Behavior Of Others Research Articles

Unmasking Moral Hypocrisy: How Preschoolers Perceive and Judge Moral Hypocrites.

Many previous studies indicate that children are highly sensitive to the immoral behavior of others, preferring prosocial over antisocial characters. Accordingly, children avoid transgressors from a very early age. A special kind of transgressor is the moral hypocrite, who not only acts immorally but also acts in contrast to what they preach. There are very few studies establishing whether children recognize moral hypocrisy and if it impacts their moral judgment. We ran three studies with preschoolers aged 4 to 6 years on whether children recognize moral hypocrisy and how children assess moral hypocrisy. In Studies 2 and 3, we also tested false-signaling theory as an explanation of the more negative assessments of moral hypocrites. In Study 1 (N = 133), we showed that children indeed assess moral hypocrites more negatively than nonhypocritical moral transgressors. In Study 2 (N = 115), we initially demonstrated that the assessment of moral hypocrites results from their inconsistency between words and deeds. Study 3 (N = 159) replicated the results of Studies 1 and 2 and, by excluding an alternative explanation, explained that moral hypocrites are perceived as less moral and liked less due to the false signals that they send.

COMPETITIVE MODEL PROPOSAL FOR THE AZERBAIJAN WINE INDUSTRY: TALENT-BASED ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL

The main aim of this study is to develop a talent-based model proposition in line with the resource-based approach by assessing the strategic position of Azerbaijan's wine industry, which is globally recognized as an important wine producing country. It is noted that in the context of very important changes and events taking place in the world today, the phenomenon of competition expresses competition in all spheres of life and day by day increases its intensity and challenges modern business. The article widely uses methods of comparative analysis of the experience of foreign countries, analysis of statistical dynamics, and in-depth analyzes of economic growth in a competitive environment. The author notes that in order for businesses to compete and, moreover, achieve sustainable competitive advantage, they need to understand that the basis of competition has changed, and accordingly everyone must reconsider their approaches and define a new road map for themselves as strategic support with new methods in management. This new understanding of strategy allows companies to be unique, inimitable and responsive to define their strategy and prepare action plans to meet changing customer needs, create customer value and provide quality and low-cost products and services. The author emphasizes that businesses now realize that it is impossible to compete and survive using old methods. It is noted that the resource-based view is used as a new approach, which involves the harmonization of resources and business capabilities with their external environment to produce unique products and services. Azerbaijani wine industry businesses that can redefine their boundaries and develop external relationships using a talent-based model can expand their reach and influence to new groups of employees and entrepreneurs. In this way, Azerbaijani wine industry enterprises can create great new opportunities and offer these groups opportunities to participate in the global economy. This perspective, which sheds light on the dominant organizational logic of powerful players who influence or share the behavior of others, includes foreign competitors, suppliers and employees in the global economy. In this regard, it is very important for the Azerbaijani wine industry to have a good understanding of the interaction between global and local dynamics.

Quantifying Uncertainty in Atmospheric Winds Retrieved from Optical Flow: Dependence on Weather Regime

Abstract This study explores the performance of a dense optical flow method in comparison to pattern-matching techniques for retrieving atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from water vapor images. Using high-resolution simulated datasets that represent various weather phenomena, we assess the performance of these methods across different weather regimes, time intervals, and pressure levels and quantify the uncertainties associated with retrieved winds. The optical flow algorithm consistently outperforms the feature matching approach. Notably, it produces wind speeds and AMVs that closely resemble the wind fields from the simulations, and unlike the feature matching algorithm, the optical flow algorithm exhibits consistent performance across different time intervals. In contrast, the feature matching approach yields vector fields that exhibit oversmoothing in certain areas and erratic behavior in others, while also producing less detailed, regionally constant speed maps. Furthermore, unlike feature matching, the optical flow method effectively calculates AMV near regions with missing data, generating a dense AMV field for every pixel in a pair of images. This superior performance and flexibility significantly influence the planning for future satellite missions aimed at retrieving atmospheric winds. As such, our work plays a critical role in determining the mission architecture and projected instrument performance for future atmospheric wind retrieval satellite missions. The study underscores the potential of the optical flow algorithm as a robust and efficient approach for atmospheric motion retrieval, thus contributing to advances in climate research and weather prediction. Significance Statement This research investigates the efficacy of two methods, optical flow and feature matching, for detecting atmospheric winds, referred to as atmospheric motion vectors, from satellite images of water vapor. Employing detailed simulated datasets that replicate real-world weather patterns, we found that optical flow consistently outperforms feature matching in various aspects. Notably, the optical flow method is not only more precise but also maintains its accuracy across different scenarios. These insights are critical for the design of future satellite missions focused on advancing our understanding of the atmosphere and enhancing weather predictions. This study contributes to advancements in climate research and supports improved weather forecasting, benefiting both scientific and societal needs.

