Behavior Of Others Research Articles

Moral elevation affects the causal attributions about others’ behavior

ABSTRACT Moral elevation refers to the positive emotional response resulting from witnessing acts of virtue or moral beauty. While the evidence demonstrates that experiencing elevation has a positive effect on people’s prosocial behavior, an intriguing question is whether this emotion also affects social-cognitive processes involved in the perception of others’ behavior. The present research aims to study whether this elevation affects the causal attributions people make about the behavior of others. The results of three studies (total N = 267 adults from Spain; 79.03% women) show that a) elevation trait correlates with internal causal attributions about others’ behavior, b) experimental manipulation of elevation affects causal attributions about others’ behavior, and c) experimental manipulation of elevation can reduce correspondence bias (fundamental attributional error). The results are discussed within the framework of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.

Uzależnienie jako ograniczenie wolności

Freedom is one of the qualities that distinguishes man from other beings living on earth. It is thanks to freedom that a person can take a different attitude towards life than the people around him. Freedom gives people a choice, which they often do not exercise by imitating the behaviour of others. Being a free person means, among other things, freedom from addictions and dependencies that take control of life and do not allow one to enjoy its full benefits. They are the most radical manifestation of the destruction of freedom. And it is not just addictions to drugs or alcohol, but also addictions to activities such as spending time in front of the phone, gambling, sex. As they proceed, a person respects himself less and less and becomes more and more a slave. Being in an addiction, one loses control over one's own life, one's whole functioning becomes more or less disturbed, and consequently one loses freedom. A life without addictions is happy and free from all the limitations they impose on man. Key words: freedom, addiction, drugs, alcohol, sex, gambling

Trust and distrust in low-income Michigan residents during the early COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.

Trust and distrust have shaped health behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the start of the pandemic, misinformation and polarization eroded trust across the United States. In states like Michigan, pandemic restrictions led to significant unrest. Michiganders also faced disproportionate morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 during this period. The objective of this qualitative study was to understand the individual experiences of trust in low-income Michiganders during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-four participants at or below 200% of the federal poverty line who resided in Michigan were recruited for this study. Interviews were conducted during the winter of 2020 using a formal interview guide that addressed sources of information, perceptions of risk and exposure, protective behavioursand impacts of the pandemic at home, workand in receiving healthcare. Thematic analysis showed that themes of trust and distrust emerged in multiple facets of our participants' experiences, including in the context of information sources, the behaviours of others, health, financial security, employmentand overall safety. Trust and distrust in low-income communities often stemmed from significant financial and economic vulnerabilities and instability in access to healthcare that was exacerbated in the pandemic. Furthermore, participant trust was shaped by internal (e.g., relationships with others) and external (e.g., source of information, social inequity) factors that influenced their perceptions and experiences during the pandemic. Trust has played an important role in many aspects of the experiences of low-income communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for clinicians to consider as COVID-19 becomes endemic, and trust continues to impact patients' approaches to vaccines, testingand treatment options. This study was designed and conducted with the assistance and input of the members of the DECIDERS Steering Committee, a diverse statewide network of community members in Michigan. The DECIDERS team allows community members to have a voice in the design and conduct of health research, and collaborates with researchers to improve health across the state of Michigan.

Reading minds or reading scripts? De-intellectualising theory of mind.

Understanding the origins of human social cognition is a central challenge in contemporary science. In recent decades, the idea of a 'Theory of Mind' (ToM) has emerged as the most popular way of explaining unique features of human social cognition. This default view has been progressively undermined by research on 'implicit' ToM, which suggests that relevant precursor abilities may already be present in preverbal human infants and great apes. However, this area of research suffers from conceptual difficulties and empirical limitations, including explanatory circularity, over-intellectualisation, and inconsistent empirical replication. Our article breaks new ground by adapting 'script theory' for application to both linguistic and non-linguistic agents. It thereby provides a new theoretical framework able to resolve the aforementioned issues, generate novel predictions, and provide a plausible account of how individuals make sense of the behaviour of others. Script theory is based on the premise that pre-verbal infants and great apes are capable of basic forms of agency-detection and non-mentalistic goal understanding, allowing individuals to form event-schemata that are then used to make sense of the behaviour of others. We show how script theory circumvents fundamental problems created by ToM-based frameworks, explains patterns of inconsistent replication, and offers important novel predictions regarding how humans and other animals understand and predict the behaviour of others.

