Behavioral Rules Research Articles

International Law and the Court of the EAEU

The article is devoted to the analysis of the essence of international law, the nature of its sources and the role of courts in the formation of its norms. This process is demonstrated by the example of the practice of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union as a judicial body of an integration org anization. The author summarizes the work of the Court over the first 12 years of its functioning, lists achievements and unresolved issues. The author concludes that the main source of international law is custom – repeated rules of behavior in similar situations, recognized as mandatory. In repeated judicial positions, a uniform judicial practice is formed – judicial custom, which serves as an instrument for the formation of international law: the court creates a legal position, which over time may become a rule of law. In th e practice of the Court of the EAEU, generally recognized (general) principles of law turned out to be the most relevant source of law. The j udgments and advisory opinions deliv ered by the Court of the EAEU have a direct impact on the economy and social relations of all member states of the Union in areas within the competence of the integration organization. Currently, the most important aspects of the Court’s activities that require reform are the procedure for selecting and appointing judges, the rules for selecting the President of the Court, as well as provisions related to the execution of judgments of the Court.

The importance of the space force: Where strategic doctrine meets grand strategy

AbstractThis article demonstrates the importance, roles, and responsibilities of the United States Space Force. It focuses on the need for its creation and its role as the fundamental lynchpin to American national security and prosperity now and in the future. The road ahead can only be successful while working with America's allies and ensuring that there are norms and rules of civilized behavior in, from, and to space. The authors propose 11 enduring principles for the Space Force that interconnect and enhance American grand strategy while dealing with potential adversaries and the need to bond this mission to the American public.

Право и его понимание как фактора духовной безопасности субъекта традиционной культуры

Right is considered as a factor of spiritual security of a subject of traditional culture. The role of right as a phe-nomenon that guarantees the security of the spiritual sphere of human existence is revealed. The study is based on the work of modern researchers in the field of philosophy and culture of right and spiritual security; methods of philosophical analysis and cultural approach are used. The thesis is substantiated that the right to be human is a genetic property of a person through the analysis of some of the theses of I. Kant, who notes the dual nature of man, in the coexistence of nature, subject to the rights of necessity, and man, endowed with free will. The ideas are generalized that right as a cultural fact reflects the moral values and ideals of its bearer, be it a person or another social group, through the regulation of social relations, right ensures the establishment and observance of fair rules of behavior for a cultural subject. It is emphasized that the essence of right as a genetic property of human existence is revealed in its tandem with responsibilities. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that an objective assessment of semantic connotations allows us to see in the right a factor of ensuring the spiritual security of the subject of culture; awareness of the culture of law as a component of human dignity, manifested in the realization of one’s duties, guarantees the protection of spiritual and material values, traditions, customs and languages of peoples.

The Consequences of Dimension Reduction for Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) Asphalt Mixtures: Morphological Characteristics and Finite Element Model (FEM) Simulation

Asphalt mixtures exhibit complex mechanical behaviors due to their multiphase internal structures. To provide better characterizations of asphalt pavements under various forms of potential distress, a two-dimensional (2D) finite element simulation based on images of asphalt mixtures can be used to increase computational efficiency and reduce labor consumption. Nonetheless, using a representative image to eliminate the influence of dimension reduction from three dimensions to two dimensions is of great significance for attaining a reliable simulation result. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the consequence of dimension reduction for open-graded asphalt mixtures (denoted as OGFC-16), including a comprehensive characterization of these 2D models in terms of their morphologies and the similarities between them. This study aimed to reveal the variation in a 2D finite element simulation when applied to open-graded asphalt mixtures. Structural compositions, gradations, the aspect ratios of aggregates, and aggregate orientations were counted and calculated. In addition, the cosine similarity and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) were also calculated. Consequently, we performed a statistical analysis on the aforementioned indicators to quantitatively identify the discrepancy in the 2D images caused by dimension reduction. The results demonstrate that this 2D simulation might not be sufficient for representing the realistic mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures due to the remarkable variations in the image morphologies in different 2D images. However, the basic rules of stress behavior within structures can be accurately simulated. A compensative methodology for conducting a 2D simulation of open-graded asphalt mixtures should be based on a morphological characterization, considering structural compositions and the structural similarity index measure.

‘Here Be Dragons’: Mapping the Legal Contours of Jus Cogens in International Law

The purpose of this article is to demystify jus cogens rules by trying to map their legal contours. After defining jus cogens and providing a theoretical scaffolding drawn from elementary works on legal theory, the household jus cogens prohibition of genocide is analysed in light of such notions. As a result, jus cogens norms are characterised both as primary rules of behaviour and as secondary rules of change for legal production, constituting an international public order that serves as a tool for international law to safeguard human security.

