Behavioural Regulation In Exercise Questionnaire Research Articles

Relationships Between Health-Related Fitness Knowledge, Perceived Competence, Self-Determination, and Physical Activity Behaviors of High School Students

The purpose of this study was (a) to test a hypothesized model of motivation within the context of conceptual physical education (CPE), and (b) to explore the strength and directionality of perceived competence for physical activity as a possible mediator for health-related fitness knowledge (HRFK) and physical activity behaviors. High school students (N = 280) at the end of a CPE course completed the following: Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire–2, Godin Leisure–Time Exercise Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Scale, and a HRFK Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to explore the relationships between the variables of HRFK, perceived competence, motivation, and physical activity. The analysis resulted in a modified model that showed a relationship between perceived competence and physical activity, mediated by introjected and identified regulation. A relationship also existed between HRFK and external regulation indicating students felt controlled. Suggested value-promoting activities could help students value concepts being taught.

Motivaciones para la práctica de deporte federado y del piragüismo en alumnos de primaria y secundaria (Motivations for the practice of federated sports and canoeing in primary and secondary students)

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el nivel motivacional para la realización de actividad física y deporte en general y más concretamente de piragüismo. Para ello, un total de 239 estudiantes (118 hombres y 121 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y los 17 años (media de edad: 12.33 ± 1.76 años) autocumplimentaron el cuestionario de Regulación de la Conducta en el Ejercicio Físico-2 (BREQ-2) y una versión en castellano del «Participation Motivation Inventory», a la cual se añadieron una serie de ítems relacionados con características propias del piragüismo. Se encontró que un alto porcentaje de alumnos practicaban deporte federado (sobre todo fútbol, baloncesto y piragüismo), siendo la mayoría de ellos hombres. Los alumnos federados presentaron valores más altos en la motivación intrínseca y la regulación identificada que los alumnos que no practican actividad física en su tiempo libre. También se halló que los alumnos de primaria presentan una mayor motivación que los de secundaria. Además se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes no tienen un único motivo para practicar actividades físico-deportivas, existiendo diferencias entre los practicantes de piragüismo y el resto de alumnos, puesto que los primeros dan más valor a aspectos como «estar en forma» y «tener un cuerpo esbelto y musculado». Palabra clave: Nivel motivacional, educación física, práctica deportiva extraescolar, estudiantes.Abstract: The objective of this study was to measure the motivational level for the realization of physical activity and sport in general and more specifically canoeing. A sample of 239 students (118 men and 121 women), ranging in age from 9 to 17 (mean age: 12.33 ± 1.76 years) self-completed questionnaire Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) and a Spanish version of the «Participation Motivation Inventory». To this questionnaire were added some items related to specific characteristics of the canoeing. We found that a high percentage of students practiced federated sports (especially football, basketball and canoeing). Most federal students were men. They showed higher values on intrinsic motivation and identified regulation than students who did not do physical activity out-of-school. Also we found that primary students have a higher motivation than secondary students. Moreover, most teenagers do not have only one motive to practice physical-sports activities. There are differences between canoeists and other students. Paddlers appreciate items such as «be fit» and «have a svelte and muscled body».Key words: Motivational level, physical education, out-of-school sport activities, students.

Investigating Motivation for Physical Activity among Minority College Females using the BREQ-2

Adolescents who engage in regular physical activity experience increased academic performance and grades, improved academic behavior, such as time on task, as well as an increase in other factors that influence academic achievement. Despite physical activity recommendations, regular engagement in physical activity is still an issue among American adolescents. Furthermore, physically inactive lifestyles are highest among minority populations, lower socioeconomic groups, and women. Self Determination Theory provides a basis for investigating the cognitive, affective and motivational processes of physical activity. At present time, there is a dearth of research exploring motivation of physical activity among minority female college students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the type of motivation that is most strongly related to moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, strength training and stretching among college-aged African American females in an effort to consider ways to improve physical activity promotion efforts on a college campus. Students enrolled in a required basic studies physical education and wellness course at a southeastern state university were invited to participate in data collection activities. Participants were invited to complete the modified Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2), a 19-item questionnaire designed to measure motivation for physical activity. Of the 1422 college students that agreed to participate, 54 identified themselves as a non-Caucasian female. Results offered limited support for the hypothesis that those who are extrinsically motivated would engage in more physical activity. Nevertheless, a required physical activity class for college students could potentially provide an opportunity for those who would otherwise be amotivated for physical activity to engage in regular physical activities.