SNS화장품 광고에서 화장품구매행동, 소비성향, 외모관심도가 추천의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 광고모델 매력성의 조절효과를 중심으로

The increasing use of social media is having a significant impact on online and offline purchasing behavior, as consumers share content they are interested in and exchange information. Businesses are responding to this shift by increasing their social media advertising, which has a positive impact on brand purchase behavior. This study aims to empirically investigate the influence of consumers' spending behavior and appearance interest on recommendation intention in cosmetics advertisements on SNS and the moderating effect of advertisement model attractiveness. For this study, an online survey was conducted among 568 consumers who have purchased cosmetics on SNS. SPSS 28.0 was used for statistical analysis, and factor analysis, reliability test, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The results of this study were as follows First, the experience of purchasing cosmetics on SNS and the frequency of information acquisition were found to have a positive effect on recommendation intention. Second, spending behavioral attitudes such as sympathy and impulsivity were found to have a static effect on recommendation intent. Third, appearance orientation has a static effect on recommendation intention. Fourth, advertisement model attractiveness moderated the relationship between SNS cosmetics purchase frequency and YouTube cosmetics information acquisition frequency and recommendation intention, and advertisement model attractiveness moderated the relationship between impulsivity and appearance orientation and recommendation intention. The study found the propensity of splurge and agreeableness on spending behavioral suggests that consumers use social media to show off their social status and tend to imitate the behavior of others. In addition, the effect of appearance orientation on recommendation intention highlights the importance of appearance as a factor in consumer behavior. The moderating effect of advertisement model attractiveness suggests that it is important to consider the personality of the model to fit the cosmetics brand image when considering the influence of advertisement model attractiveness. This study aims to contribute to consumer behavior theory by deepening our understanding of the effectiveness of social media advertising and proposing an integrated model of recommendation intention formation. Future research should expand to a wider range of products to confirm the persistence of social media advertising effects. The results of this study can be used as a useful basis for companies to establish social media advertising strategies.

Who’s to blame? How subtle negative messages about outgroups contribute to ethnic prejudice development in middle to late childhood

Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that parents’ and children’s ethnic prejudice are related to one another. However, little is known about the specific parental practices that facilitate the intergenerational transmission of prejudice. Using a novel measure, we examined how everyday parent-child conversations about the ambiguous behaviors of others (e.g. behaviors open to multiple interpretations) may contribute to children’s ethnic prejudice development. The sample consisted of 249 pairs of mothers and children (aged 6 to 10 years) from the Netherlands with ethnically diverse backgrounds. In line with previous developmental findings, our results reveal that older children exhibit lower ethnic prejudice. Noticeably, however, we find that higher mothers’ subtle negative messages about outgroup members’ behaviors are significantly related to children’s higher ethnic prejudice. These findings did not differ by ethnic background. These results highlight the importance of examining how seemingly innocuous conversations may contribute to children’s ethnic prejudice development.

