Behavioral Style Research Articles

Between-Reporter Agreement Among Couples: Exploring Nonlinear Patterns in Marital Conflict.

This study compares self-reported and spouse-reported frequencies of various types of behaviors couples use in marital conflict using data from Turkish Family Structure Survey (2016), which included 9,636 couples. Existing literature reported low levels of agreement among couples. These studies measured between-reporter agreement levels among couples with linear models which report cumulative scores. However, we hypothesized that low levels of agreement reported in the literature might be due to nonlinear patterns in the self-reported and spouse-reported frequencies. To detect such nonlinear patterns, we compared self-reported and spouse-reported frequencies for each level (frequency) of using the types of conflict behavior styles we investigated. This allowed us to explore the patterns of agreement or disagreement at the low, medium, or high levels of using these conflict style behaviors. Findings of this study confirmed our hypothesizes. There are meaningful nonlinear patterns that are not detectable with cumulative comparative scores. There are also differences in these patterns across the types of conflict behaviors we looked at. For example, the nonlinear patterns we observed for aggressive conflict behavior types are different from the patterns for passive conflict behavior types. We also found that these patterns are different for husbands and wives. This paper highlights the limited capacity of linear models for exploring between-reporter agreement levels and it calls for the consideration of using nonlinear methods for these types of systematic investigation. The major limitation is the lack of analysis on the effect of sociodemographic factors on the observed discrepancies other than gender.

Relationship between Classroom Management Styles and Academic Optimism of Teachers in Public Schools of Gilgit Division, Gilgit-Baltistan

Classroom management has constantly been acknowledged as a salient concern for teachers, and academic optimism is an important characteristic of teachers, which has been limitedly studied in our context. The objectives of the study were to identify classroom management styles exhibited by secondary school-level male teachers in their classrooms, investigate secondary school teachers' academic optimism, and determine the correlation between classroom management styles and academic optimism of secondary school-level male teachers. The study was correlational and based on a quantitative approach. A cluster sampling technique was used. Each government boys high school of Gilgit Division was considered a cluster. There were 46 clusters in the region. All male secondary school teachers (500) in government boys high schools of Gilgit Division comprised a population. A simple random sampling technique was employed to choose 20 clusters, which consisted of a sample size of 217 teachers. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for the analysis of data. Behaviour and instructional management scale (24 items) were used to measure classroom management styles. Teachers' academic optimism scale (9 items) was used to measure the academic optimism of secondary school-level male teachers. Results of the research expressed that most educators were interventionist, and some were interactionist. In the case of academic optimism, most educators had average academic optimism, and few possessed high academic optimism. Classroom management styles were significantly correlated with the academic optimism of teachers. Similarly, interventionist styles of behaviour and instructional management dimensions were positively related to academic optimism. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, correlation coefficient, probability value and co-variance. Hence, it was recommended for head teachers to furnish such a milieu, which would be suitable for teachers to adopt an interactionist style, and a component of academic optimism be included in refresher courses for in-service teachers and teaching practice of prospective teacher so that their academic optimism could be increased.

Transformational Style of Leadership and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour: Application in Institutes of Higher Learning

In view of the increased competition and need to raise the quality of higher education, the implications of the transformational style of leadership on organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) of academicians working in various Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) in India need to be researched. The citizenship behaviour of academicians in HEIs is of immense importance to create and maintain a highly positive and engaged learning environment inside the campuses. This type of behaviour among faculty members brings in quality education and wellrounded students as the concerned citizens of the society. Through a thorough study of the literature, this article explored the relationship between TL and the OCB. The review process included scanning through peer-reviewed articles and published books in various databases for relevant content. Numerous researchers have associated TL to enhanced OCB, but studies in HEIs context are limited. Out of various available leadership styles, the study considers transformational style of leadership as the best model for promoting OCB among employees. The findings also show that TL style helps employees work better and improve organisational efficacy and productivity. TL style will always stimulate and inspire teachers to adapt to the emerging learning pedagogy and management of experiential learning. The findings in this paper, indicate that the transformational style of leadership encourages positive change and has a favourable impact on OCB in HEIs. Keywords. Transformational Leadership, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Higher Educational Institutes

Experiences, Beliefs, and Values Influencing Midwives' Attitudes Toward the Use of Childbirth Interventions.

