Behavioral Responses Research Articles

Where's Whaledo: A software toolkit for array localization of animal vocalizations.

Where's Whaledo is a software toolkit that uses a combination of automated processes and user interfaces to greatly accelerate the process of reconstructing animal tracks from arrays of passive acoustic recording devices. Passive acoustic localization is a non-invasive yet powerful way to contribute to species conservation. By tracking animals through their acoustic signals, important information on diving patterns, movement behavior, habitat use, and feeding dynamics can be obtained. This method is useful for helping to understand habitat use, observe behavioral responses to noise, and develop potential mitigation strategies. Animal tracking using passive acoustic localization requires an acoustic array to detect signals of interest, associate detections on various receivers, and estimate the most likely source location by using the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of sounds on multiple receivers. Where's Whaledo combines data from two small-aperture volumetric arrays and a variable number of individual receivers. In a case study conducted in the Tanner Basin off Southern California, we demonstrate the effectiveness of Where's Whaledo in localizing groups of Ziphius cavirostris. We reconstruct the tracks of six individual animals vocalizing concurrently and identify Ziphius cavirostris tracks despite being obscured by a large pod of vocalizing dolphins.

A Study of Emotions Intelligence, Self-Awareness and Behavioral Response for Student

The present study deals with and effort to reveal the strata-wise differences of emotional intelligence Self-awareness and Behavioral Response student of the students of class 9 to 12 One adapted and standardized questionnaires were administered on a sample of 300 no of students selected by cluster sampling technique to collect the required data. Normality of ratio of the variables is tested. Most of the variables show normality in the data. To investigate the significant difference if any, between tribal and urban students level in terms of emotional intelligence variables, Self-awareness, Empathy, Self-motivation, Emotional stability, Managing relations Integrity, Self-development, Value orientation, Commitment &Altruistic behavior ‘t’ test was used. The descriptive statistics such as Mean and SD were computed for three dependent variables and their levels as per different age groups. These values are used for interpreting

Psychological and Brain Responses to Artificial Intelligence's Violation of Community Ethics.

Human moral reactions to artificial intelligence (AI) agents' behavior constitute an important aspect of modern-day human-AI relationships. Although previous studies have mainly focused on autonomy ethics, this study investigates how individuals judge AI agents' violations of community ethics (including betrayals and subversions) compared with human violations. Participants' behavioral responses, event-related potentials (ERPs), and individual differences were assessed. Behavioral findings reveal that participants rated AI agents' community-violating actions less morally negative than human transgressions, possibly because AI agents are commonly perceived as having less agency than human adults. The ERP N1 component showed the same pattern with moral rating scores, indicating the modulation effect of human-AI differences on initial moral intuitions. Moreover, the level of social withdrawal correlated with a smaller N1 in the human condition but not in the AI condition. The N2 and P2 components were sensitive to the difference between the loyalty/betrayal and authority/subversion domains but not human/AI differences. Individual levels of moral sense and autistic traits also influenced behavioral data, especially on the loyalty/betrayal domain. In our opinion, these findings offer insights for predicting moral responses to AI agents and guiding ethical AI development aligned with human moral values.

Decoding the scientific creative-ability of subjects using dual attention induced graph convolutional-capsule network

There is an increasing demand of creative individuals in scientific research, innovation sectors of software industries and industrial research/development sectors. On the other hand, there are requirements of analytical minded people in investigation departments, academia and management sectors. Unfortunately, classification of individuals into creative and analytical categories based on their behavioral response is not easy. This paper makes an attempt to classify people into 4 categories: Analytical, High Creative, Medium Creative and Low Creative from their brain response during their participation in a creativity-test based on convergent problems. The proposed classification problem involves two main phases. In the first phase, a brain connectivity map is constructed from the electroencephalogram (EEG) response of the brain using Pearson’s correlation technique. In the second phase, a set of three centrality features, namely degree, closeness and betweenness are extracted from the connectivity map and fed to a classifier model for categorizing the afore-said class labels. The classifier model here synergistically combines one Graph Convolution Network (to abstract the brain connectivity-based centrality features) and one Capsule Network (to undertake the classification task) to develop the proposed Dual Attention Induced Graph Convolutional-Capsule network (DAIGC-CapsNet). The novelty of the proposed classifier model lies in the dual attention module and a new routing algorithm. The dual attention modules includes a) a Mish Induced Attention Module (MI-AM) to guide the graph convolution layers to focus on the most significant node attributes, and b) a Fused Attention Module (F-AM) to ensure the transmission of the most relevant predictions from the primary capsule to the class capsule layers. The latter attention module combines the effects of two sub-modules (channel and spatial) that concentrate on determining "what" and "where" to prioritize within the channel and spatial dimensions of the primary capsules. Lastly, the coupling between the primary and class capsule layers is strengthened by a Sparsemax based routing algorithm. Experiments conducted yield fruitful and definitive outcomes that substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed framework with respect to its conventional counterparts. Moreover, statistical validation of the proposed classifier using Friedman’s test also proves its efficacy compared to its competitors.

