Belaya River Research Articles

Подход к оптимизации экологического мониторинга качества воды с применением показателей постоянства высшей водной растительности (на примере верхнего течения реки Белая в Республике Башкортостан)

Abstract. The article provides an analysis of the dynamics of the constancy indicators of representatives of higher aquatic vegetation (VBR) in the upper reaches of the Belaya River (Republic of Bashkortostan) from 2005 to 2019. Constancy indicators of 11 species of BBP (Butomus umbellatus L., 1753; Elodea canadensis Michx., 1803; Najas marina L., 1753; Potamogeton natans L., 1753; Potamogeton perfoliatus L., 1753; Potamogeton crispus L., 1753; Stuckenia pectinata L., 1753; Myriophyllum spicatum L., 1753; Lemna minor L., 1753; Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid., 1839 and Ceratophyllum demersum L., 1753) were registered in the areas of 2 state water posts the Shushpa railway station and the Arsky Kamen recreation house. In the course of research, for the first time, lists of permanent, additional and random species of BBP were compiled, correlation-regression models of the relationships between the constancy indicators of representatives of higher aquatic vegetation with the content of chemicals were calculated, the pollutants most strongly affecting the constancy indicators of representatives of BBP were identified, determined in the water of the upper course of the Belaya River.

The role of canopy gaps in maintaining biodiversity of plants and soil macrofauna in the forests of the northwestern Caucasus

The research was carried out in the coniferous-deciduous forests of the northwestern Caucasus, growing in similar climatic and soil-orographic conditions. Three types of forests of different ages were studied: aspen-hornbeam (50-70 years), beech-fir-hornbeam (80-110 years) and fir-beech forests (over 450 years). The studies were performed on the territory Krasnodar Krai (upper reaches of the Pshekha river, State Nature Reserve Chernogor'e) and the Republic of Adygea (upper reaches of the Belaya river, the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve) in the summer seasons 2016 and 2019. The research involves geobotanical, population-ontogenetic, and soil-zoological methods. It has been established that in the canopy gaps of all forest types species density of plants is almost twice as high as in under-crown areas or even higher due to good light factor and high soil moisture since the tree stand does not intercept precipitation. Regeneration of tree cenopopulations in all forest types is much more effective in canopy gaps compared to under-crown areas. The undergrowth density of different types of trees is 10 and more times higher in gaps than in the under-crown areas. The maximum number of ecological-coenotic groups of plants is observed in the canopy gaps in all types of forest. All major trophic groups of macrofauna inhabit canopy gaps and under-crown areas, but their biomass in gaps is significantly exceeds that in under-crown areas. Due to the fact that soil moisture supply is an essential factor for moisture-loving saprophages’ activity, biomass of saprophages is on average twice as high in gaps than under-crown areas of all forest types. Only canopy gaps have high biomass of anecic earthworms – there are important ecosystem engineers, which contribute a lot to plant litter processing and the formation of soil porosity.

Changes in the Distribution of Broadleaf Tree Species in the Central Part of the Southern Urals since the 1970s

Changes in the distribution of broadleaf tree species—Tilia cordata Mill., Quercus robur L., Acer platanoides L., and Ulmus glabra Huds.—in the central part of the Southern Urals after the cessation of the period with extremely cold winters in the late 1970s have been analyzed using thematic maps of their distribution in the study region, which were created in the 1970s and early 21th century based on cartographic forest inventory materials. Abnormal winter temperatures had the greatest effect on the distribution of A. platanoides and U. glabra. All broadleaf species are currently expanding their range, with their distribution boundary shifting eastward, to the left bank of the Belaya River.