Intervention rates in perinatal care vary between and within countries, without populations' characteristics as a full explanation. Research suggests that one factor in this variation might be the attitudes of perinatal health care providers. Systematic knowledge on the background of midwives' attitudes and how this influences the use of interventions is limited. The study aim was to to explore experiences, beliefs, and values that influence midwives' attitudes toward interventions in perinatal care. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews with primary care midwives (n = 20) in the Netherlands. The interviews were performed in June 2019 and combined a narrative approach with a semistructured interview guide. Inductive content analysis was applied. We identified 2 main themes: attitudes toward interventions and influences on midwives' attitudes. The midwives in our study described their attitudes toward interventions as oriented to either wait and see or check and control. Care based on wait and see displayed a more supportive style of behavior, and care based on check and control appeared to display a more directive style of behavior. In the theme of influences on midwives' attitudes, 3 subthemes emerged: experiences in collaboration, trust and fear, and woman-centeredness. Midwives with a wait and see attitude seem to have a more restricted approach toward interventions compared with midwives with a check and control attitude. Midwives need to be aware how their experiences, beliefs, and values shape their attitudes toward use of interventions. This awareness could be a first step toward the reduction of unwarranted interventions.

Gender and Leadership: Exploring Novel Questions, Theories, and Boundary Conditions

Over the years, the topic of gender and leadership has aroused considerable interest from organizational scholars, with research finding important gender differences across a range of outcomes relevant to leadership (e.g., Eagly & Karau, 2002; Paustian-Underdahl, Walker, & Woehr, 2014). For example, men and women differ in their propensity to attain positions of power within organizations (Gino, Wilmuth, & Brooks, 2015), with women remaining substantially underrepresented in leadership (Catalyst, 2020). Once a leadership position is attained, important gender differences emerge in how male and female leaders are then perceived by others. For instance, female leaders often suffer significant social penalties for performing traditional male-oriented roles (e.g., Eagly & Karau, 2002; Koenig et al., 2011) and, as a result, experience a greater likelihood of sabotage, criticism, and undermining relative to their male counterparts (e.g., Ely, 1994; Heim, 1990; Rudman et al., 2011). Likewise, scholars have studied potential gender differences in the behavior of leaders, with meta-analytic evidence suggesting that men and women often differ in how they lead and treat their direct subordinates (Eagly et al., 2003; Mackey et al., 2017). Despite these fruitful ?ndings and discussions, there is still much to be known at the intersection between gender and leadership. For example, little is known about how women’s cognitive processes may affect leadership pursuit. Moreover, although research has investigated potential differences in how male versus female leaders are perceived by others, oftentimes such impressions are assessed using a single behavioral indicator (e.g., anger; Brescoll & Uhlmann, 2008). Likewise, while studies have shown that there may also exist important differences in the ways in which male and female leaders treat their direct subordinates, much of this work has focused somewhat narrowly on particular behavioral (e.g., transformational leadership) or decision-making (e.g., autocratic versus democratic) styles. Recent scholarship has taken notice of these limitations, and have called for additional insight into how gender effects the ways in which leaders emerge and are perceived, and for further research on the gender differences in “leader behaviors beyond transformational leadership and those that are highly agentic or communal in both intrapersonal and interpersonal leadership processes” (Shen & Joseph, 2021). Thus, it appears we may have only scratched the surface in understanding gender differences in leadership. Accordingly, there are likely important and interesting avenues still waiting to be explored within this area of research, such as the cognitive and structural underpinnings that can inform why men and women differ in their propensity to pursue leadership positions, the complex and evolving impressions formed about men and women once they attain leadership positions, and the potential differences in the ways in which male and females lead, react to, and potentially harm, their direct subordinates. Our symposium aims to tackle these questions and deepen our understanding of gender and leadership by bringing together four papers that explore a broad range of outcomes relevant to leadership. Moreover, the papers included in this symposium will explore a diverse set of contexts, theories, and conditions that further explain why, how and when gender differences in leadership manifest within organizations, thus providing exciting new directions for future research. Women’s Likelihood to Pursue Majority-male Leadership Presenter: Rachael Goodwin; Syracuse U. Whitman School of Management The Effects of Sequences of Female vs. Male Leader Behaviors on Subordinates’ Perceptions of Them Presenter: Jennifer R. Overbeck; Melbourne Business School Presenter: Michael James Zyphur; U. of Melbourne Gender Differences in Supervisor’s Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Subordinate Influence Presenter: Joel B. Carnevale; Syracuse U. Presenter: Lei Huang; Auburn U. Presenter: Lingtao Yu; U. of British Columbia Presenter: Lin Wang; Sun Yat-Sen U. Supervisors’ Gender and Promotion Speed on their Derogation of Subordinates’ Promotability Presenter: Ying Wang; U. of International Business and Economics Presenter: Zhi Liu; Guanghua School of Management, Peking U. Presenter: Siting Wang; Hong Kong Baptist U. Presenter: Mo Wang; U. of Florida

The Dilemma of Hybrid Work for Creativity: Autonomy of Telework or Face-to-face Network in Office?