Проблема формирования нравственной культуры у обучающейся молодежи в высших учебных заведениях как одна из составляющих культурной социализации (на примере Академии Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний России)

The relevance of the article is due to the need to form a moral culture among cadets and students of universi-ties of the penal enforcement system of the Russian Federation, which in turn is determined by numerous nor-mative acts. According to the authors, the formation of moral culture among cadets of departmental universities is fully actualized through additional educational work at the university. The conducted research (the initial stage of the experiment) among cadets of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia and stu-dents of the Institute of State and Municipal Employees of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia revealed insufficient formation of cadets’ ideas about the moral culture of personality, knowledge of etiquette norms and rules of behavior in various life situations acceptable in modern Russian society. As part of the educational work at the university, the authors created a club Territory of Politeness, the aim of which was to form the students motivation for informed moral behavior based on knowledge of the norms of morality and etiquette. The article outlines the goals and objectives of the club, as well as lists the events held. By analyzing the results of the experimental work carried out, the authors prove the effectiveness of the activities carried out with the cadets within the framework of the work of the Territory of Politeness club.

Advancing indoor risk mapping for virus transmission of infectious diseases through geographic scenario simulation

ABSTRACT Close-range interpersonal interactions serve as a major channel for virus transmission, with higher infection risks indoors than outdoors. Thus, evaluating indoor infectious disease transmission risks is vital for effective epidemic prevention and control. However, collecting complete individual-level behavioral data faces challenges due to privacy concerns and data acquisition costs, impeding accurate indoor risk mapping. To address this, we propose an individual-centered, scenario-based simulation framework in this paper. This framework incorporates stepwise movement of agents to model crowd interactions in indoor spaces, enabling infection risk mapping through geographic scenario simulation. The simulation model’s core components encompass the generation of indoor environments, formulation of individual behavior rules, establishment of human-environment interaction logic, and simulation of virus transmission processes. Additionally, we outline the implementation algorithm for this simulation model. Lastly, we employ a high-risk university canteen as a case study to demonstrate the model’s capabilities in creating risk maps at different levels: spatial, spatiotemporal, and individual. The proposed framework achieves the construction and process simulation of multi-dimensional geographic scenarios at a microscale, introduces a behavior path model based on spatiotemporal cubes, and enhances the comprehensive analysis and mapping capabilities for indoor infectious disease risk, laying the foundation for precise prevention and control.

Pedagogical Values and the Lawful Rules of Islamic Behavior in Consumption

This research delves into the intricate relationship between Islamic pedagogical values and Muslim consumer behavior, drawing upon the timeless wisdom of the Quran and Sunnah. It establishes a valuable theoretical framework, supported by a generalized logistic model, to illuminate how Islamic principles influence spending decisions within permissible boundaries. The research meticulously outlines the lawful rules governing consumption in Islam, categorized by permissible and prohibited actions to guide Muslims in their choices. Key findings reveal the holistic nature of Islam, highlighting its comprehensive influence on all aspects of life, including consumption. Islamic pedagogical values emerge as a powerful force in shaping behavior, weaving a tapestry of rules encompassing obligations like adhering to Halal principles, and prohibits extravagance, wastefulness, and stinginess. Moderation emerges as a cornerstone, steering consumers away from both extremes and illustrating how the Islamic framework accommodates increased income without necessarily leading to a proportional increase in consumption. The research challenges mainstream economic assumptions, presenting Islam’s perspective on spending and shedding light on the religious dimensions that shape consumer behavior within an Islamic framework. Beyond economic principles, the research highlights the exemplary life of Prophet Muhammad, offering practical examples of simplicity, moderation, and ethical consumer behavior, even in challenging circumstances. It advocates for integrating these values into decision-making processes, particularly in consumption matters, encouraging individuals to align their financial choices with Islamic jurisprudence and contribute to the overall well-being of the Muslim community. In conclusion, this research significantly enhances our understanding of Muslim consumer behavior, emphasizing the role of pedagogical values and lawful rules. The findings hold valuable implications for stakeholders like marketers, policymakers, and businesses seeking to engage with Muslim consumers, offering insights into product categorization and tailored engagement strategies. The research also introduces practical tools for further analysis and exploration, while acknowledging limitations and encouraging future research to refine our understanding across diverse cultural and religious landscapes.