ALGAE AND CYANOPROKARYOTES ON NATURALLY OVERGROWING ASH DUMPS OF THE APATITY THERMAL POWER STATION (MURMANSK REGION)

The article provides information on the diversity of algae and cyanoprokaryotes colonizing the ash dump of the Apatity cogeneration plant. The study area is located in the Belaya River valley in the Khibiny Mountains (Murmansk Region). The species composition of algae was studied by means of culture techniques. The data for all samples were fed into the CYANOpro information system (http://kpabg.ru/cyanopro). A total of 85 taxa of eukaryotic algae and 10 cyanoprokaryotes were observed. Excentrochloris fraunhoferiana, Sarcinofilum mucosum, Podohedra bicaudata, Hormidiella parvula, and Streptosarcina costaricana are reported for the first time for Russia. A floristic comparison of the species composition of three different localities is provided. The temporal distribution of algae and cyanoprokaryotes indicates that the late stage of overgrowing of the ash dump is more similar to the natural species composition of north-taiga forest soils. Filamentous green algae and cyanoprokaryotes had a high occurrence. These strains could potentially be used for remediation of the technogenic substrates.

Paleomeanders of the Belaya River (the Upper Angara region)

The article presents data on the existence of fragments of the ancient river network in the Belaya River valley (the Angara River basin). We characterize the modern floodplain-terrace complex of the Belaya River, namely the structure of modern floodplains and low terraces, the heights of their basement and morphology, as well as describe the structure of the ancient part of the Belaya River channel. The estimated fragment of the ancient valley of the Belaya River, with a length of 13.6 km, is a macro-bend. The morphometric parameters of the incised meanders of the ancient valley almost two times exceed the modern meanders of free type but are close in their morphometric parameters to modern incised meanders. Based on the morphometric parameters of fragments of the ancient river channel, we calculated the velocities of the paleo-Belaya and compared them with the actual values for the Belaya River. The calculated water flow rates of the ancient channel are 3.7 to 4.5 times higher than the modern parameters. However, these parameters are close to the maximum values during the summer floods. At the next stage of research, we plan to reconstruct the ancient river network of the area by analyzing basal surface maps.

Пространственно-временная изменчивость концентрации хлорофилла «а» в Краснодарском водохранилище по данным спутниковых снимков

The Krasnodar Reservoir has undergone significant transformations during its operation since 1973. As a result, of active delta formation of the Kuban and Belaya rivers, the reservoir was divided into two autonomous reservoirs, its area decreased by 35 %. The study is aimed at determining the significance of the eutrophication factor in the transformation of the Krasnodar Reservoir. Methods. Based on 51 Sentinel-2 satellite images for 2015–2020 the results of calculations of the concentration of chlorophyll «a» as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass in the reservoir are presented. The MSI sensor calculates the concentration of chlorophyll a (chl «a») based on the normalized chlorophyll difference index. Chl «a» estimates were obtained for a total area of 277 km2; the main bowl of the Krasnodar Reservoir and the Tshchik Reservoir, which was cut off from it. We have built maps reflecting the spatial and intra-annual variability of chl «a». Results The highest average concentrations of chl «a» are characteristic of the shallow upper part of the Krasnodar Reservoir, which is influenced by the runoff of the Kuban and Pshish rivers with an increased nutrient content. Locally high average values of chl «a» were recorded in the areas of the runoff current and in the estuaries of the left-bank tributaries. In the Tshchik water body with a low intensity of water exchange, the relationship between the concentration of chl «a» and hydrodynamic processes is not evident. We have revealed features of the annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass. It has been established that the trophic status of the reservoir is subject to seasonal variability: in spring, 2/3 of the water area correspond to eutrophic waters, 1/3 to mesotrophic waters; in autumn, the entire reservoir has a eutrophic status.

Depletion of the floodplain-channel complex of the river (Belaya river, Republic of Bashkortostan)

The article presents a comprehensive assessment of the geoecological risk of the Belaya River floodplain (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia). The risk assessment of the floodplain-channel complex includes the risk of depletion by the plant species composition and the risk of depletion of the ecological and hydrological states. Geographic information maps of the floodplain were compiled for vegetation and floodplain forests and wetlands. The extent of forest cover was chosen as an indicator of the floodplain’s resilience to the risk of depletion and decline. The calculation of the risk of depletion of floodplains based on the ecological and hydrological state was carried out taking into account the changes in floodplain areas over the past 10 years, data on the catchment of ground and surface waters, “sealed” areas and the annual average discharge. The assessment and zoning of the river floodplain territory was carried out according to the proposed method.

ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРИРОДНО-ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА В ОБЛАСТИ ВЛИЯНИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ ГОРОДСКОГО ОКРУГА ГОРОДА САЛАВАТ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

An ecological substantiation of sustainability of geoecosystems at the territory of one of the centers of the petrochemical complex in the Republic of Bashkortostan was carried out on the example of district of Salavat. The researchers used the statistical data from the investment passport of the urban district of Salavat to rank the lands according to the degree of anthropogenic load and calculate the environmental stress, ecological fund, natural protection coefficient of the studied territories on the basis of B.I. Kochurov and E. V. Grivko methodology (Kochurov, 2013; Grivko, 2016). The last indicator was considered as an indicator of sustainability. The main contributors to air pollution are the facilities of the industrial sites of “Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat, LLC” and “Salavatsteklo, JSC”. The laboratory tests prove that the priority contaminants contained in the Belaya River are bicarbonate ions, among metals – calcium ions as well as organic substances. On the basis of the obtained data water pollution index was calculated for 10 priority impurities: bicarbonate ion, chloride ion, suspended solids, ions of calcium, magnesium, cobalt, lead, petroleum products and organic substances. Biotesting of samples of soil and surface waters of the Belaya River was carried out on watercress as an additional research method. The analysis made it possible, with a high degree of probability, to classify the concentration of industrial enterprises and their infrastructure on a narrow fifteen-kilometer strip along the left bank of the Belaya River as a leading geoecological problem of the studied territory. Such density of anthropogenic objects increases unsustainability of the natural-territorial complex. To create a positive ecological and economic balance, it is recommended to equip 10 % (1062 hectares) of land occupied by industrial enterprises with denser green spaces. Moreover, 6 % (637 hectares) of the arable land that is part of the urban district should be transferred to the category of pastures and hayfields, and 5 % (531 hectares) of roadside areas of the main highways should be equipped with seven-to-ten-row green belts. These simple measures can improve the situation and transfer the studied territory of the urban district of Salavat from an unsustainable state to a moderately sustainable one.

Characteristics of coniferous and mixed forest types in the basins of Belaya and Malaya Laba rivers (North-Western Caucasus)

Based on the results of the studies conducted in the forest areas of the basins of the rivers Belaya and Malaya Laba, there has been compiled a typological scheme of the coniferous and mixed forests of North-Western Caucasus (NWC) which included 21 forest types, that are distributed into 12 groups. The forest stands of the studied forests types is predominantly complex in composition: mixed-age groups, multi-tiered, medium to high productivity, medium to high-density. The forest regeneration is weak or very weak, according to the scale proposed by S. M. Bebia. The data obtained during the research can be used for assessing the dynamics of the forest biogeocenoses, biodiversity, as well as successional processes.

Chloroplast DNA Variation and Phylogeography of Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur L. in the Eastern Part of the Range

Chloroplast DNA variation was investigated in 42 populations of pedunculate oak, Quercus robur L., in the European part of Russia, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, the Urals, and the Caucasus. Restriction analysis and sequencing, as well as chloroplast DNA microsatellite loci (cpSSR), were used as genetic markers. For successful amplification and sequencing, new oak-specific primers were designed. For the first time for Q. robur, nucleotide sequences of three fragments (psaA-trnS, psbC-trnD, and trnT-trnF) were obtained with the determination of phylogenetic relationships among 13 identified haplotypes. In the eastern part of the range, several divergent chloroplast DNA lineages were identified. The haplotype groups were characterized by a nonrandom geographic distribution, which probably reflected the history of oak colonization in these regions. Sharp population differentiation in terms of haplotype composition and the level of variation was revealed. Specifically, in the eastern part of the Russian Plain and in the Urals, two haplotypes are widespread, which are disappearing in the west (Northwestern Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Western Ukraine), where nine haplotypes are found that are absent in east. Geographic structure of chloroplast DNA variation in pedunculate oak from Eastern Europe is similar to that in small-leaved lime (Semerikova et al., 2020), another representative of European temperate forests, in which, like in oak in this part of the range, sharp differences between western and eastern populations were observed. It seems likely that this is the result of postglacial colonization by both species from different, long isolated refugia, some of which were located in the east of the studied areas. In the Urals, parallel differentiation of oak and lime between the southern part (Ural River and Belaya River basins) and more northern regions (Ufa River basin and Middle Urals) was revealed, which can be explained by different historical colonization patterns of these regions by broad-leaved vegetation.