Active sampling as an information seeking strategy in primate vocal interactions

Active sensing is a behavioral strategy for exploring the environment. In this study, we show that contact vocal behaviors can be an active sensing mechanism that uses sampling to gain information about the social environment, in particular, the vocal behavior of others. With a focus on the real-time vocal interactions of marmoset monkeys, we contrast active sampling to a vocal accommodation framework in which vocalizations are adjusted simply to maximize responses. We conduct simulations of a vocal accommodation and an active sampling policy and compare them with actual vocal interaction data. Our findings support active sampling as the best model for real-time marmoset monkey vocal exchanges. In some cases, the active sampling model was even able to partially predict the distribution of vocal durations for individuals to approximate the optimal call duration. These results suggest a non-traditional function for primate vocal interactions in which they are used by animals to seek information about their social environments.

Predictors of child restraint usage among Chinese parents

Objective: To investigate psychological predictors of the use of child restraints among Chinese parents following passage of national law requiring their use. Methods: Grounded in the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) and guidance from previous research, we developed and administered a questionnaire to assess child restraint usage and understand psychological factors that predict usage. 413 parents with child(ren) aged 0–8 years completed the questionnaire through the WenJuanXing online survey platform. Results: Among the 413 parents, 321 (77.7%) used child restraints regularly when taking their children on car trips, with the highest use reported among parents with children under 1 year (83.8%). Among the psychological predictors, willingness to use a restraint was the strongest predictor of intention and self-reported behavior to use restraints, but the predictive effect of intention on behavior was not significant. Descriptive norms – a belief that trusted friends and family use restraints – was the strongest predictor of behavior to use child restraints, and prototype favorability – the belief that prototypical parents of similar age and gender use restraints – also showed significant effects in predicting behavior. Conclusions: Following the passage of national laws requiring child restraints in China, it is becoming more common for parents to use restraints when their children travel by car. Parents’ use of child restraints for children follows a socially reactive (through willingness) decision-making path rather than a reasoned (through intention) decision-making pattern. The influence of the behavior of others, both trusted friends and family (descriptive norms) and prototypical similar parents (prototype favorability) are strong predictive factors for use of child restraints, suggesting prevention programs might leverage behavior of others to impact parents and encourage use of child restraints.

Theoretical Premises of Support of and Opposition to NATO Enlargement

This article analyses the theoretical premises behind policy conclusion on NATO’s enlargement. The analysis proceeds through three phases: 1. Machine-generated elaboration of premises that could predict prescriptions on NATO enlargement. 2. Qualitative investigation to reveal the plausible logics from these premises to geopolitical prescriptions on NATO expansion. 3. Correlation tests to assess how systematically these premises lead to their expected prescriptions. The three differences that best predict whether an argument ends up supporting or opposing NATO enlargement are as follows: 1. Focus of analysis: Should we analyse international relations by focusing on agents or relationships? 2. Level of analysis: Is it morally or ontologically meaningful to consider intrastate realities, such as the level of democracy, when analysing international relations? 3. Role of power: Should the analysis focus on security methods based on changing the behaviour of others with power, or can security be built by neutral or power-negative (self-restrained) methods?

Evaluating attitudes on health-seeking behavior among a network of people who inject drugs

People who inject drugs (PWID) are often members of HIV/AIDS risk networks, where individuals engage in sexual and injection risk behavior. Engagement in HIV care is important for this population. Low socioeconomic status, stigmatization, and lack of access to medical care often complicate successful engagement in the HIV cascade of care for PWID. This study investigates how individual's attitudes about how much control they have over HIV/AIDS risk in their life (i.e., locus of control and self-blame) affect health-seeking behavior in PWID participants and their community members. We applied causal inference methodology to PWID HIV risk networks ascertained from the Social Factors and HIV Risk Study (SFHR) conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York. We estimated protective disseminated effects of attitudes toward HIV/AIDS on the health-seeking behaviors of others in the PWID community. In other words, a positive attitude toward controlling HIV/AIDS can improve the health-seeking behavior of other members of the community who report a pessimistic attitude toward HIV/AIDS control. Given this finding, we also discuss potential network interventions to improve health-seeking behavior among both PWID individuals who receive the intervention and others in the PWID network informed by our analysis of disseminated effects.