This study conducts a survey from the perspective of synthesizing four research fields (telework research, office research, organizational behavior research on creativity, and social network research), to examine the dilemma of hybrid work and propose a solution for it. The subject of this study was the Y division of Company X, which introduced a new method of working when it moved to a new office. We conducted a questionnaire survey to measure creativity and perceived autonomy among the employees of the division, and collected and analyzed their location data in the office using sensing technology to understand their behavior and working style. As a result, certainly, the more time spent in the office, the more face-to-face networking occurred between employees, leading to creativity. At the same time, the more time spent teleworking, the greater the perceived autonomy, which too led to greater creativity. Thus, the dilemma of hybrid work was observed. The result of this study also shows that Activity-Based Working (ABW: a way of working that moves to the appropriate place according to activity) could be a solution to this dilemma for jobs that require extensive face-to-face networking (e.g., for managers).

Persona, Shadow dan Kepercayaan diri berhijab Remaja Putri dalam Kepribadian Jung

We all have certain styles of behavior and ways of relating to other people. Some of us are ordinary types, others are careless. The purpose of this study is to analyze the personality constructs according to Carl Gustav Jung, namely Persona and Shadow, the problem formulation is seen based on the personality of white Muslim teenagers who wear hijab, whether as an identity or just a trend. Some of us prefer to do our own work, others are more social. The method in this research is literature study sourced from journals, books, and other sources. Some of us are followers, others are leaders. Some of us appear immune to the attacks of others, while others avoid social initiatives for fear of disappointment. When a pattern of behavior becomes so inflexible or maladaptive that it causes significant personal impairment or interferes with social and occupational functioning, it may be diagnosed as a personality disorder.

Investigation on typical occupant behavior in air-conditioned office buildings for South China’s Pearl River Delta

The excessive simplification of occupant behavior is considered as the most important factor that affects the uncertainty of building performance simulation, thus affects the reliability and generalizability of simulation-based design and forecast. In this paper, occupant behavior in air-conditioned office buildings of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region was investigated and defined. Copies of 873 questionnaires about the occupant behavior in air-conditioned office buildings in the PRD region were collected to study the relationship between indoor environment quality and adaptive behaviors. Eight typical office occupant schedules were defined via K-means clustering method. A probability prediction model of cooling temperature set-point was established by using the Ordinal Logistic Regression method. According to the different control modes of air conditioning, window, blind and lighting equipment, four types of typical behavior patterns were proposed using the K-prototype clustering method, which could be developed into 20 typical occupant behavior styles of office buildings in the PRD region.

Impacts of Occupant Behavior on Building Energy Consumption and Energy Savings Analysis of Upgrading ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Efficiency Standards

Commercial prototype building models were developed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to analyze the energy savings of the ASHRAE 90.1 standard. However, in the DOE models, occupant behavior inputs were deterministic and the stochasticity of occupant behavior was not fully characterized. This study evaluated the impacts of stochastic occupant behavior on building energy consumption and energy savings analysis from upgrading the ASHRAE 90.1-2016 to 2019 in sixteen climate zones in the United States (U.S.). Three occupant behavior styles (austerity, normal, and wasteful) were defined to represent the different levels of energy consciousness. The DOE medium office prototype models were used as the baseline (normal behavior style). The occupant behavior functional mock-up unit (obFMU) was used to model the stochastic occupant behavior models (austerity and wasteful). The EnergyPlus medium office prototype models were modified to co-simulate with the obFMU models. The results of 16 climate zones were aggregated by the relative construction volume of each climate zone. The results showed that the weighted national annual source energy use intensity (EUI) of the austerity, normal, and wasteful behavior styles were 203.81 kWh/m2, 287.15 kWh/m2, and 388.33 kWh/m2 for ASHRAE 90.1-2016, and 192.43 kWh/m2, 273.48 kWh/m2, and 371.28 kWh/m2 for ASHRAE 90.1-2019, respectively. Compared to the normal behavior style, the austerity behavior style consumed 29% less source energy, while the wasteful behavior style consumed 36% more source energy. From upgrading the ASHRAE 90.1-2016 to 2019, the energy saving percentages based on the austerity, normal, and wasteful behavior styles were 5.59%, 4.78%, and 4.42%, respectively. The stochastic occupant behavior significantly impacted the building energy consumption, and their impacts on the energy savings analysis of upgrading ASHRAE 90.1 were also not negligible.