Ahnak in the prefrontal cortex mediates behavioral correlates of stress resilience and rapid antidepressant action in mice

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a key neural node mediating behavioral responses to stress and the actions of ketamine, a fast-acting antidepressant. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, however, are not fully understood. Our recent study revealed a pivotal role of hippocampal Ahnak as a regulator of cellular and behavioral adaptations to chronic stress. However, despite its significant expression in the PFC, the contribution of cortical Ahnak to behavioral responses to stress and antidepressants remains unknown. Here, using a mouse model for chronic social stress, we find that Ahnak expression in the PFC is significantly increased in stress-resilient mice and positively correlated with social interaction after stress exposure. Conditional deletion of Ahnak in the PFC or forebrain glutamatergic neurons facilitates stress susceptibility, suggesting that Ahnak is required for behavioral resilience. Further supporting this notion, Ahnak expression in the PFC is increased after the administration of ketamine or its metabolite (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK). Moreover, Ahnak deletion in forebrain glutamatergic neurons blocks the restorative behavioral effects of ketamine or HNK in stress-susceptible mice. This forebrain excitatory neuron-specific Ahnak deletion reduces the frequency of mini excitatory postsynaptic currents in layer II/III pyramidal neurons, suggesting that Ahnak may induce its behavioral effects via modulation of glutamatergic transmission in the PFC. Altogether, these data suggest that Ahnak in glutamatergic PFC neurons may be critical for behavioral resilience and antidepressant actions of ketamine or HNK in chronic social stress-exposed mice.

Three-dimensional acoustic propagation of noise from impact pile driving in a complex costal environment and its effects on large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

The effects of high-intensity impulsive noise generated by pile driving on fish are a major concern in environmental impact assessments. Numerical acoustic models are essential for predicting underwater-acoustic-related problems in complex coastal environments prior to offshore construction. However, underwater noise modeling for impact pile driving has often been performed using simplistic propagation models that are inadequate for three-dimensional (3D) environments. A 3D parabolic equation method (PE) was established in this study to better predict broadband transmission loss (TL) from impact pile driving in complex coastal environments and its influence on the large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). The effects of 3D propagation were investigated using two realistic scenarios with different bathymetric complexities. The values and attenuation rate of the broadband TL for the steeply sloped bottom were significantly greater than those for the flat and weakly varying bottoms over 3 km. At a water depth of 5 m, a difference of approximately 10 dB was observed between the two TL scenarios at a distance of 4.5 to 5 km. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the field measurement data, with a difference of less than 3 dB. The zones of behavioral response and injury in the large yellow croaker were estimated using the For3D model. The results showed that the effects of the noise generated by the impact pile driving on the large yellow croaker were evident and three-dimensional. Therefore, 3D propagation effects should be considered when analyzing the influence of underwater noise on marine animals.

The behavioral and neurobiological response to sound stress in salmon.

Noise associated with human activities in aquatic environments can affect the physiology and behavior of aquatic species which may have consequences at the population and ecosystem levels. Low frequency sound is particularly stressful for fish, since it is an important factor in predator-prey interactions. Even though behavioral and physiological studies have been conducted to assess the effects of sound on fish species, neurobiological studies are still lacking. In this study we exposed farmed salmon to low frequency sound for 5 minutes a day for 30 trials and conducted behavioral observations and tissue sampling before sound exposure (timepoint zero; T0) and after 1 (T1), 10 (T2), 20 (T3) and 30 (T4) exposures, to assess markers of stress. These included plasma cortisol, neuronal activity, monoaminergic signaling, and gene expression in 4 areas of the forebrain. We found that sound exposure induced an activation of the stress response by eliciting an initial startle behavioral response, together with increased plasma cortisol levels and a decrease in neuronal activity in the hypothalamic tubercular nuclei (TN). At T3 and T4 salmon showed a degree of habituation in their behavioral and cortisol response. However, at T4, salmon showed signs of chronic stress with increased serotonergic activity levels in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial pallium, the preoptic area, and the TN, as well as an inhibition of growth and reproduction transcripts in the TN. Together, our results suggest that prolonged exposure to sound results in chronic stress that leads to neurological changes which suggest a reduction of life fitness traits.