Antisocial Personality Disorder as a Form of Adaptive Strategy

Background: in contemporary domestic psychiatry the evolutionary explanations of antisocial personality disorder are practically lacking. The aim of study: the analysis of the significant concepts of the evolutionary approach to understanding the origins and typology of antisocial, or dissocial, personality disorder. Material and methods: a narrative review of contemporary English-language psychiatric and psychological literature using all available search engines using the keywords “antisocial psychopathy” and “evolutionary psychiatry and psychology”. Discussion and conclusion: in English-language psychiatric and psychological literature the affective component of antisocial traits, emphasized only in ICD-10, is called “primary psychopathy,” while the behavioral component of antisocial traits, associated with “sensation seeking” and “hyperactivation,” is called “secondary” psychopathy. Evolutionary and ecological approaches emphasize the adaptive role of aggressive and antisocial behavior, viewing such behavior as a “high-risk strategy” in social and sexual competition, as “costly” but potentially adaptive (rather than as “behavioral dysfunctions”). The understanding of persistent antisocial behavior as a social “trickster” strategy exploiting the trust and cooperative behavior of others is based on the R. Axelrod-W. Hamilton “iterated” prisoner’s dilemma. In the Prisoner’s Dilemma evolutionary model, the player’s payoff is determined by the effects on “fitness”: survival and fertility. Participating in several interactions with individuals, an antisocial “deceiver” with high mobility is able to exist, manifesting itself with a fairly low frequency in the population. Non-cooperative behavior in both animals and humans reduces the fitness of others and includes aggressive behavior, deception, betrayal, predation and social parasitism. From the point of view of the concept of “economic games,” people with subclinically expressed primary psychopathic traits (emotional coldness, manipulativeness, Machiavellianism) are represented as “strategists” with cooperation partners: they give with reciprocity to those partners whom they consider “highly valuable” (with the potential for great benefits in future), and only “take”, manipulating and deceiving, from those of “low value”. In a broad sense, evolutionary psychologists and psychiatrists find in the characteristics of antisocial individuals a predominance of a set of properties of “fast” life strategies, while the concept of “fast strategies” is also used to explain geographical differences in the prevalence of aggressive behavior.

A second chance for first impressions: evidence for altered impression updating in borderline personality disorder

BackgroundIndividuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) frequently alter between idealizing and devaluing other persons, which has been linked to an increased tendency to update self-relevant beliefs and impressions. We hypothesized that increased impression updating could stem from reduced attitude contextualization, i.e., a process in which impression-disconfirming information is linked to contextual cues.MethodsIndividuals diagnosed with BPD and controls (recruited online, with unknown diagnostic status) completed an impression formation paradigm. They first learned about the positive or negative behaviors of others in one Context A (e.g., Person 1 is helpful), followed by learning about behaviors of the opposite valence in a second Context B (Person 1 is rude). We also manipulated between participants whether the observed behaviors were directed toward the study participants (self-relevant) or, more generally, at other people (other-relevant). The contexts were marked by differently-colored backgrounds (e.g., yellow vs. blue), to avoid influences of prior knowledge or experiences. After exposure to information in both contexts, participants rated their impressions of the persons in Context A, Context B, and, crucially, a previously unknown Context C (white background). We examined whether the initial or an updated impression (re-)emerged in Context C.ResultsInitial impressions remained stable and dominated the ratings of controls across contexts A, B, and C for both self-relevant and other-relevant behaviors, consistent with contextualizing impression-disconfirming information. As expected, however, individuals with BPD only showed updated impression ratings in Context C for self-relevant behaviors, consistent with the assumed reduced tendency to contextualize impression-disconfirming self-relevant information. Further exploratory analyses suggest that more severe BPD symptoms predicted more pronounced impression updating in the self-relevant condition.ConclusionsThe findings help to illuminate the mechanisms underlying interpersonal problems in individuals with BPD. People with BPD are not just more inclined to discard positive first impressions but to re-evaluate disliked others when they behave positively, contributing to the volatility of interactions with others. Contextualization has known and modifiable antecedents, and the study may thus provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Future studies will need to replicate the findings with specified controls.

Improving compliance around protected areas through fair administration of rules.