Mining relations between personality traits and learning styles

Current teaching methods gradually use technology-assisted tools such as online assessment, online teaching, and e-books. Digital learning methods give students more flexibility in learning without the limitations of time and location. Aside from using technology, the timely adjustment of teaching methods to match students’ learning styles may achieve better learning effectiveness. However, previous studies about digital learning either lacked factors related to students’ personality traits or were biased by using scores on homework or exams to make predictions of students’ learning effectiveness. Therefore, this study analyzes the correlation between learning effectiveness and learning characteristics, including personality traits, behavioral styles, and learning strategies of students using association rule mining and sequential pattern mining. The results can be used to identify key factors that affect students’ learning styles to determine students in need and provide a teaching reference for instructors to assist students in achieving better learning results.

Training program «Psychology of women's attitudes to money»

Introduction. An important psychological problem is the formation of a harmonious attitude of women to money, both in personal life and in the organizational environment. Aim. To develop the content and structure of the training program for the formation of a conscious harmonious attitude of women to money. Methods. The technological approach proposed by L. Karamushka (2018) and interactive techniques (study of trainees' expectations, joint development of group-work rules, incomplete sentences technique, brainstorming, small-group work, group discussions, role-playing games, workshops, creative homework, etc.) aimed to organize trainees' individual and joint activities. Results. The proposed training program «Psychology of women's attitudes to money» includes the following five training sessions: 1) «The essence of money and the role of money mindsets in the life of individuals and organizations»; 2) «The role of life position in shaping the financial scenario of women»; 3) «The effects of personal and professional behavior styles of women on their attitudes to money»; 4) «The role of gender of the individual in the formation of their attitudes to money»; 5) «Money as a component of the organizational scenario». Conclusions. The developed training program can be used for training women who work in state and commercial organizations and/or are members of public organizations.

THE ROLE OF PERFECTIONISM AND ASSERTIVENESS IN ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION

The aim of the study is to determine the role of personality characteristics – perfectionism and assertiveness, in organizational socialiazation. According to research results, both personality characteristics play a certain role in socialization. In particular, constructive (healthy) perfectionism facilitates organizational socialization, whereas destructive (neurotic) perfectionism hinders it. Another important factor is behavior style (passive, assertive, aggressive). Organizational socialization positively correlates with assertive behavior; however, the role of passive and aggressive behavior in the socialization process was not statistically supported.&nbsp

The Influence of Principal Behavioral Decision Making Style on Teacher Work Behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the principal's behavioral decision-making style on the work behavior of teachers. This type of research is quantitative with a population of 17 people, 1 principal and 16 teachers. The sampling technique used is the saturated sample technique. Data collection techniques used instruments in the form of questionnaires and data analysis techniques to test hypotheses using Product Moment correlation analysis and simple regression testing with the help of SPSS 21 of Windows. The results of this study indicate that the rxy value of 0.697 is greater than the rtable value both at a significance level of 5% (0.497) and a significance level of 1% (0.623), namely 0.497 <0.697> 0.623. Then Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, meaning that there is a significant influence between the principal's behavioral taking style and the teacher's work behavior. In a simple regression test, the equation Y = 11,161 + 1.117X, if the behavioral decision-making style increases by 1 point, then the value of work behavior increases by 1.117 at the constant 11,161, and becomes 55,841 when the behavioral decision-making style is optimized. The value of R Square is 0.462, which means that the influence of behavioral decision-making style on teacher work behavior is 46.2%, and the remaining 53.8% is caused by other variables that are not the focus of discussion in this study.