Intuitive Eating: Associations with Physical Activity Motivation and BMI

To determine whether university women who demonstrated internal motivation related to eating behavior may also be internally motivated to participate in regular physical activity (PA) and have a lower body mass index (BMI) when controlling for age. Traditional approaches for health promotion related to healthy weight include restrictive eating and exercise prescription. Examining motivation for eating and PA may prove an effective alternative for achieving or maintaining healthy weight for university women. Design was a cross-sectional study. Study setting was a large, public university in the western United States. Subjects . Study subjects were 200 undergraduate women with a mean age of 19 years, mostly white (90%) and of healthy weight (69%, with a BMI range of 18.5-24.9). Study measures were the Intuitive Eating Scale and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Correlations and regression models were used. Intuitive eating was examined in the sample as a whole and among subgroups of respondents grouped based on tertile rankings of intuitive eating scores. There was evidence that women who demonstrated internal motivation related to eating were also internally motivated to participate in regular PA. Women who reported being internally motivated to eat were significantly more likely to engage in PA for pleasure and to view PA as part of their self-concept. Women who reported high levels of intuitive eating had significantly lower BMI scores than those reporting medium or low levels when controlling for age. For women to achieve or maintain a healthy weight, it may be best for health professionals to examine motivation for eating and PA rather than the encouragement of restrictive eating and exercise prescriptions.

Negative symptoms are associated with lower autonomous motivation towards physical activity in people with schizophrenia

ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study examined the association between psychiatric symptoms and motivation for physical activity within the self-determination theory (SDT) framework in people with schizophrenia. MethodOver a 4-month period, 55 (17♀) inpatients with a DSM-V diagnosis of schizophrenia were assessed with the Psychosis Evaluation tool for Common use by Caregivers (PECC) and the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2), that provided separate scores for amotivation, external, introjected and autonomous regulation. Spearman correlation coefficients were examined between these motivation scores and symptom ratings. ResultsThe BREQ-2 score for autonomous regulations (2.6±1.1) was significantly correlated with the PECC negative symptoms score (10.3±4.1) (r=−0.34, p=0.011). No other significant correlations between BREQ-2 and PECC scores were found. The BREQ-2 score for external regulations (0.7±0.9) was associated with older age (35.2±11.3years) (r=−0.30, p=0.024). ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence that negative symptoms are associated with lower autonomous motivation towards physical activity in inpatients with schizophrenia. Future longitudinal research should confirm the current findings. Such research will guide physical activity approaches aimed at facilitating enhanced physical and mental health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia.

The relationship between fitness and health-related quality of life and the mediating role of self-determined motivation in overweight adolescents.

To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among overweight adolescents and to test whether this relationship is mediated by body image (BI) and self-determined motivation for physical activity (PA) and exercise. One hundred and twenty adolescents identified as overweight or obese were recruited through the school health service. The participants completed self-report instruments measuring HRQoL, BI and self-determined motivation for physical activity and exercise in addition to a 20 m shuttle-run test, and body mass index was calculated. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the hypothesised five-dimensional structure of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) used to measure self-determined motivation. Associations between the study variables were explored using univariate linear regression. Mediation was tested by a multistage regression approach. The five-dimensional model of BREQ-2 showed acceptable fit for the data. We revealed a statistically significant association between cardiorespiratory fitness and HRQoL (4.16 [0.3-8.02]; p < .05). CRF failed to affect BI in the first mediation equation. Hence, body image was excluded from further analyses. However, self-determined motivation proved to mediate the relationship between CRF and HRQoL. The results of this study suggest that the motivational mechanisms related to fitness can contribute to explain the association between CRF and HRQoL in overweight adolescents. The findings are important from a public health point of view and should be taken into account in the development of PA interventions for overweight and obese adolescents for the potential enhancement of their physical and psychosocial well-being.

Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2: Evidence from university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (C-BREQ-2) among Chinese university students from the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. MethodsUniversity students from the Mainland (n = 191) and Hong Kong (n = 194) of China participated in this study. Factorial validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal reliability, and measurement invariance across sample of the C-BREQ-2 were examined. ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the 18-item, 5-factor structure C-BREQ-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the C-BREQ-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for its discriminant validity. The internal consistency reliability of the C-BREQ-2 was found acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that a simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of C-BREQ-2. The results from multi-group confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the factor loadings and variances/covariances of the C-BREQ-2 measurement model were invariant across the Chinese university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. ConclusionThe current study provided further psychometric evidence for the C-BREQ-2, which makes the further application and research of self-determination theory (SDT) based motivation in relation to exercise and physical activity in the Mainland of China context possible.

Self-determination and stage of readiness to change physical activity behaviour in schizophrenia

PurposeThe present study examined whether reasons for physical activity, as formulated by the self-determination theory, differed across the stages identified by the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. MethodsA total of 129 persons with schizophrenia completed the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 and the Patient-centred Assessment and Counselling for Exercise questionnaire. Multivariate and discriminant analyses were applied to determine whether reasons for physical activity differed between men and women and across the stages of change. ResultsDiscriminant analyses indicated that persons with schizophrenia at the early stages of change are less autonomous in the regulation of their physical activity behaviour than those at the later stages. Multivariate analyses showed a difference in amotivation, external regulation, and autonomous regulation, but not introjected regulation across the different stages of change. ConclusionsOur results suggest that autonomous motivation may have an important role to play in the adoption and maintenance of health promoting behaviours in persons with schizophrenia.

OP0019-HPR Motivation Contributes to the Physical and Psychological Health of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients, above and beyond Physical Activity Behaviour

BackgroundPatients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) can participate in regular physical activity (PA) without disease aggravation and accrue health benefits, including enhanced physical and psychological health [1]. However, Self-determination Theory [2]...

Self-determined motivation, physical exercise and diet in obese children: A three-year follow-up study

The present study's objective was to track long term (three years intervention and six months “detraining”) the influence of an exercise program with or without diet on the motivation of sedentary obese children. The participants were 27 children (8-11 years), divided into two groups according to the program they followed. The G1 group followed a physical exercise program (three 90-minute sessions per week), and the G2 group this physical exercise program plus a low calorie diet. The participants’ motivation to engage in exercise was measured using the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Both groups showed improvements in amotivation in the 3rd year and in the detraining period (in the G1 and G2, respectively) and in intrinsic regulation of exercise behaviour (in the G1 and G2, respectively). There were also differences between the two groups in external regulation in the intervention and detraining periods. This appears to be indicative of the appropriateness of long-term physical exercise to generate greater autonomous motivation, and hence changes towards healthy living habits that are stable in time.

The Mediating Role of Passion in the Relationship of Exercise Motivational Regulations with Exercise Dependence Symptoms

The present study examined the mediating role of obsessive passion in the relationship of introjected regulation to exercise with exercise dependence symptoms. A cross-sectional design was used. Questionnaires were administered in the context of private fitness centers and were completed before initiation of that day’s exercise activities. Using non-probability sampling, 549 regular Greek exercise participants, men and women (approximately 70 % response rate), aged 18 to 61 years, completed the questionnaires. The Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (Symons-Downs et al. 2004) was used to measure exercise dependence symptoms; the Passion Scale (Vallerand et al. 2003) was used to measure harmonious and obsessive passion for exercise; and the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (Markland and Tobin 2004) was used to measure types of behavioral regulations in exercise. Obsessive passion mediated the relationship between introjected regulation and exercise dependence symptoms (CFI = 0.91–0.95, RMSEA = 0.05-06). The present findings provided cross-sectional support to the mediating role of obsessive passion in the relationship of introjected regulation to exercise with exercise dependence symptoms.

The relationship between physical activity participation, motivation and activity selection over time for adolescent girls in Australia