Protected area management often depends heavily on law enforcement to secure compliance with rules. However, this can contribute to conflict between protected area authorities and local people, negatively affecting both human well-being and conservation outcomes. Compliance is affected by many factors, including whether those who enforce rules are perceived to do so fairly, as well as the perceived rule-related behavior of others. We used factorial survey experiments to explore how fair respondents living around protected areas in Indonesia and Tanzania perceive sanctions distributed by law enforcers to be. We presented scenarios to respondents to assess how crime type, offender characteristics, and corruption influenced their judgments regarding the fairness of administered sanctions. We also assessed how descriptive norms and corruption influenced individuals' willingness to obey protected area rules. Data were collected from 229 people in Indonesia and 217 in Tanzania. Results showed that in both locations, lawful sanctions, such as arrests or warnings, were perceived as fairer, and sanctions that involved corruption were perceived as least fair. Attitudes toward protected area rules, corruption, and descriptive norms all influenced people's willingness to comply, whereas multidimensional poverty did not. Our results highlight the need for conservation policy and practice to move beyond narratives that focus on the need for more law enforcement. To improve protected area compliance and secure better outcomes for people and nature, conservation must focus on ensuring the fair administration of rules and enhancing the legitimacy of rules themselves.

Exploring the neuropsychological basis of behavioral contagion during learning about another agent's social preferences: Evidence from an ERP study.

Social contagion is a pervasive phenomenon and an important social influence that involves the rapid dissemination (propagation) of behaviors, attitudes, emotions, or ideas from one person to another, often without conscious reflection or rational thought. This phenomenon is closely related to conformity, by which a person changes his/her original ideas and attitude and imitates certain behavior of others. Although some behavioral research has been carried out on contagion and conformity, there is very little neuropsychological understanding of these phenomena. Existing research on social influence and conformity has predominantly focused on tasks like mental rotation or rating tasks involving facial expressions, with fewer studies exploring risk preferences and temporal discounting. However, there is a notable gap in the literature when it comes to examining social influence and conformity using other‑regarding preference models derived from heterodox economics. To address this research gap, the present study investigates the neuropsychological underpinnings of social contagion by utilizing event‑related potentials (ERPs) recorded while subjects engage in mini‑dictator games. The behavioral analysis revealed that contagion had an impact on the participants' preferences, leading to a change in their choices. We observed a P300 component in the midline and right posterior during the time window of 200‑350 ms after stimulus onset, which showed a significant increase in mean amplitude when participants observed others' behavior, compared to when they made decisions based on their own preferences. Moreover, the lack of late positive potential in the time window of 500‑650 ms suggests that the presence of P300 may indicate difficulty in making decisions. In summary, by analyzing both behavioral and ERP data, this study may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the cognitive and neural processes that drive conformity and contagion behavior. Our analysis has the potential to inform policymakers in developing effective interventions for promoting positive social behaviors and reducing negative ones.

Prick “filter bubbles” by enhancing consumers' novelty‐seeking: The role of personalized recommendations of unmentionable products

AbstractPersonalized recommendation algorithms inadvertently foster “filter bubbles,” wherein consumers are predominantly exposed to information that aligns with their existing preferences, limiting their exposure to novel items. This phenomenon raises ethical concerns regarding consumer well‐being, as it potentially compromises the quality of consumption decisions by reinforcing a homogeneity of information. Introducing novelty into recommendation systems is a viable strategy to counteract this issue, as the predominance of homogeneous information plays a crucial role in the formation of filter bubbles. However, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding self‐directed strategies for consumers to break through these filter bubbles. Grounded in social identification theory and utilizing a series of experimental studies, our research employs a range of analytical techniques, including ANOVA, mediation, and moderated‐mediation analysis. Our findings suggest that personalized recommendations of unmentionable products, defined as products eliciting disgust, offense, or anger due to delicacy, ethics, or fear, (vs. ordinary products) can increase consumers' novelty‐seeking by enhancing their motivation to change their implicit social labels given by intelligent recommendation systems. Nonetheless, we observe that this drive for novelty‐seeking diminishes during social‐focused recommendations because this recommendation is based on the behaviors of others in consumers' social networks rather than their actions.