Investigation of humans individual differences as predictors of their animal interaction styles, focused on the domestic cat

Humans’ individual differences including their demographics, personality, attitudes and experiences are often associated with important outcomes for the animals they interact with. This is pertinent to companion animals such as cats and dogs, given their social and emotional importance to humans and degree of integration into human society. However, the mechanistic underpinnings and causal relationships that characterise links between human individual differences and companion animal behaviour and wellbeing are not well understood. In this exploratory investigation, we firstly quantified the underlying structure of, and variation in, human’s styles of behaviour during typical human-cat interactions (HCI), focusing on aspects of handling and interaction known to be preferred by cats (i.e. ‘best practice’), and their variation. We then explored the potential significance of various human individual differences as predictors of these HCI styles. Seven separate HCI styles were identified via Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from averaged observations for 119 participants, interacting with sociable domestic cats within a rehoming context. Using General Linear Models (GLMs) and an Information Theoretic (IT) approach, we found these HCI PC components were weakly to strongly predicted by factors including cat-ownership history, participant personality (measured via the Big Five Inventory, or BFI), age, work experience with animals and participants’ subjective ratings of their cat behaviour knowledge. Paradoxically, greater cat ownership experiences and self-assessed cat knowledge were not positively associated with ‘best practice’ styles of HCI, but were instead generally predictive of HCI styles known to be less preferred by cats, as was greater participant age and Neuroticism. These findings have important implications regarding the quality of human-companion animal relationships and dyadic compatibility, in addition to the role of educational interventions and their targeting for optimal efficacy. In the context of animal adoption, these results strengthen the (limited) evidence base for decision making associated with cat-adopter screening and matching. In particular, our results suggest that greater cat ownership experiences and self-reports of cat knowledge might not necessarily convey advantages for cats in the context of HCI.

“Know Thy Self: Natural and Adapted Behavior Styles of General and Plastic Surgery Residents”

Resident miscommunication and fractured team dynamics are associated with decreased quality of patient care. Interventions to improve resident communication and team coordination include behavioral assessments, which promote leadership and communication skills. In this retrospective review, general and plastic surgery residents voluntarily completed the DISC (dominance, influence, steadiness, and compliance) behavioral assessment. This validated tool is composed of four behavioral categories: dominance (D), influence (I), steadiness (S), and compliance (C). It is used to classify an individual's natural and adapted behavior styles. Results were anonymously collected and analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test. Of 94 surgery residents, 84 completed the survey (89 percent): 43 men and 41 women. Surgery residents combined had a significantly higher percentage of natural C's compared to the general population (23 percent versus 14 percent; p = 0.02). The majority of surgery residents adapted to C in the work environment (39 versus 36 percent; p = 0.85). There was a significant difference in male and female general surgery adapted D profiles (4 percent versus 23 percent; p = 0.05). The pressure of accuracy in surgical residency attracts natural C individuals. Residents without a natural C behavioral profile tend to adapt to the C profile. The ability to recognize behavior traits is crucial in surgical residency. Developing a better understanding of one's own behavior will provide insight into personal risk factors for miscommunication and inefficient team dynamics.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО ІМІДЖУ СУЧАСНОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ

The article reveals the psychological aspects of forming the modern teacher’s professional image. It has been noted that the new standards of higher education increase the level of attention and requirements for the personality, professionalism and competence of future teacher, that calls out the necessity of forming the new style of social behavior. The conceptual approaches to forming the modern teacher's professional image are analyzed. It has been noted that this problem was considered by scientists in the context of psychology of individuality, formation of «I-concept» of personality, imageology, forming of pedagogical image and professional image of «I» of the future teacher, pedagogical skills of educators. It has been established that the image is a complex psychological and pedagogical phenomenon, a kind of program of human social behavior and concentrates the most important professional characteristics, which are presented through appearance and professional qualities. The teacher’s professional image is considered as a form of self-expression of the individual holistic image of personality as a realizer of the needs of micro- and macro-society in the educational services, which reveals the most expressive business and personal qualities. The teacher’s image is formed gradually and it is a method of influence on personality, a way of self-regulation and self-suggestion, the most important element of preparation for professional activity. The presented results of the empirical study ascertain that special attention should be focused on higher education, the purpose of which is to train young people competitive in the modern labor market. Therefore, the problem of creating and consolidating a positive image of young specialists who, due to little pedagogical experience, have difficulties with finding the most optimal ways of behavior in professional activities is relevant. Key words: image, professional image, structure of professional image, image functions, types of image, teacher’s image activity.