An important work on the religious aspeqts of business1

Religion has always exerted a significant influence on the morals, habits, and behavior of people worldwide, and it continues to do so today. This influence stems from various factors. Firstly, ancient moral norms are embedded in religious teachings. Secondly, it reinforces the behavioral rules of different social groups. Finally, religious precepts encompass numerous instructions and prohibitions of a cultural and household nature, serving as a foundation in the realm of human business relations. Religion is a cultural phenomenon—a moral, ethical, and worldview culture—that has enlightened generations. It is intricately connected to our daily existence through invisible threads. Almost every religious doctrine delves into not only the creation of the world, the meaning of individual existence, and the relationship between God and humans but also establishes its moral concept, outlining rules for human behavior and business relations. The religious origins of business have become a defining feature of 21st-century commerce. Presently, world religions such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and others affirm the realization of canonical religious rules in business. Simultaneously, a new dynamic has emerged: business success increasingly hinges on factors beyond anyone's control, with immediate success conditioned by dependence on the divine. Modern civilization has reevaluated values, shifting toward entirely new principles. This backdrop necessitates a fresh understanding of socio-economic events. Investigating the religious aspects of business underlines this evolving scenario. In the contemporary world, exploring the relationship between business and religion is not just desirable but imperative. Therefore, the religious aspects of business create an intriguing environment, prompting scholars to periodically revisit this highly sensitive and valuable subject. Considering this, the monographic research conducted by Mr. Zurab Zorbenadze, a distinguished representative of the Georgian Economic School, is commendable. It illustrates how individuals closely connected to the divine should conduct themselves in modern business.

Simulating staff activities in healthcare environments: An empirical multi-agent modeling approach

The layout of the healthcare environment profoundly impacts healthcare efficiency, safety, employee satisfaction, and the sustainability of operations, mainly based on occupant behavior analysis. However, due to the increase in professionalism and interprofessional collaboration among healthcare practitioners and the complexity of the physical environment, existing research tools face challenges in describing and analyzing diverse occupant behaviors. This study aims to offer an empirically grounded multi-agent modeling approach as a research tool to simulate and reproduce occupant behavior within healthcare settings. Employing a design science research method, the proposed approach encompasses four stages: empirical data collection, development of behavioral rules, agent-based modeling, and validation. A continuous 24-h observational study involving doctors, nurses, and auxiliary staff within a trauma intensive care unit is conducted to demonstrate the development and application process. Results show that the proposed modeling approach achieves a simulation deviation of 8.31 % in individual walking distances and a 16.26 % deviation in overall staff spatial visitation frequency compared to real-world observations. We believe that using simple if-then rules to represent events and probability rules to describe other basic activities can simulate complex staff activities in a healthcare environment. Interdisciplinary expert evaluation acknowledged the utility of this approach. This study offers a comprehensive dataset of behaviors and contributes methodologically to evaluating the efficiency of built environment layouts. The innovation in this study lies in its scalability, extending from events and individuals to encompass the all staff in levels of modeling and validation, ensuring a consistent alignment with empirical data at each stage.

Questioning the dualities of psychoanalysis and architecture

While Freudian psychoanalysis and Jungian psychology may seek to go beyond the Cartesian split of body and mind, they draw their own lines of division, splitting the mind into two worlds of ego-conscious and unconscious, each with their own ways of Being and rules of behaviour. Furthermore, they tend to ignore the relevance of the material world for our psychological wellbeing, preferring to focus on interpersonal and intrapersonal human relationships. This essay examines the models of the unconscious put forward by Freud and Jung in relation to the material, non-human environment to reconsider the significance of the built environment for their theories. I conclude that Jung’s approach to the built environment is perhaps more defensive or closed-off to the “outside” world than he otherwise suggests in his writings, while Freud’s by contrast is potentially more open to it, and probably more than he himself realized or was willing to accept.

Protecting mass-gathering events in a pandemic with testing tracks and transparent information: an experimental study with festival guests

Objective. To enable future open-air festivals during a pandemic, model festivals tested restricted access and behavioural rules to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmissions. However, the uptake of health-protective measures depends on informed acceptance, meaning people are more likely to follow measures if they understand their effectiveness and related disease risks. Design and main outcome measures. With a series of online surveys, we studied risk perceptions of 6,500 festival guests and the association of perceived effectiveness of protective behaviours with reported compliance. In a scenario-based online experiment (N = 1,958) among festival guests, we tested the effect of informing transparently about the risk-reducing potential of protective measures at festivals on the intention to attend hypothetical events. Results. We found that guests tended to overestimate infection risks while still perceiving them as low. Self-reported mask wearing and distancing at and around the festivals could not be associated with the understanding of the measures’ effectiveness. However, in addition to protective measures themselves, providing transparent information about their absolute risk-reducing effect increased intentions to attend festivals that employ varying protective measures. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the acceptance of protected festivals can be influenced by transparent information about the effectiveness of protective measures. This calls for further research on evidence-based public health communications to improve their impact.