Autism-associated gene shank3 is necessary for social contagion in zebrafish

BackgroundAnimal models enable targeting autism-associated genes, such as the shank3 gene, to assess their impact on behavioural phenotypes. However, this is often limited to simple behaviours relevant for social interaction. Social contagion is a complex phenotype forming the basis of human empathic behaviour and involves attention to the behaviour of others for recognizing and sharing their emotional or affective state. Thus, it is a form of social communication, which constitutes the most common developmental impairment across autism spectrum disorders (ASD).MethodsHere we describe the development of a zebrafish model that identifies the neurocognitive mechanisms by which shank3 mutation drives deficits in social contagion. We used a CRISPR-Cas9 technique to generate mutations to the shank3a gene, a zebrafish paralogue found to present greater orthology and functional conservation relative to the human gene. Mutants were first compared to wild types during a two-phase protocol that involves the observation of two conflicting states, distress and neutral, and the later recall and discrimination of others when no longer presenting such differences. Then, the whole-brain expression of different neuroplasticity markers was compared between genotypes and their contribution to cluster-specific phenotypic variation was assessed.ResultsThe shank3 mutation markedly reduced social contagion via deficits in attention contributing to difficulties in recognising affective states. Also, the mutation changed the expression of neuronal plasticity genes. However, only downregulated neuroligins clustered with shank3a expression under a combined synaptogenesis component that contributed specifically to variation in attention.LimitationsWhile zebrafish are extremely useful in identifying the role of shank3 mutations to composite social behaviour, they are unlikely to represent the full complexity of socio-cognitive and communication deficits presented by human ASD pathology. Moreover, zebrafish cannot represent the scaling up of these deficits to higher-order empathic and prosocial phenotypes seen in humans.ConclusionsWe demonstrate a causal link between the zebrafish orthologue of an ASD-associated gene and the attentional control of affect recognition and consequent social contagion. This models autistic affect-communication pathology in zebrafish and reveals a genetic attention-deficit mechanism, addressing the ongoing debate for such mechanisms accounting for emotion recognition difficulties in autistic individuals.

Memory-Augmented Theory of Mind Network

Social reasoning necessitates the capacity of theory of mind (ToM), the ability to contextualise and attribute mental states to others without having access to their internal cognitive structure. Recent machine learning approaches to ToM have demonstrated that we can train the observer to read the past and present behaviours of other agents and infer their beliefs (including false beliefs about things that no longer exist), goals, intentions and future actions. The challenges arise when the behavioural space is complex, demanding skilful space navigation for rapidly changing contexts for an extended period. We tackle the challenges by equipping the observer with novel neural memory mechanisms to encode, and hierarchical attention to selectively retrieve information about others. The memories allow rapid, selective querying of distal related past behaviours of others to deliberatively reason about their current mental state, beliefs and future behaviours. This results in ToMMY, a theory of mind model that learns to reason while making little assumptions about the underlying mental processes. We also construct a new suite of experiments to demonstrate that memories facilitate the learning process and achieve better theory of mind performance, especially for high-demand false-belief tasks that require inferring through multiple steps of changes.

CULTURE, NATURE AND NURTURE

Nightclub worker behavior has been considered as negative and immoral behavior by society because they have been practicing obnoxious attitude such as consuming alcohol, having intercourse, inhaling drugs, etc. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the behavior of actors or nightclub workers at Bara nightclub in Bira Village, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This was a case study with participatory approach. In the results of this research, it was revealed that the behavior of nightclub workers came naturally and taught (nature and nurture). The behavior is of human is a result of human natural traits. Moreover, nurtured-behavior occurred because of the initiative of actors or nightclub workers when they saw a nightclub and found alcohol and they drank it until they lost control or consciousness. Nurture behavior is the behavior that is taught unconsciously when seeing and imitating the behavior of others or surrounding. Thus, human behavior is influenced by nature and nurture that resulted a new culture.

Observing the Behavior of Organisms in Organizational Behavior Management

ABSTRACT Observation and replication of observed behavior are two key components to organisms surviving and flourishing. In a corresponding manner, people observe the behavior of others in organizations, replicating adaptive while avoiding detrimental behaviors. Learning by observation allows workers to develop repertoires in which adaptive behaviors are reinforced while maladaptive behaviors undergo extinction or are socially and financially punished. Moreover, observers often improve their own performance when monitoring and recording the behavior of others. However, observers also might replicate inappropriate behavior. Imitation, observational learning, observational performance, and rule-governed behavior are discussed in these contexts. Finally, being viewed by others frequently enhances worker responding and accomplishments. These behaviors occur at the individual, group, and organizational levels, allowing some workers, teams, and organizations to flourish.