Background and significance: Physical activity participation tends to decline during adolescence, with a more rapid decline observed among adolescent girls compared to boys. The drop out has been attributed to competing priorities including work, socializing, an increased school load and other leisure activities. This research was grounded in self-determination theory and assessed a large cohort of adolescent girls to determine the longitudinal nature of the relationship between participation in, and motivation for, physical activity. Method: 732 adolescents girls (12 years and 16 years) completed three waves of a comprehensive sport and physical activity survey over three years. Exercise motivation (behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire), physical activity (24 h recall MET) and activity drop-out were assessed in each wave of the survey. 301 participants were included in the final analyses after completing all three waves of the survey. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the relationships between variables over time. Chi square analyses were used to compare drop in organised vs. informal activities. Results: Girls with higher levels of autonomous motivation reported greater amounts of physical activity. Motivation was positively related to physical activity in subsequent waves but previous physical activity was the strongest predictor of future physical activity. Both previous physical activity and exercise motivation predicted subsequent exercise motivation (path coefficients ranged from 0.21 to 0.35; ps < 0.01). Drop-out was varied according to motivational orientation in that autonomously motivated girls tended to drop out of organised sport and activities but adopted informal activities instead. Conclusions: This research confirms that past physical activity predicts future participation, however, motivation also influences ongoing participation in physical activity. The activity profile of adolescent girls changes over time according to their motivational orientation. Health professionals may consider a girl's motivation for exercise when recommending activities, as autonomously motivated girls may thrive in informal exercise settings.

The importance of self-determined motivation towards physical activity in patients with schizophrenia

There is a need for theoretically-based research on the motivational processes linked to the commencement and continuation of physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Within the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework, we investigated the SDT tenets in these patients by examining the factor structure of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2) and by investigating associations between motivation and PA. The secondary aim was to study differences in motivation according to gender, educational level, treatment setting and disease stage. A total of 129 patients (44♀) with schizophrenia agreed to participate. Exploratory factor analysis showed sufficient convergence with the original factor for amotivation, external and introjected regulation, while identified and intrinsic regulations loaded on a single factor which we labeled “autonomous regulation”. Significant positive correlations were found between the total physical activity score and the subscales amotivation (r=−0.44, P<0.001), external regulation (r=−0.27, P<0.001), and autonomous regulation (r=0.57, P<0.001). Outpatients reported more external (P<0.05) and introjected (P<0.05) regulations than inpatients. Our results suggest that patients' level of self-determination may play an important role in the adoption and maintenance of health promoting behaviors in patients with schizophrenia.

University Students' Exercise Behavioral Regulation, Motives, and Physical Fitness

This study examined relationships between exercise motives, exercise behavioral regulations, and physical fitness in college students. It was hypothesized that more intrinsic motives and more self-determined regulations would be associated with better fitness. Exercise motives of students participating in physical activity classes (N = 194) were assessed using the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) and behavioral regulations were assessed with the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 (BREQ-2). Aerobic fitness was assessed using the PACER run test, and body composition was assessed using hand-held, bio-electric impedance analyzers. MPAM-R and BREQ-2 subscales were regressed onto the two fitness measures. For the MPAM-R, stronger competence and fitness motives predicted better fitness and stronger appearance motives predicted worse fitness. For the BREQ-2, higher intrinsic motivation predicted better aerobic fitness, and stronger, introjected regulation predicted higher body fat composition. These findings have implications for fitness professionals and physical educators.

English

Active living is imperative to maintaining good health, and becoming involved in regular exercise at a young age is fundamental. The purpose of this study was to examine motivation for exercise among university students in relation to metamotivational dominance and body esteem. Participants in this study were 106 undergraduate students who were recruited from their psychology departmental participant pool and from the campus exercise facility at a mediumsized Canadian university. Participants completed an inventory that included the Motivational Style Profile, Big Five Inventory-10, Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, and the Body Weight and Image Self-Esteem Evaluation Questionnaire to assess personality, exercise motivation, and body esteem. High-frequency exercisers were found to be more paratelic dominant than low-frequency exercisers, and scored significantly higher on intrinsic, identified, and introjected regulation, indicating that they exercised for enjoyment, valued exercise outcomes, and wanted to avoid negative emotions associated with not exercising. Among highfrequency exercisers, positive body esteem was associated with high intrinsic and low extrinsic motivation for exercise, paratelic dominance, negativism dominance, and low neuroticism. For low-frequency exercisers, significant correlates of positive body esteem were autic mastery dominance, low BMI, low neuroticism, and lower levels of extrinsic and introjected motivation. Findings are discussed in terms of healthy and unhealthy motivations for exercise, and recommendations are made for tailoring health promotion strategies to metamotivational dominance.