Examining the impact of digital information environments, information processing, and presumed influence on behavioral responses to COVID-19 misinformation in Asia

This study examines exposure to, perception of, and behavioral responses to misinformation about COVID-19 on social media from the influence of presumed influence (IPI) framework. To understand how the digital information environment of a society shapes the spread and responses to pandemic misinformation, four culturally similar Asian cities—Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei—were selected, generating a sample of 4094 respondents. Our findings suggest a paradox—the more information respondents in the four cities have access to, the less likely they are to view misinformation on COVID-19 and accept it as true without elaboration. Moreover, the study extends IPI theory by demonstrating negative emotions as a mechanism that mediates the relationship between perceived social impact and behavioral intentions. That is, the more respondents perceived misinformation to be harmful, the more negatively they felt about misinformation, which led to greater likelihood of taking restrictive, promotional, and corrective actions.

Intra-annual variation in oak masting affects wildlife feeding behavior

Abstract Oaks (Quercus spp.) provide an important food source for many wildlife species throughout the fall and winter. Most research evaluating oak masting patterns and the subsequent behavioral responses of wildlife focuses on the annual temporal scale. However, patterns in masting at the seasonal temporal scale may be important for wildlife behavior. We designed a study quantifying seasonal oak masting patterns of three oak species (water oak, Q. nigra; laurel oak, Q. laurifolia; and swamp chestnut oak, Q. michauxii) and linking those patterns to visitation and feeding behavior of three primary consumers (white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus; gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis; and raccoon, Procyon lotor). We used seed traps to monitor the seasonal masting pattern of 205 trees in the fall of 2021 and 2022 and used camera traps concurrently to monitor wildlife behavior associated with a subset of 30 trees. Seasonal masting patterns differed between oak species both within a season and across years, and the timing of mast varied within oak species across years. White-tailed deer tended to visit swamp chestnut oak as the number of acorns increased and consume their acorns. Gray squirrels and raccoons tended to visit laurel oak and consume water oak acorns with gray squirrels being more likely to consume as the number of acorns increased. Our results indicate that evaluating acorn production at multiple temporal scales may be necessary to fully understand oak masting relationships with wildlife. Furthermore, differences in wildlife behavior based on oak species may have important implications for oak regeneration.

Failure of senolytic treatment to prevent cognitive decline in a female rodent model of aging

There are sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to the stressors of aging and subsequent age-related cognitive decline. Cellular senescence occurs as a response to damaging or stress-inducing stimuli. The response includes a state of irreversible growth arrest, the development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with aging and age-related diseases. Senolytics are compounds designed to eliminate senescent cells. Our recent work indicates that senolytic treatment preserves cognitive function in aging male F344 rats. The current study examined the effect of senolytic treatment on cognitive function in aging female rats. Female F344 rats (12 months) were treated with dasatinib (1.2 mg/kg) + quercetin (12 mg/kg) or ABT-263 (12 mg/kg) or vehicle for 7 months. Examination of the estrus cycle indicated that females had undergone estropause during treatment. Senolytic treatment may have increased sex differences in behavioral stress responsivity, particularly for the initial training on the cued version of the watermaze. However, pre-training on the cue task reduced stress responsivity for subsequent spatial training and all groups learned the spatial discrimination. In contrast to preserved memory observed in senolytic-treated males, all older females exhibited impaired episodic memory relative to young (6-month) females. We suggest that the senolytic treatment may not have been able to compensate for the loss of estradiol, which can act on aging mechanisms for anxiety and memory independent of cellular senescence.

Associations Between Neighborhood Resources and Youth's Response to Reward Omission in a Task Modeling Negatively Biased Environments.