Research on emergency evacuation behavior rules of pedestrians under fire and explosion accidents in chemical parks considering social relationships

Chemical parks present a high risk of sudden accidents such as fires and explosions, given the significant number of hazardous sources present. This is why emergency evacuation after accidents is so essential. The behavior of crowds during evacuation is complex, and social relationships among pedestrians can have differentiated effects on the evacuation process. However, most of the current crowd evacuation research has focused on life scenarios and natural disaster contexts. Less attention has been paid to the emergency evacuation of crowds affected by social relations in the context of chemical accident disasters. A comprehensive evacuation model that considers the dynamic evolution of crowd transfer both within and outside the factory area is proposed in this paper. Using the Anylogic software based on the social force model, this study constructs emergency evacuation scenarios for crowd in the context of fire and explosion accidents, and toxic gas leakage incidents. Specifically, this study analyzes the impact of three factors, namely inter-personal distance, group size, and proportion of different group sizes in the total population, on the evacuation efficiency. It has been found that when large groups of pedestrians are split into smaller ones for evacuation, the evacuation efficiency can be effectively improved. The study includes calculations of the lethal range of a toxic gas and simulated the process of relocating large crowds of people to nearby shelters. In addition, a strategy for deploying pedestrian groups based on social relationships was developed for the context of mass evacuation. These measures have the potential to optimize the evacuation efficiency of pedestrian groups in chemical parks, including expanding and modifying shelters, diverting dense crowds from residential plots, using interpersonal spacing of 0.1 m, and splitting large groups of pedestrians into smaller ones. The research results can provide a reference for decision making for large-scale group evacuation in chemical parks, and improve the emergency evacuation capability and local risk response capability in chemical parks.

Fairness and fluency: the political audibility of ‘newcomers’ in Victorian debating clubs and public meetings, 1870–1910

ABSTRACT The turn of the twentieth century saw a significant change in the accessibility of political debate: various reforms made the Second Chamber open to religious, ethnic and gendered ‘others’. These newcomers would eventually contribute to changes in political practice. Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, however, their gradual inclusion in political speech in extra-parliamentary spaces was also marked by a process of assimilation and negotiation. Like the elite men who already enjoyed exclusive access to political decision-making, these newcomers had to abide by the ‘rules’ of debate, and therefore needed to learn how to behave and how to speak in a manner that would make them politically audible in a system that was largely underpinned by ideologies and ideals of free debate and rational, individual speech. This article argues that embodied practices of speech had an important role to play in the process of inclusion, assimilation and rebellion of newcomers in political debates and parliamentary politics . Taking the appearance of colonial ‘others’ and women in debating clubs as its point of departure and leaning on sources documenting the ideals and practices of various debating clubs in and beyond Victorian Britain, this article aims to show how the often implicit rules of political debate and behaviour were taught and instilled in the second half of the nineteenth century. Assumptions and normative expectations about what constituted legitimate and effective, or ‘fluent’, political speech worked to exclude numerous speakers, but also provided various historical actors with opportunities to make themselves heard.

PENGUKURAN KUALITAS AUDIT : ETIKA, INDEPENDENSI, DAN KOMPETENSI AUDITOR

The study of audit quality and the impact of auditor ethics, auditor independence, and auditor competence is a compelling topic for research investigations. This research aims to explore the portrayal and viewpoints regarding ethics, independence, and auditor competence, and how they affect audit quality, drawing from literature reviews and prior research. Audit quality is how an auditor assesses a company from its financial reports and accounting system and looks at possible violations committed by entities in its financial reports and accounting system. Auditor ethics, namely how auditors need to comply with the rules for ethical behavior stated in the public accountant's code of ethics. Independence is when an auditor has no conflict of interest with clients or other parties who have personal interests. Competency is the knowledge, experience and special skills that an auditor has in accordance with his profession. Ethics, independence and auditor competence have a major influence on audit quality assessment. When an auditor fulfills these three elements, the resulting audit quality will be better and gain full trust from the public and interested parties.