Erosion and accumulative processes in river valleys of the Upper Angara region (as exemplified by the catastrophic floods in 2019 on the rivers of Irkutsk Oblast)

The article considers development features of erosion-accumulative processes during catastrophic floods in 2019 on the rivers of Irkutsk oblast, in the Angara river basin (as exemplified by the Bol’shaya Belaya river). Considering the combination of morphodynamic channel types we preliminary determined main types, interaction degree of flood waters and floodplain-channel complexes in different areas. We revealed that the most intensive transformations of the floodplain-channel relief are associated with engineering and construction structures that hinder the natural exchange of floodplain and channel flows. The rates of coastal recession during the flood period were revealed; on average, they amounted to 2 m. The processes of coastal erosion-tearing away of bank are typical of sandy loam deposits composing the upper part of floodplain surfaces. The most dynamic areas of bank destruction correspond to the concave parts of the channel bends. Note is taken that the presence of linear infrastructure objects (roads) within the floodplain massifs often caused the flow rates increase and an increase in the volume of transported material, as well as formation of accumulative landforms, which can hinder water exchange between channel and floodplain streams in the future, and also serve as an additional development factor of processes that are negative for a person and can lead to total destruction of infrastructures, or cause significant damage to them.

Палеолитическая стоянка-мастерская Акбулатово-3 в горной части р. Белой (Башкортостан)

The discovery of the pre-Mousterian monument, dating back to the Middle Pleistocene era, in the mountain-forest zone of the Southern Urals is of great interest both for archaeology, in particular, considering the problem of time and ways of setting on the territory, and for geology, taking into account the dating of the terraces of river valleys in the mountainous part of the region. The site-workshop Akbulatovo-3 is confined to the cover deposits of the III floodplain terrace of the Belaya river, 15 m above the modern level of the river, including pebble and clastic material from quartzite in the deposits of brownish-brown loam of periglacial type of the late Risian time. The collection of items from quartzite (447 items) is represented by a variety of cores: cuboid, orthogonal, sub-cone, and biplatformed. The tools were made both by bifacial processing and on flakes, less often on amorphous plate-like chips. Among them, there are “Acheulean” forms – choppers, peaks, simple scrapers, and “Upper Paleolithic” ones – scrapers, burins, punctures, carvers, and chisel tools. Such a combination of archaic types of tools and cores with “progressive” forms of tools and cores, characteristic of the Moustier and Upper Paleolithic gives grounds to attribute the complex to the end of the Acheulean era or to the beginning of the Moustier. A similar monument, combining the Acheulean types of tools and cores with the Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic ones, was discovered on Lake Turogoyak in the Chelyabinsk region – the site Naves (Island of Vera 6a) at the porphyrite exits. This allows the authors to attribute them to a single technological tradition, called the “Akbulatov type of industry”.