Autonomous vs. controlling communications about the reduction of heating consumption at home: Spillover to energy-saving intentions and beyond from a self-determination perspective

In the face of looming energy supply threats, public policy aims to minimize household energy consumption. Self-determination theory recommends emphasizing arguments that promote basic needs as opposed to control. Behaviors of others (i.e., descriptive norm) and autonomy support can motivate people to reduce their energy consumption. A French national sample (N = 853) was exposed to a communication combining autonomy support and descriptive norm arguments. Participants had a greater intention to reduce home heating consumption, which was the targeted behavior. However, there was also an intention to implement other energy-saving behaviors, which were non-targeted behaviors. Autonomous motivation to adopt energy-saving behaviors mediated this positive spillover effect. Adherence to a governmental plan promoting energy saving (i.e., spillover on policy support) also increased. Controlling communication based on threatening power cuts yielded no effect. No evidence of spillover was found between the energy and health domains, even both of which were supported by governmental policy. An exploratory analysis has shown that trust in government moderates the impact of communications. Communications that support the basic needs of self-determination encourage energy-saving behaviors and compliance with policy measures within the same domain. These findings have implications for practitioners and public policies that aim to implement and tailor communication interventions with broader impacts within the same domain.

An agent-based model of the spread of behavioural risk-factors for cardiovascular disease in city-scale populations.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally, and is the second main cause of mortality in the UK. Four key modifiable behaviours are known to increase CVD risk, namely: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol. Behaviours that increase the risk of CVD can spread through social networks because individuals consciously and unconsciously mimic the behaviour of others they relate to and admire. Exploiting these social influences may lead to effective and efficient public health interventions to prevent CVD. This project aimed to construct and validate an agent-based model (ABM) of how the four major behavioural risk-factors for CVD spread through social networks in a population, and examine whether the model could be used to identify targets for public health intervention and to test intervention strategies. Previous ABMs have typically focused on a single risk factor or considered very small populations. We created a city-scale ABM to model the behavioural risk-factors of individuals, their social networks (spousal, household, friendship and workplace), the spread of behaviours through these social networks, and the subsequent impact on the development of CVD. We compared the model output (predicted CVD events over a ten year period) to observed data, demonstrating that the model output is realistic. The model output is stable up to at least a population size of 1.2M agents (the maximum tested). We found that there is scope for the modelled interventions targeting the spread of these behaviours to change the number of CVD events experienced by the agents over ten years. Specifically, we modelled the impact of workplace interventions to show that the ABM could be useful for identifying targets for public health intervention. The model itself is Open Source and is available for use or extension by other researchers.

Social norms and young adults’ self-reported meat and plant-based meal intake: Findings from two online cross-sectional studies

Plant-based eating is beneficial for human and planetary health. It is important to identify factors which may encourage people to reduce meat, and increase plant-based meal intake. Perceived social norms are associated with meat and plant-based meal intake in adults, however, less is known about the relationship between perceived social norms and young adults' own self-reported meat and plant-based eating in general, and in different social contexts. Across two online studies we examined this. In Study 1 (n = 217 young adults, aged 18–25 years, mean age = 19.50 years, SD = 1.37 years, mean BMI = 24.21, SD = 5.45, 91% cisfemale, 92.0% omnivores), perceived descriptive (the perceived behaviour of others) and injunctive (the perceived approval of others) norms were measured in general. In study 2 (n = 151 young adults aged 18–25 years, mean age = 19.62 years, SD = 1.50 years, mean BMI = 24.32, SD = 4.99, 88.8% cisfemale, 71.1% omnivore), perceived descriptive and injunctive norms were examined in a variety of social contexts. In Study 1, perceived descriptive norms about friends were associated with self-reported meat, and descriptive norms about peers and friends, and injunctive norms about friends were positively associated with self-reported plant-based meal intake. In Study 2, descriptive norms about friends were associated with self-reported meat intake in fast-food restaurants and at friends' houses, and injunctive norms about friends were associated with meat intake in restaurants. There were no other significant associations between either type of social norm and meat or plant-based meal intake. We provide the first evidence that peers and friends may be relevant for plant-based meal intake, and only friends may be relevant for meat intake. Further research is needed to examine people's actual food intake, and in longitudinal studies to rule out reverse causality.