Personality Development through Ayurveda

Personality is the trait which defines a person. According to Dunham, “Personality distinguishes us from other people and defines our general nature. Our overall personality is composed of a collection of psychological characteristics or traits that determines our personal preferences and individual style of behavior.” This writing suggests that different people exhibit different personalities and that a person’s personality comprises of a set of Physio-psychological characteristics which are determinant of a person’s preferences and his/her individual behavior. In the Indian medical system of Ayurveda, Health is the result of balanced interplay between three functional principles of body which are termed as Sharirika Dosha -Vata, Pitta, and Kapha - that regulate physical functions & Mansika Dosha- Satva, Raja and Tama – that regulate one’s psychological behavior. The relative proportion of these Sharirika & Mansika Doshas in an individual determines the person’s psychophysical constitution which is termed as Prakriti in Ayurveda. Another term, Aachara Rasayana; is a unique concept in Ayurveda that implies moral, ethical, and benevolent conduct which plays an important role in development of personality. An equilibrium state of body, mind, social and spiritual well-being is defined as Health by Ayurveda. To attain this, there has been mentioned certain codes of conduct in Ayurveda which are all together known as Sadvritta (Code of conduct). All these together helps in achieving a better framework of personality according to Ayurveda. Thus, this article aims in finding various prospects that help in development of an individual’s Personality.

Applying the values of Buddhist ethical thought to moral education in the family in Ho Chi Minh City today

Buddhism acknowledges scientific rationality standards; on the other hand, it emphasizes moral and existential aspects of a modern Vietnamese’s life. With the teachings upholding love, compassion, selflessness, and selflessness, Buddhism has become a national religion and has influenced most areas of human spiritual life. The findings of this study have shown that Vietnam from conceptions and ideas; ethics, lifestyle; customs, and practices; to the fields of culture, art, and style of behavior and communication, not only in the family and society but also in the protection of the natural environment. However, besides the positive effects of Buddhist ethics on the moral life of Vietnamese people, it inevitably has certain limitations affecting self-concept, way of thinking, and lifestyle. behavior. It can be said that, despite certain limitations, the noble values that Buddhist ethics contribute to the nation and country cannot be denied.

Impression Management Komunikasi Lintas Agama Di Sorong, Papua Barat

Indonesia as a country with a diversity of religions provides part of a strong guideline in the society. The purpose of this study is to describe the management of impressions in inter-religious communication in Sorong, West Papua. The approach of research uses a phenomenology of descriptive-qualitative type with the perspective of dramaturgy theory. Moreover, the data were collected through interviews with religious leaders of Papua, while the observations were made to understand the situation of social interaction in society as well as documentation related to research themes. Furthermore, the data analysis is by grouping information, making categories, and producing findings. Meanwhile, the results of this study will describe that the process of managing impressions in interreligious communication in the Sorong, West Papua is the appearance of stage impressions, appearances, and behavioral styles. Stage impression management is done externally and internally. In addition, the external stage performance was carried out through the Religious Communication Forum (FKUB/Forum Komunikasi Umat Beragama) meeting, while the internal stage was held in a meeting at a place of worship. As for the appearance and style of behavior based on local Papuan customs by the traditional guidelines and religious teachings adopted. Therefore, the overall management of impressions by religious communities as a social capital that could minimize horizontal conflict in the name of religion

Empirical Indicators of the Relationship between Attachment Style and Attitude to Love in Early Maturity

The paper focuses on the investigation of the phenomenon of love and the attachment style in early maturity, the study of which is conditioned by the increasing number of divorces, interpersonal conflicts in young couples, the lack of understanding that the attitude to love in adulthood can be associated with the attachment style formed at an early age. The actualisation of this problem is of practical value in the context of providing psychological support to young couples on the way to building harmonious interpersonal relationships. The purpose of the study was to provide a theoretical substantiation and empirical analysis of the influence of attachment style on the attitude to love. To achieve the goal and solve the tasks, a set of methods was used: theoretical – analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalisation; empirical – observations, conversations, ascertaining experiment, online testing (questionnaire “Your attitude to love” by E. Ilyin, the method “Test for reliability/unreliability of attachment” by E.Chen to identify attachment style and patterns of behaviour in relationships during a stressful situation; test “Manifestation of unreliable attachment” by E. Chen, an associative technique developed by the author regarding the attitude to the phenomenon of love “Love – is...” with subsequent content-analysis); methods of quantitative and qualitative data processing. The analysis of theoretical approaches to the study of the problems of attachment and love, which are considered by representatives of the psychoanalytic school, humanistic psychology, etc., is carried out. A pilot study using both standardised self-reports and content analysis of words-associations to the word “love”, established that the majority of respondents are characterised by romanticisation of love, a lack of understanding that love is a feeling that requires a responsible attitude towards a partner. It is stated that the attachment style that is formed in early childhood can be a factor influencing the attitude to love, to close relationships at a later age. Given this fact, psychological work to understand these phenomena should begin as early as high school, where psychological education can develop skills for interpersonal communication, responsible relationships in couples, and responsible parenthood in the future