Behavioral Regulation Assessment in Exercise: Exploring an Autonomous and Controlled Motivation Index

The main purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) and to test the hypothesis that the different types of behavioral regulation can be combined on a single factor to assess autonomous and controlled motivation. Data were collected from 550 members of private fitness centres who ranged in age from 14 to 69 years. The analysis supported an 18-item, 5-factor model after excluding one item (S-B chi2 = 221.7, df = 125, p = .000, S-B chi2/df = 1.77; SRMR = .06; NNFI = .90; CFI = .92; RMSEA = .04, 90% CI = .03-.05). However, the analysis also revealed a lack of internal consistency. The results of a hierarchical model based on 2 second-order factors that reflected controlled motivation (external and introjected regulation) and autonomous motivation (identified and intrinsic regulation) provided an acceptable fit to the data (S-B chi2 = 172.6, df = 74, p = .000, S-B chi2/df = 2.33; SRMR = .07; NNFI = .90; CFI = .92; RMSEA = .05, 90% CI = .04-.06), with reliability coefficients of .75 for controlled motivation and .76 for autonomous motivation. The study findings indicated that when item 17 was excluded, the Portuguese BREQ-2 was an appropriate measure of the controlled and autonomous motivation in exercise.

Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2

The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (Markland & Tobin, 2004). A sample of Chinese university students (N = 555) was invited to take part in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine the factorial validity, and the results supported the 5-factor structure of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for the discriminant validity. Composite reliability values of subscales were all over .75, which suggested that internal consistency reliability of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 was acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that the simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Examination of the correlations of different regulations with affective and behavioral outcomes provided further support for the nomological validity. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the gender invariance of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, and the results suggested that the factor loadings and factor variances and covariances of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 measurement model to be invariant across male and female participants. Overall, the study provided initial psychometric evidence for the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2.

On the nature and function of scoring protocols used in exercise motivation research: An empirical study of the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different scoring protocols used with instruments designed to assess motivation in line with Organismic Integration Theory (OIT; Deci & Ryan, 2002). DesignThis study used non-probability based sampling within a cross-sectional (survey) design. MethodsParticipants across four samples (N's ranged from 236 to 1200) completed either (a) the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ), (b) the BREQ-2, or (c) the BREQ-2R in conjunction with a self-report assessment of physical activity behavior. ResultsParticipants endorsed more self-determined than controlled motives for physical activity. Identified regulation was the dominant correlate of more frequent physical activity behavior. The link between external regulation and physical activity was consistently weak. Multiple regression analyses revealed identified regulation was the strongest predictor of physical activity compared with other motives. Regression models using omnibus scoring protocols accounted for less variance in physical activity behavior in contrast to an item-aggregation scoring protocol. ConclusionsIdentified regulation may be a key source of physical activity motivation in adults. The scoring protocol used with OIT-based instruments represents an important consideration for advancing physical activity research.

Factorial validity and reliability evidence for the modified Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire – 2 among Romanian adolescents

This study investigates the factor structure and reliability of the Romanian translation of a modified version of the Behavioural Regulation Exercice Questionnaire 2 (BREQ-2; Markland & Tobin, 2004) that additionally included the Integrated Motivation Scale (Wilson, Rodgers, Loitz, & Scime, 2006). The participants were 552 Romanian adolescens. Confirmatory factor analysis reveals that the correlated 5-factor structure including the integrated, external, introiected, identified and intrinsic regulation, S-Bχ2(142) = 417.72, p <. 001, *RMSEA = .059, *CFI = .943, SRMR = .05, fitted better compared to other models tested. All the subscales showed an adequate reliability (α > .70).

Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2).

The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ) and the BREQ-2 are the most commonly used measures of behavioural regulation in exercise psychology. The purpose of the study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the BREQ-2 on a sample of university students. The BREQ-2 was translated into Persian by qualified experts and the psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed. Content validity was established, using a panel of 12 Iranian experts in the areas of health education, psychology, and exercise. Construct validity was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using LISREL 8.80 (N = 418). The reliability of the BREQ-2 was assessed, using a 2-week test-retest to establish its stability and Cronbach's Alpha to estimate its internal consistency. The Iranian version of the BREQ-2 was slightly modified to improve content validity. Primary results of confirmatory factor analysis did not fully support the 5-factor uncorrelated model. The model was modified; and the fit indices indicated that the 5-factor correlated model was the best fit. The scale was found to have acceptable internal consistency (α > 0.7) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.80). The Iranian BREQ-2 has acceptable validity and reliability in the study sample and may be used in relevant studies to assess behavioural regulation in similar samples.