Impact of Solidago canadensis L. on Species Diversity of Plant Communities at Different Spatial Scale

It is known that invasive dominants can significantly limit the species diversity of plant communities in microplots. However, it remains unclear whether they are capable of influencing the species diversity of large areas of vegetation. We considered this issue by the example of six areas of plant communities dominated by Solidago сanadensis located in habitats of different types (Belaya River valley, Western Caucasus, 190–210 m above sea level). Within each of them, biomass samples were taken from 25 plots of 0.25 m2, which were then disassembled by species and weighed. The results of the data analysis showed that (1) S. сanadensis significantly reduces the number of accompanying species in microplots of plant communities; however, the process of displacement of these species is predominantly nonselective (random); (2) areas of communities of different sizes with a high and low degree of dominance of S. сanadensis, containing a similar total stock of biomass of accompanying species, include, on average, a similar number of such species; and (3) the species similarity of plant communities located in habitats of different types does not depend on the degree of dominance of S. сanadensis in them. It was concluded that the size of the species pools of cenoses with high and low degrees of dominance of S. сanadensis is approximately the same. Accordingly, an increase in the participation of this species in communities can directly threaten other species only if the area of these communities is relatively small.

Статистический анализ данных химических и физических свойств аллювиальных почв долины реки Белой (Приангарье) и их интерпретация

The aim of the study: to describe chemical and physical properties of alluvial soils using a big array of data. Location and time of the study. The study was carried out in the Belaya River valley from 1993 to 2019. Methodology. The data of 237 soil samples collected from genetic horizons of alluvial soils from the Belaya River Valley (52º40'–53º00'N, 103º00'–104º00'E, Priangariye, Russia) were statistically processed by using descriptive statistics, cluster and correlation analyses. To perform statistical analyses soil samples were grouped according to their humus content: all horizons, all humus horizons, all non-humus horizons. Main results. Most of the horizons were characterized as slightly alkaline, sandy loam, medium humus ones. The positive relationship between exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ is due to their joint presence in parent rock material, i.e. dolomite. Cluster analysis allowed identifying groups of horizons (for example, mineral and mineral-organogenic), sharply differing in properties. Conclusion. The presented chemical and physical properties of alluvial soils described using a big array of soil samples, can be used as a reference for monitoring their change in the future due to various natural and anthropogenic factors.

Communities of broadleaved woodlands of the lower part of the forest belt of the Belaya river basin (North-Western Caucasus)

The study of phytocoenotic diversity of oak and oak-hornbeam forests of the lower part of the forest belt in the Belaya river basin (Western Caucasus) was performed using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Five floristically different groups of releves were identified based on quantitative classification (Ward's method, Jaccard Distance Measure). An association rank was established for each group. According to the results of comparative syntaxonomic analysis, three associations of moderately masic oak and oak-hornbeam forests - Geranio sanguinei-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Pinus sylvestris, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Rhododendron luteum, Geranium sanguineum, Vaccinium arctostaphylos), Inulo salicinae-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Brachypodium pinnatum, Inula salicina, Dorycnium graecum, Laser trilobum, Trifolium medium, Viola alba, Stachys officinalis, Pyrethrum poteriifolium, Phleum phleoides, Teucrium chamaedrys, Genista patula) and Acero tatarici-Carpinetum betuli ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Phalacroloma annuum, Thalictrum minus, Torilis japonica, Prunus divaricata, Physalis alkekengi, Lamium maculatum, Acer tataricum) were included in the alliance Crataego-Carpinion Passarge 1981, order Lathyro-Carpinetalia Passarge 1981, class Carpino-Fagetea Jakucs et Passarge 1968. The correct syntaxonomic position of two associations of mesic hornbeam and oak-hornbeam forests - Dryopterido filicis-maris-Carpinetum betuli ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Dryopteris filix-mas, Circaea lutetiana, Aegopodium podagraria, Paris incompleta, Abies nordmanniana, Impatiens noli-tangere, Festuca gigantean, Symphytum grandiflorum, Dipsacus pilosus, Aconitum orientale, Asperula caucasica, Moehringia trinervia, Polygonatum orientale) and Vincetoxico scandentis-Carpinetum betuli ass. nova hoc loco (diagnostic species: Viola hirta, Vincetoxicum scandens, Ligustrum vulgare, Lathyrus vernus, Polygonatum multiflorum, Rubus caucasicus, Euphorbia squamosa) has not been determined, however their relations to beech and beech-hornbeam forests of the order Rhododendro-Fagetalia orientalis Passarge 1981 were noted. The described associations of oak-hornbeam forests correspond to the regional ecological series of communities along the moisture gradient.

