of the Red-and-White and Holstein Black-and-White breeds at the age of 3–6 years with a gestational age of 240–250 days. As a result of experimental tests, it was revealed that in cows with moderate gestosis, in addition to traditional hypertension, proteinuria and edema, there is an increase in heart rate variability, tachycardia, hypersympathicotonia, neutrophilocytosis, lymphocytopenia and resorptive endotoxication. With a combination of gestosis and hepatosis, the appearance of new (integral) and strengthening of pathophysiological phenomena specific to each of these pathologies is observed. As a result, a symptom complex of severe pathology is formed with bradycardia, vagotonia, resorptive and metabolic endogenous intoxication, leukogram imbalance with a predominance of young cells, monocytopenia, eosinopenia, more pronounced neutrophilocytosis and lymphocytopenia, as well as a decrease in adaptive potential. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, according to the data obtained, one of the directions of the progression of preeclampsia (gestosis) may be the development of comorbid pathology. At the same time, the deterioration of the animal's condition is a consequence of the aggravation of each of the associated pathologies and the formation of integral pathogenetic integration in the body. In this case, the choice of therapies should be focused on eliminating or alleviating the manifestation of gestosis and associated pathologies, as well as on leveling the pathogenetic mechanisms of comorbidity.