Neighborhoods provide essential resources (e.g., education, safe housing, green space) that influence neurodevelopment and mental health. However, we need a clearer understanding of the mechanisms mediating these relationships. Limited access to neighborhood resources may hinder youth from achieving their goals and, over time, shape their behavioral and neurobiological response to negatively biased environments blocking goals/ rewards. To test this hypothesis, 211 youth (∼ 13.0 years, 48% boys, 62% identifying as white, 75% with a psychiatric disorder diagnosis) performed a task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Initially, rewards depended on performance (unbiased condition), but later, rewards were randomly withheld under the pretense that youth did not perform adequately (negatively biased condition), a manipulation that elicits frustration, sadness, and a broad response in neural networks. We investigated associations between the Childhood Opportunity Index (COI), which quantifies access to youth-relevant neighborhood features in one metric, and the multimodal response to the negatively biased condition, controlling for age, sex, medication, and psychopathology. Youth from less-resourced neighborhoods responded with less anger (p<.001, marginal R2=.42) and more sadness (p<.001, marginal R2=.46) to the negatively biased condition than youth from well-resourced neighborhoods. On the neurobiological level, lower COI scores were associated with a more localized processing mode (p=.039, marginal R2=.076), reduced connectivity between the somato-motor-salience and the control network (p=.041, marginal R2=.040), and fewer provincial hubs in the somatic-motor-salience, control, and default mode networks (all pFWE<.05). The present study adds to a growing literature documenting how inequity may affect the brain and emotions in youth. Future work should test whether findings generalize to more diverse samples and explore effects on neurodevelopmental trajectories and emerging mood disorders during adolescence.

Mortality Effects of Beauveria bassiana and Purpureocillium lilacinum Isolates and Efficacy of a Wettable Formulation on Palemona prassina (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

In this study, the mortality effect of two Beauveria bassiana and two Purpureocillium lilacinum isolates on the 4th stage nymphs of Palemona prassiana was determined. The most lethal isolate was formulated as wettable powder and tested on the pest. Furthermore, Y-tube olfactometry tests were conducted to detect behavioral response of the nymphs in presence of the fungus. All the experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. The mortality varied depending on the isolates between 28.51% and 82.14% on the 12th day. Beauveria bassiana FAI-38 caused the highest mortality (82.14% at 1x108 conidia ml-1) with LC50 and LT50 estimations of 3.3x106 conidia ml-1 and 8.4 days, respectively. According to data taken 6 and 12 days after application, the wettable powder formulation was found to be significantly more effective (89.65% at 1x107 conidia ml-1, LT50 6.08 days). According to the Y-tube olfactometry tests, the nymphs exhibited avoidance from unformulated B. bassiana spores; however, once the spores were formulated as wettable powder, the behavior of the insects changed to neutral. It is concluded that Beauveria bassiana FAI-38 presents a potential as a control agent, and the wettable powder formulation of the fungus improves its effectiveness by increasing mortality and removing repellency effect of the fungal spores.

Effects of natural Ionones and derived novel analogues with simplified structures on behavioral responses of whiteflies.

Whiteflies are major pests in agriculture, causing damage to crops and transmitting plant viruses. Using Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as semiochemicals offers a sustainable approach for combating whiteflies. One such group of compounds, represented by β-ionone, has been found to possess repellent/attractant properties. To further explore the behavioral effects of these compounds on whiteflies, we selected five natural ionone compounds and synthesized six novel analogues to examine the impact of structural variations on whitefly behavior. Our results demonstrated that β-ionone and its analogues have a significant impact on the behavior of whiteflies. Among them, 0.01% pseudo ionone solution exhibited an attractant effect on whiteflies. Notably, the application of 1% β-ionone and 0.1% β-ionol solution demonstrated a notable repellent effect and oviposition deterrent effect on whitefly. We also found that the novel ionone analogue (±)1A exhibited a strong repellent effect. Both β-ionol and compound (±)1A possess high logP values and low saturation vapor pressures, which contribute to enhanced lipophilicity, making them more likely to penetrate insect antennae and prolong their presence in the air. The newly discovered ionone analogue (±)1A and β-ionol exhibit improved repellent effects, while pseudo ionone shows an attractant effect. These three compounds hold promising potential for development as novel biological control agents. Our work highlights the efficacy of VOCs as a protection method against whiteflies. These findings indicate that our new technology for a 'push-pull' control method of B. tabaci can offer a novel tool for integrated pest management (IPM). © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synapse-specific trapping of SNARE machinery proteinsin the anesthetized Drosophila brain.