A qualitative study exploring approaches, barriers, and facilitators of the HIV partner notification program in Kerman, Iran

Background HIV partner notification services can help people living with HIV (PLHIV) to identify, locate, and inform their sexual and injecting partners who are exposed to HIV and refer them for proper and timely counseling and testing. To what extent these services were used by PLHIV and what are the related barriers and facilitators in southeast Iran are not known. So, this study aimed to explore HIV notification and its barriers and facilitators among PLHIV in Iran.MethodsIn this qualitative study, the number of 23 participants were recruited from November 2022 to February 2023 including PLHIV (N = 12), sexual partners of PLHIV (N = 5), and staff members (N = 6) of a Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) center in Kerman located in the southeast of Iran. Our data collection included purposive sampling to increase variation. The content analysis was conducted using the Graneheim and Lundman approach. The analysis yielded 221 (out of 322) related codes related to HIV notification, its barriers, and its facilitators. These codes were further categorized into one main category with three categories and nine sub-categories.ResultsThe main category was HIV notification approaches, HIV notification barriers, and facilitators. HIV notification approaches were notification through clear, and direct conversation, notification through gradual preparation and reassurance, notification due to being with PLHIV, notification through suspicious talking of the physician, and notification due to the behavior of others. Also, the barriers were classified into individual, social, and environmental, and healthcare system barriers and the facilitators were at PLHIV, healthcare staff, and community levels. Stigma was a barrier mentioned by most participants. Also, the main facilitator of HIV notification was social support, especially from the family side.ConclusionsThe findings highlighted the multidimensionality of HIV notification emphasizing the importance of tailored support and education to enhance the notification process for PLHIV and their networks. Also, our results show that despite all the efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination in recent years, stigma still exists as a main obstacle to disclosing HIV status and other barriers are the product of stigma. It seems that all programs should be directed towards destigmatization.

Социодемографические детерминанты индивидуальной переоценки склонности к проэкологическому поведению

<p>The overestimating effect of one's tendency and contribution to pro-environmental practices, and underestimating the pro-environmental behavior of others has been noted recently in cross-country studies. The present work is devoted to a detailed post-hoc analysis of the available empirical data on this effect on the Russian sample (N = 109, M<sub>age</sub> = 28.3, SD<sub>age</sub> = 10.4, 39% men) and identification of the role of socio-demographic variables (gender, age, income, employment, size of city) as its predictors. The analysis showed that the nature of the contribution of the variables under consideration to the respondents' self-estimation and estimation of others with respect to pro-environmental behavior is non-consistent, which is in line with recent studies. On average for all models and statistically significant determinants, the standardized coefficient ???? does not exceed ∓0.25, which formally corresponds to a small effect size. However, given the empirical distribution of effect size typical of social psychology, it is more likely to be medium effects. The prediction power of linear models based on individual socio-demographic characteristics also turns out to be low, the coefficient of determination varies from 0.02 to 0.11. Therefore, it is acceptable to speak about the considered variables as predictors except in relation to resource saving and eco-mobility. The conclusion is made that along with socio-demographic determinants it is necessary to include other predictors in the design of experiments and investigate them more deeply.</p>

Understanding Mass Panic

Mass panics can arise in response to a variety of situations, such as the spread of pathogens, bank failures, or insecurities about economic supplies. Such panics can produce contagious behaviors such as fleeing social contacts, bank withdrawals, and panic buying. In such situations, the processing of external stimuli, mediated by the perceptions and biases of the individual, can reach a threshold point at which panic behaviors are triggered. Due to the human propensity to imitate the behavior of others in uncertain crisis situations, one individual’s panic behavior can spread contagiously. This paper looks at the similarities among case studies of mass panic around the world and from these cases synthesizes a conceptual model to aid our understanding. Decision-makers can use this model to strengthen national resilience against panic-generated behaviors and ensure an orderly and successful public response to future biological, financial, or economic crises.