A study on the effects of college students' knowledge-sharing behavior on group performance and individual social status.

Universities, as typical knowledge-based organizations, engage in various knowledge management activities, including knowledge acquisition, storage, application, and innovation. This research focuses on applying organizational knowledge management principles to college student groups in universities, aiming to explore the current state of knowledge-sharing behaviors within these groups and investigate the relationship between group performance, individual social status, and knowledge-sharing behaviors. A sample of 497 college students from six universities in China was randomly selected, and an econometric analysis using structural equation modeling was conducted with SPSS21.0 and AMOS21.0 to examine their knowledge-sharing behaviors, individual social status, and group performance. The findings reveal that individual knowledge-sharing behavior significantly influences the knowledge sharing behavior of others and the recognition received by the sharer. Moreover, the knowledge-sharing behavior of others positively contributes to group performance, while recognition from others enhances the social status of the sharer. Furthermore, the knowledge-sharing behaviors of others mediate the relationship between individual knowledge-sharing behaviors and group performance, while others' recognition of the sharer mediates the relationship between individual knowledge-sharing behaviors and the sharer's social status. This study provides valuable theoretical guidance for organizational knowledge management and the development of college students' learning abilities, establishing a crucial foundation for comprehensive, scientific, and standardized student management. Overall, this research contributes to understanding the dynamics of knowledge sharing among college students and highlights the importance of incorporating knowledge management principles in educational settings. The findings underscore the positive impact of knowledge sharing on group performance and individual social status, emphasizing the need for effective knowledge sharing practices to enhance student management in higher education institutions.

Thinking styles and conflict management: a gamified empirical study

PurposeIndividual differences cause many differences in human behaviour, and the first source of these differences is personality. In various organisations, employees are encouraged to manage conflict through conflict management styles. The way people think can be an essential factor in their ability to conflict management. Difficult employees are individuals who constantly use problematic communication styles to express their feelings and thoughts to direct the behaviour of others. This empirical study aims to investigate the effect of thinking styles on individuals’ conflict management in dealing with difficult personalities.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the research purpose, a gamified situation was designed, and a survey was performed in laboratory settings and on an online platform. At first, participants’ reactions were measured in the simulated conflict management situation dealing with difficult personalities; subsequently, the dominant thinking style of participants was measured by the rational-experiential inventory (REI) and the cognitive reflection test. At the end, participants answered a series of demographic questions.FindingsThe collected data were then analysed by regression analysis. Based on the findings of this study, the rational thinking measured by the REI40 has a significant and positive effect on the performance of individuals in conflict management with difficult personalities in an organisational context; in other words, rational thinking leads to better performance in conflict management than experiential thinking.Originality/valueThe value of this article lies in the direct study of the impact of thinking styles on conflict management, which was done by focusing on difficult organisational personalities. Also, using gamification in research design is another research initiative.

Gaya Kepemimpinan Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Micro Banking Cluster Jember

Leadership style is the norm of behavior used by a person when he tries to influence the behavior of others. The leadership style will be suitable if the company's goals have been communicated and employees have accepted them. A leader must apply a leadership style to manage employees because it will greatly affect the success of the organization in achieving its goals. Leaders should listen to ideas from employees before making decisions. The appropriate leadership style will motivate a person to achieve. Success or failure in employee performance can be influenced by the manager's leadership style. This study aims to describe the leadership style in improving employee performance at PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Micro Banking Cluster Jember 1. This study uses the observation method, namely going directly to Bank Mandiri micro banking cluster Jember 1 to obtain accurate information. Data collection techniques using data triangulation, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The purpose of this study was to determine how the leadership style in improving employee performance at PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Micro Banking Cluster Jember

Regulating other people’s moral behaviors: Turning vicious cycles into virtuous cycles