General anesthetics disrupt brain network dynamics through multiple pathways, in part through post-synaptic potentiation of inhibitory ion channels as well as pre-synaptic inhibition of neuroexocytosis. Common clinical general anesthetic drugs, such as propofol and isoflurane, have been shown to interact and interfere with core components of the exocytic release machinery to cause impaired neurotransmitter release. Recent studies however suggest that these drugs do not affect all synapse subtypes equally. We investigated the role of the presynaptic release machinery in multiple neurotransmitter systems under isoflurane general anesthesia in the adult female Drosophila brain using live-cell super resolution microscopy and optogenetic readouts of exocytosis and neural excitability. We activated neurotransmitter-specific mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) and imaged presynaptic function under isoflurane anesthesia. We found that isoflurane impaired synaptic release and presynaptic protein dynamics in excitatory cholinergic synapses. In contrast, isoflurane had little to no effect on inhibitory GABAergic or glutamatergic synapses. These results present a distinct inhibitory mechanism for general anesthesia, whereby neuroexocytosis is selectively impaired at excitatory synapses, while inhibitory synapses remain functional. This suggests a presynaptic inhibitory mechanism that complements the other inhibitory effects of these drugs.Significance Statement General anesthetics are promiscuous drugs that act on a variety of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic proteins. Yet they produce a common endpoint - loss of behavioral responsiveness - in all animals. Using optogenetic techniques to measure functional readouts in identified neurons in the Drosophila brain, we have found that the volatile anesthetic isoflurane impairs neurotransmitter release from excitatory synapses, and that this is associated with immobilization of release machinery proteins. Inhibitory synapses were unaffected. This suggests a level of presynaptic specificity to the anesthetic's mechanism of action which complements the other known effects on synaptic function, and potentially explains how some of these drugs might work to produce the common endpoint termed general anesthesia.

Democracy as Secular Theodicy

Scholars across political philosophy, theology, economics, sociology, sociobiology, and history presently acknowledge that theistic and secular religions are similar in form and function. This essay goes further by establishing that all religions are congruent and otherwise complementary rather than being merely similar. All religions, regardless of their basis, are institutionalized behavioral responses to the “evil” represented by the scarcity of economic resources. All religions serve to unify populations for defense, cooperation, and production and proffer apologias for evil’s persistence in the presence of presumptively omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent sovereigns (gods, kings, elected officials, etc.). All religions comprise a mix of metaphysical constructs and all religious “truths” are pragmatic in the sense of reflecting “what works,” to what end it works, and for whom it works. Leibnizian theodicy, an aspect of theology and precursor of radical utilitarianism and welfare economics, argues that creating “the best of all possible worlds” entails divine trade-offs that purportedly minimize evil. Today’s political economics and philosophy similarly entail faith-based approaches to creating “the greatest good for the greatest number,” often implying the backing of divine wisdom. The upshot is the panoply of man-made evils, often intentional, that are characteristic of illiberal democratic majorities and theocratic states.

Important but ignored: Research progress on crab foraging behaviour and its implications for aquaculture

AbstractCrab fisheries play a crucial role in global fishery economics, but they heavily rely on wild catches. With the decline and exploratory limits of wild populations, expanding the scale and production of aquaculture becomes vital for the sustainability of crab fisheries. The development of crab aquaculture encounters significant dietary challenges, stemming from suboptimal formulated feeds and inefficient feeding management. Leveraging insights from crab foraging behaviours offers a promising solution to these issues; however, progress is hindered by a lack of comprehensive behavioural data and the underappreciation of these insights in aquaculture. To bridge this gap, we systematically examine the progress in studies of crab foraging behaviour, analysing the influences of predators, prey, and environmental characteristics, and discuss possibilities for future research and development in the field by combining these findings with the demands of aquaculture. This review identifies a discrepancy in research focus, with inadequate emphasis on the major cultured species and their behavioural responses to factors limiting aquaculture productivity, aiming to enhance our comprehension of crab foraging behaviour and facilitate growth in the crab industry.

Trading Activity in the Corporate Bond Market: A SAD Tale of Macro-Announcements and Behavioral Seasonality?

This study investigates the determinants of trading activity in the U.S. corporate bond market, focusing on the effects of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and macroeconomic announcements. Employing the General-to-Specific (Gets) Autometrics methodology, we identify distinct behavioral responses between retail and institutional investors to SAD, noting a significant impact on retail trading volumes but not on institutional trading or bond returns. This discovery extends the understanding of behavioral finance within the context of bond markets, diverging from established findings in equity and Treasury markets. Additionally, our analysis delineates the influence of macroeconomic announcements on trading activities, offering new insights into the market’s reaction to economic news. This study’s findings contribute to the broader literature on market microstructure and behavioral finance, providing empirical evidence on the interplay between psychological factors and macroeconomic information flow within corporate bond markets. By addressing these specific aspects with rigorous econometric techniques, our research enhances the comprehension of trading dynamics in less transparent markets, offering valuable perspectives for academics, investors, risk managers, and policymakers.