О циркуляции вод в долинном водохранилище (Краснодарское водохранилище)

The Krasnodar reservoir has undergone significant transformations during its operation since 1973. As a result of active delta formation of the Kuban and Belaya rivers, the reservoir was divided into two autonomous reservoirs, its area decreased by 35 %. To understand the mechanisms of transformation and the processes of siltation of the reservoir, it is necessary to establish the features of the dynamics of water masses. Based on the results of the ADCP survey carried out in July-August, 2016, the circulation of water masses in the reservoir was analyzed. The distance between survey lines during the survey was 100 m with a total length of 2518 km, the frequency of measurements was 0.28 m-1. The resulting array of data on the velocity vectors (18.6 million values) in combination with the resulting digital model of the reservoir basin was processed in GIS using geostatistical analysis tools. It has been established that the general dynamics of water masses is characterized by cyclonic circulation with a pronounced western runoff current along the right bank of the reservoir. The prevailing velocities of currents are 0.02 ... 0.05 m/s. With steady westerly winds, a shift of the main water jet to the south into the interior of the reservoir was recorded. In the vertical movement of water masses, ubiquitous downward currents were noted in the eastern part of the reservoir, caused by the influx of colder river waters.

CHANNEL DEFORMATIONS FORECAST AND FEATURES OF FLOODPLAIN QUARRIES OF NON-METALLIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT IN MEANDERING RIVERBEDS BASED ON SAFE NAVIGATION CONDITIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BELAYA RIVER)

Floodplain quarries of non-metallic construction materials (NCM) have a minimal impact on the water regime and navigable conditions of the reservoir in the area of their location. However, the development of such deposits has its own characteristics, especially in case of their location in meandering beds of large navigable rivers. On the example of floodplain quarry located at the mouth of the Belaya river (1757-1763 km), development conditions for such facilities based on ensuring navigation safety were considered; on the basis of changes’ dynamics in the bends’ main parameters the channel state assessment and fluvial deformations forecast were made. It was concluded that it is possible to extract sand and gravel in the studied section of the Belaya river, provided that navigation safety issues are resolved in a comprehensive manner. First of all, it refers to meander straightening and transferring the ship's course to a new capital slot.

Aeolian Processes in Forest-Steppe Landscapes in the Upper Angara Region in the Holocene

Presented are the results from investigating the aeolian sand massifs in the Belaya river valley. The Belaya, Kholmushino and Usolye massifs with the area of 2, 1.4 and 269 km, respectively, are singled out. They are differentiated by the degree and magnitude of manifestation of aeolian processes, and by the morphology of landforms. The Belaya massif is characterized by narrow gully‒low ridge topography. The initial fluvial relief is moderately modified because of the isolated location of the area in the spur of the incised meander and its boundedness by the slope of the narrow segment of the valley. In the Kholmushino massif located in the zone of contact of the segment of the incised channel and the broadening of the valley, aeolian forms were able to evolve fully but they occur only along narrow terraced surfaces of the rectilinear segment of the valley. The more favorable conditions emerged for the evolution of the Usolye massif. The broad-floodplain type of Belaya channel promoted accumulation of significant volumes of sandy material and its free transport in the process of aeolian morphogenesis. The most intense aeolian accumulation was observed in the lower reaches of the Belaya at the interface of the Late Glacial and Holocene (from 13.1 kyr BP) and was proceeding throughout the Early Holocene until 8.9 kyr BP when there occurred a decrease in activity of the aeolian processes and an intense soil formation began. The landscape-climatic conditions of the Atlantic period were favorable for the attenuation of aeolian activity and for a gradual fixation of sands by vegetation. The intensification phases of the aeolian processes were replaced by stages of a decrease in activity of the aeolian morphogenesis and soil formation in the intervals 9.3‒8.6; 6.7‒6; 3.5‒2.6 and 1.2‒0.9 kyr BP. The pedogenesis stages coincided with an increase in heat and moisture availability. Analysis of the findings suggests the rhythmic behavior in the evolution of the region’s natural environment in the Late Glacial with the manifestation of aeolian phases every 4‒5 ka and phases of intense soil formation every 1.9‒2.5 ka.