This contribution addresses the relation between moral values, moral choices, and moral behaviors. We build on prior research that has revealed the “paradox of morality”: on the one hand people are highly motivated to do what is moral and to appear moral in the eyes of others. On the other hand, this makes them reluctant to consider moral shortcomings of themselves and self-relevant others—which are considered socially costly and difficult to repair. Here, we highlight the implications this has for those who aim to improve the moral values, choices, or behaviors of others. We posit that the paradox of morality easily introduces a vicious cycle. This happens when people disagree with the moral values of others, criticize their moral choices, or remind them of their inadequate moral behaviors. We review a program of research documenting the counterproductive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects that are raised in this way. We then examine how other people’s moral values, choices, and behaviors may be addressed in ways that circumvent such counterproductive responses, resulting in a vicious cycle. We present initial evidence of manipulations and interventions that make people more open to the possibility of reconsidering their moral values and help them improve their moral choices and moral behaviors. The model we present, and empirical validation of implicit mechanisms that distinguish vicious from virtuous cycles has practical implications, and gives rise to new theory and predictions to be tested in future research.

Category Flexibility in Emotion Learning.

Learners flexibly update category boundaries to adjust to the range of experiences they encounter. However, little is known about whether the degree of flexibility is consistent across domains. We examined whether categorization of social input, specifically emotions, is afforded more flexibility as compared to other biological input. To address this question, children (6-12 years; 32 female, 37 male; 7 Hispanic or Latino, 62 not Hispanic or Latino; 8 Black or African American, 14 multiracial, 46 White, 1 selected "other") categorized faces morphed from calm to upset and animals morphed from a horse to a cow across task phases that differed in the distribution of stimuli presented. Learners flexibly adjusted both emotion and animal category boundaries according to distributional information, yet children showed more flexibility when updating their category boundaries for emotions. These results provide support for the idea that children-who must adjust to the vast and varied emotional signals of their social partners-respond to social signals dynamically in order to make predictions about the internal states and future behaviors of others.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LIGHTING FUNCTION IN THE SMART HOME CONCEPT

The principle of "System of intelligent management of the building" provides a completely new approach in the organization of life support of the building, in which the efficiency of operation and reliability of management of all systems and executive devices of the building increases significantly due to the combination of hardware and software. A smart building should be understood as a system that should be able to recognize specific situations occurring in the building and react accordingly: one of the systems can control the behavior of others according to a previously developed algorithm. The main feature of such a building is the unification of separate subsystems into a single controlled complex. An important feature and property of a smart house is the way of organizing the living space - this is the most progressive concept of human interaction with the living space, when a person sets the desired environment with one command, and the automation, in accordance with external and internal conditions, sets and monitors the modes of operation of all engineering systems and electrical devices. In this case, there is no need to use several remotes when watching TV, many switches when controlling lighting, separate blocks when controlling ventilation and heating systems, video surveillance and alarm systems

Indirect genetic effects increase heritability estimates for male and female extra-pair reproduction.

The question of why females engage in extra-pair behaviours is long-standing in evolutionary biology. One suggestion is that these behaviours are maintained through pleiotropic effects on male extra-pair behaviors (genes controlling extra-pair reproduction are shared between sexes, but only beneficial to one sex, in this case, males). However, for this to evolve extra-pair reproduction must be both heritable and positively genetically correlated between sexes. Previous studies have suggested low heritability with no evidence for between-sex genetic correlations in extra-pair reproduction. However, these have not considered indirect genetic effects (derived from the behaviour of others, IGEs) from the social partner, the influence of the social partner's genotype on the phenotype of an individual, despite the potential of IGEs to uncover hidden heritable variation. Using data from a closed house sparrow population with a genetic pedigree spanning two decades, we tested the influence of social partner IGEs on heritable variation and genetic correlation estimates of extra-pair reproduction. We found that the inclusion of IGEs resulted in larger heritable genetic variance for both male and female extra-pair heritability. While IGEs did not change between-sex genetic correlations, we found they reduced uncertainty in those estimates. Future studies should consider the effect of IGEs on the mechanisms of sex specific extra-pair reproduction.

Herding through booms and busts

This paper explores whether rational herding can generate endogenous aggregate fluctuations. We embed a tractable model of rational herding into a business cycle framework. In the model, technological innovations arrive with unknown qualities, and agents have dispersed information about how productive the technology really is. Rational investors decide whether to invest based on their private information and the investment behavior of others. Herd-driven boom-bust cycles arise endogenously in this environment when the technology is unproductive but investors' initial information is overly optimistic. Their overoptimism leads to high investment rates, which investors mistakenly attribute to good fundamentals, leading to a self-reinforcing pattern of higher optimism and higher investment until the economy reaches a peak, followed by a crash when agents ultimately realize their mistake. We calibrate the model to the U.S. economy and show that it can broadly explain boom-and-bust cycles like the dot-com bubble of the 1990s.