The Time-Course of Food Representation in the Human Brain.

Humans make decisions about food every day. The visual system provides important information that forms a basis for these food decisions. Although previous research has focused on visual object and category representations in the brain, it is still unclear how visually presented food is encoded by the brain. Here, we investigate the time-course of food representations in the brain. We used time-resolved multivariate analyses of electroencephalography (EEG) data, obtained from human participants (both sexes), to determine which food features are represented in the brain, and whether focused attention is needed for this. We recorded EEG while participants engaged in one of two tasks. In one task the stimuli were task relevant, whereas in the other task the stimuli were not task relevant. Our findings indicate that the brain can differentiate between food and non-food items from approximately 112 milliseconds after stimulus onset. The neural signal at later latencies contained information about food naturalness, how much the food was transformed, as well as the perceived caloric content. This information was present regardless of the task. Information about whether food is immediately ready to eat, however, was only present when the food was task relevant and presented at a slow presentation rate. Furthermore, the recorded brain activity correlated with the behavioural responses in an odd-item-out task. The fast representation of these food features, along with the finding that this information is used to guide food categorisation decision-making, suggests that these features are important dimensions along which the representation of foods is organised.Significance statement The visual domain forms an important basis for food decisions. This study sheds light on how the human brain processes food. Our results provide evidence for factors such as food naturalness, transformation level, and perceived caloric content as key organising principles in the representational structure of foods. These factors are represented rapidly in the brain and are used by participants to make food categorisation decisions. Finally, this study highlights the potential of multivariate EEG analysis as a tool for investigating food processing in the human brain.

Sex Pheromone of the Saturniid Moth Hemileuca nevadensis from Southern California.

The major and possibly only component of the sex attractant pheromone of the moth Hemileuca nevadensis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from southern California was determined to be (E10,Z12)-hexadecadienal (E10,Z12-16:Ald). Detectable quantities of the analogs (E10,Z12)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12-16:Ac) and (E10,Z12)-hexadecadien-1-ol (E10,Z12-16:OH) were also present in solvent extracts of sex pheromone glands, and stimulated male antennae in coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detector (GC-EAD) assays. GC-EAD traces from solid phase microextraction (SPME) wipe samples of sex pheromone glands of calling females confirmed the presence of E10,Z12-16:Ald and traces of E10,Z12-16:OH on the gland surface, but E10,Z12-16:Ac was not detected. Despite evidence for the presence of all three compounds in extracts, behavioral responses to synthetic compounds in the field suggested that only E10,Z12-16:Ald is required for optimal attraction.

Advanced parental cancer and adolescents: Parenting issues and challenges.

An estimated 609,820 child-rearing adults in 2023 died from advanced cancer, affecting 153,675 dependent children. Although children are known to suffer significant distress when a parent is diagnosed with cancer, few studies have described parents' views of their adolescent's behavioral response to their advanced cancer or what the parent did to interpret or manage that response. To describe patient-reported concerns about their adolescent and how they responded to their adolescent's behavior. Single occasion interviews were administered to 6 adolescent-rearing parents with Stage IV cancer. Interviews were analyzed using inductive content analysis by trained coders. Trustworthiness of results was protected through peer debriefing, coding to consensus, and maintaining an audit trail. The core construct that explained study data was Being There without Taking Over, comprised of 4 domains: Struggling to Read My Child, Attempting to Talk with My Child about My Cancer, Trying to Maintain Optimism, and Understanding My Child. Parents were deeply concerned about the impact of their advanced cancer on their adolescent but were unable to distinguish between cancer-related distress and adolescent angst. They feared initiating cancer-related discussions and struggled with their own feelings of guilt and parental inadequacy but did not turn to professionals for help. Adolescent-rearing patients with advanced disease need to be triaged into services that offer a framework from which parents can interpret their child's behavior and learn ways to have adolescent-appropriate conversations about the cancer. Such services should also help parents gain skills to manage feelings of parental inadequacy and guilt. In the absence of services, parents struggle and do not know how to interpret and respond to their adolescent's cancer-related behavior.