РУССКИЙ УЧИТЕЛЬ В КАРЕЛЬСКОЙ ДЕРЕВНЕ В КОНЦЕ XIX — НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКА: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНКУЛЬТУРАЦИИ И АДАПТАЦИИ

The aim of the article is to show the spheres in which the enculturation of Russian teachers took place in the Karelian rural society of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, during the period of rapid growth of this professional group. Teachers, along with other representatives of the emerging rural intelligentsia — priests, feldshers, agronomists, as well as rural administration workers — constituted an ethno-dispersed group of Russians in the territory of Karelia. The novice teacher, carrying out the “Kulturtrager mission”, had to fit into the local society, to gain the understanding and trust of the Karelian peasants in order for the school to solve the problem of strengthening the position of Orthodoxy, role of the Russian language and enlightenment of the Karelian population, to win their loyalty through “soft power” as opposed to forced Russification. To that effect different personal strategies were implemented, the poles of which can be considered to be, on the one hand, acceptance of Karelian cultural peculiarities and enculturation, which became the basis of the adaptation process, and, on the other hand, distancing from the locals, maladaptation and social deformation. Adopting local taboos and behavioral rules, mastering the Karelian language, adjusting school pedagogy to the basic folk ideas of child rearing are typical components of social and professional adaptation of the Karelian village teacher. Based on the reports of teachers and school inspectors, teachers’ publications in the press, travelers’ notes and other sources, it is shown that in everyday life there was a spontaneous, largely situational borrowing of elements of ethnic culture, while in the professional sphere advanced teachers consciously took account of local cultural specifics, which resulted, in particular, in the adjustment of the school calendar and disciplinary practices at school.

Lessons drawn from a stock market game

A new approach in educational science promotes student involvement to replace frontal lectures. The objective is to create a cooperative environment in class applying the new educational techniques. Gamification is one effective solution to the problem. I used the stock market game described here to introduce my students to the world of trading systems and the basic rules of financial behaviour in a playful but challenging environment. After the introduction and a description of the literature used, this paper describes how the game is played. I have been playing the game in the same order for years, which has had a dual advantage. On the one hand, based on practical experience, introducing new skills and knowledge is best done in an established order both for the fluency of the game and the effective processing of the new knowledge. On the other hand, the identical order of playing the games is important for subsequent statistical analysis and drawing the conclusions. The analysis in the paper has been made using a simple statistical descriptive methodology. By their multiplicity, the 136 teams in the sample would have been sufficient to use deductive methodology, however, the participating students belonged to different groups (undergraduate and post-graduate, reading economics, reading other subjects), so the number of the individual teams has become lower. Also, if you look at the number of individual games, i.e. the 34-component sample, deductive statistics will produce more limited results. It has become clear from the results so far that post-graduate students, particularly those reading non-economics subjects, were more prone to making emotional rather than rational decisions during the course of the game. Psychological elements had a more emphatic impact on their decisions compared to their peers who had a profound knowledge of economics.

Machine Learning-Based Lane-Changing Behavior Recognition and Information Credibility Discrimination

Intelligent Vehicle–Infrastructure Collaboration Systems (i-VICS) put forward higher requirements for the real-time security of dynamic traffic information interaction. It is difficult to ensure the safety of dynamic traffic information interaction by means of traditional static information security. In this study, a method was proposed through machine learning-based lane-changing (LC) behavior recognition and information credibility discrimination, based on the utilization and exploitation of traffic business characteristics. The method consisted of three stages: LC behavior recognition based on Support Vector Machine (SVM), LC speed prediction based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and credibility discrimination of speed information under LC states. Firstly, the labeling rules of vehicle LC behavior and the input/output of each stage model were determined, and the raw NGSIM data were processed to obtain data sets for LC behavior identification and LC speed prediction. Both the SVM classification and RNN prediction models were trained and tested, respectively. Afterwards, a model of credibility discrimination speed information under an LC state was constructed, and the real vehicle speed data were processed for model verification. The results showed that the overall accuracy of vehicle status recognition by the SVM model was 99.18%, and the precision of the RNN model was on the order of magnitude of cm/s. Considering transverse and longitudinal abnormal velocity, the accuracy credibility discrimination of LC velocity was more than 97% in most experimental groups. The model can effectively identify the abnormal speed data of LC vehicles and provide support for the real-time identification of LC vehicle speed information under i-VICS.

Establishment and development of rules of ethical behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies

Establishment and development of rules of ethical behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies

Organizational and managerial aspects of ensuring the stability of a security system in the event of emergency situations

Organizing and ensuring the stability of the security system in the event of emergency situations, including fire safety, is a direct task of the state and consists of creating and controlling conditions to minimize the risks of the occurrence and manifestation of natural and man-made emergencies. In order to minimize losses in the events of ignitions and fires, as well as to take measures to prevent them, a State Fire Service has been created and is functioning, which has federal and regional levels of organization and monitors fires, organizes and carries out fire extinguishing, and also uses measures to control and verify fire safety, promote the rules of appropriate safe behavior of citizens in everyday life and at work.