Experience on the environmental and hygienic assessment of water pollution in the territories referred to oil refining and petrochemical complexes

Introduction. Wastewater contaminated with oil, demulsifiers, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, phenol, sulfates, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkali, fatty acids, various solutes, etc. is formed at oil refining and petrochemical enterprises. Runoff entering surface and underground water sources can harm water quality, sanitary conditions of life, and water use of the population. Taking this into account, further improvement of scientific approaches to ensure the safety of water bodies that are sources of drinking and recreational use, assessment, and prevention of public health risks caused by water factors is of particular importance. Material and methods. To assess the degree of influence of industrial enterprises on the quality of water sources, we studied the sanitary condition of the Belaya River and its tributaries, as well as underground water lying in the area of oil refining and petrochemical industries. The analysis of the water quality of surface and underground water sources according to the data of laboratory studies of departmental laboratories; the results of scientific and practical research and publications on the studied problem for 1999-2019. Results. Materials of observation data show that wastewater from changes of industrial enterprises the sanitary condition of surface reservoirs: there is a decrease in the content of ammonium nitrogen and biological oxygen consumption indices and a significant increase in the content of nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, and petroleum products. Surface water sources are characterized by unfavorable organoleptic characteristics, high organic pollution, and the presence of specific compounds (petroleum products, surfactants, alpha-methylstyrol, benzene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and hydrogen sulfide) in concentrations higher than their hygiene regulations. Underground waters located on the territories of the main industrial complexes are characterized by high mineralization, extremely high hardness, high content of iron, nitrates, and petroleum products. Conclusion. Refineries and petrochemicals affect the pollution of surface and underground water sources. The water quality of the surveyed water bodies does not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. The priority indices of the influence of the enterprises of branch on water bodies include organoleptic indices of organic pollution indices of total salts composition of water, the content of specific ingredients: oil, benzene, toluene, isopropyl, alpha-methyl styrene, xylene, cresol, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, ethylene, propylene, 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, phenols (volatile), methyl mercaptan, nonionic and anion-active surfactants, biological oxygen consumption indices and others. The research made it possible to assess the level of pollution of water bodies located in the zone of industrial enterprises and develop measures to reduce the man-made impact on the environment and public health.

VIII C. BC - II C. AD DISPERSION OF FINNO-PERMS IN MIDDLE KAMA RIVER REGION

In the II c. BC - II c. AD the south-eastern periphery of the Perm world (Sredneye Prikamye) was inhabited by ancestors of southern Udmurts who left monuments of the Tarasovo (former Cheganda, Pyany Bor) and Kara-Abyz cultures. They are represented by ancient fortified and non-fortified settlements, burial grounds, finds, and hoards. Both cultures are Ananyino-based (VIII-III c. BC, 204 monuments). It is known about 382 monuments of the Tarasovo culture, 258 out of them are located on the left bank, and 124 - on the right. The Kara-Abyz culture (IV c. BC - IV c. AD, 61 monuments) is two-component; it consists of the Ananyino and alien Gafuriyskaia cultures and is located on the left bank of the Belaya River middle reach: from the Bir River junction to the Usolka River junction. In the III - first half of the IV c. AD the Kara-Abyz people was assimilated with alien Ubalary-Imendiashevskii groups. By the turn of the II-III c. AD due to the contacts with forest-steppe and steppe tribes, the Perm population of the Tarasovo culture translocated to the Belaya right bank and Udmurt Prikamye remote areas.