The Strain of Spanning Structural Holes: How Brokering Leads to Burnout and Abusive Behavior

Connecting otherwise disconnected individuals and groups—spanning structural holes—can earn social network brokers faster promotions, higher remuneration, and enhanced creativity. Organizations also benefit through improved communication and coordination from these connections between knowledge silos. Neglected in prior research, however, has been theory and evidence concerning the psychological costs to individuals of engaging in brokering activities. We build new theory concerning the extent to which keeping people separated (i.e., tertius separans brokering) relative to bringing people together (i.e., tertius iungens brokering) results in burnout and in abusive behavior toward coworkers. Engagement in tertius separans brokering, relative to tertius iungens brokering, we suggest, burdens people with onerous demands while limiting access to resources necessary to recover. Across three studies, we find that tertius separans leads to abusive behavior of others, mediated by an increased experience of burnout on the part of the broker. First, we conducted a five-month field study of burnout and abusive behavior, with brokering assessed via email exchanges among 1,536 university employees in South America. Second, we examined time-separated data on self-reported brokering behaviors, burnout, and coworker abuse among 242 employees of U.S. organizations. Third, we experimentally investigated the effects of the two types of brokering behaviors on burnout and abusive behavior for 273 employed adults. The results across three studies showed that tertius separans brokering puts the broker at an increased risk of burnout and subsequent abusive behavior toward others in the workplace. Funding: E. Quintane received funding from Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft.

The impact of threshold decision mechanisms of collective behavior on disease spread

Humans are a hyper-social species, which greatly impacts the spread of infectious diseases. How do social dynamics impact epidemiology and what are the implications for public health policy? Here, we develop a model of disease transmission that incorporates social dynamics and a behavior that reduces the spread of disease, a voluntary nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI). We use a "tipping-point" dynamic, previously used in the sociological literature, where individuals adopt a behavior given a sufficient prevalence of the behavior in the population. The thresholds at which individuals adopt the NPI behavior are modulated by the perceived risk of infection, i.e., the disease prevalence and transmission rate, costs to adopt the NPI behavior, and the behavior of others. Social conformity creates a type of "stickiness" whereby individuals are resistant to changing their behavior due to the population's inertia. In this model, we observe a nonmonotonicity in the attack rate as a function of various biological and social parameters such as the transmission rate, efficacy of the NPI, costs of the NPI, weight of social consequences of shirking the social norm, and the degree of heterogeneity in the population. We also observe that the attack rate can be highly sensitive to these parameters due to abrupt shifts in the collective behavior of the population. These results highlight the complex interplay between the dynamics of epidemics and norm-driven collective behaviors.

People's Perceptions and Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological-Longitudinal Study in Bangladesh.

By emphasizing the Terror Management Theory, this study investigated the participants' perceptions, psychological experiences, coping strategies, and behavioral changes during the pandemic in Bangladesh in two phases: first, after the pandemic's immediate outbreak, and second, after 3months of the pandemic (daily infection cases were very high). To perform the research, an empirical-phenomenological method was used. Findings indicate that at the first stage, participants' death phobia was extremely high, and poor medical facilities, religious struggles, imprudent behavior of others, concerns for family members, and a tendency to compare the socioeconomic status with other developed countries affected participants' emotions severely. Later on, participants' perceptions of the disease changed significantly. This study highlights that people's behavior varies depending on whether the thought of death is in the center or on the periphery of their attention. In both stages, religious faith and rituals played a crucial role in coping with the crisis situation.

Twelve months old infants' evaluation of observed comforting behavior using a choice paradigm: The role of animacy cues and self-distress.

Comforting is a prosocial behavior that children start to engage in around their second year of life. There is much less known about their ability to evaluate comforting behavior of others. The current study examined whether 12months old infants, after having watched animated abstract characters comfort or ignore a third party in distress, would show a preference for the comforting character. Using a manual choice paradigm, we found that infants were more likely to choose the comforting character than the ignoring character (Experiment 1). When the characters however lacked human surface features (eyes) infants did not show a preference (Experiment 2). Furthermore, infants self-distress during the watching of the animations did not prevent infants to evaluate the behavior of the observed characters. These findings support the idea of an early presence of "moral sense" in infancy.