Behavior In Prison Research Articles

The Structural Relationships of Emotional Neglect with Risky Behaviors in Prisoners Considering the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Strategies

This study aimed to investigate the structural relationships of emotional neglect with risky behaviors in prisoners, considering the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consists of all prisoners in the city of Shiraz. The research sample included 409 prisoners from Shiraz, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001), and the Youth Risk Behavior Scale (Snow et al., 2019). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS 24 and SPSS 27 to evaluate the proposed model. The correlation coefficient results indicated a negative relationship between emotional neglect and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies with risky behaviors (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant positive relationship between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and risky behaviors (P ≤ 0.05). The findings suggest an adequate fit of the proposed model with the data. The results of the structural model showed that 25% of the variance in adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and 30% of the variance in maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies were explained by emotional neglect. Furthermore, 44% of the variance in risky behaviors was explained by emotional neglect, adaptive, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Based on these findings, early intervention and preventive measures are crucial in reducing the negative impact of emotional neglect. Specifically, focusing on interventions based on mentalization and emotion regulation can significantly improve emotional and relational problems arising from adverse early life experiences.

Fenomena Gangguan Kepribadian Antisosial dan Narsistik Terhadap Perilaku Narapidana

The types of personality disorders often associated with criminal behavior in prisoners are antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of indifference and violation of the rights of others, which usually begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. Meanwhile, Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a psychological disorder characterized by patterns of excessive superiority, fantasies of power or extraordinary importance, and the need for admiration or special treatment. The method in this study uses a descriptive method with literature study data collection techniques involving the study of theories and references related to values, culture, and norms that apply in the social context under study. Literature study is an important step in research because research always depends on scientific literature. Literature study was conducted for data analysis in this research. Research data was obtained from relevant sources, such as books, journals, articles, and previous research, through literature study.

The role of positive leadership in influencing recreational and extracurricular (R&E) programs to address mental wellbeing of prisoners.

Mental health issues such as stress, anxiety and depression are prevalent among the prisoners, highlighting the urgent need to address mental health challenges in prison facilities. Existing research highlights the crucial role of recreational and extracurricular (R&E) programs in promoting the mental well-being of prisoners. Another stream of literature identifies the importance of effective leadership within the prison system to the success of these programs and services aimed at improving the mental health of incarcerated individuals. The purpose of this study is to provide a thorough examination of the breadth, scope and characteristics of the published literature, focusing on how positive leadership in prison settings can foster the success of R&E programs in addressing mental health challenges among prisoners. In this scoping review, a systematic literature review (SLR), using the guidelines of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA, 2020) by Page et al. (2021), was followed which provides guidelines for study selection and research question, identification of relevant studies via databases and registers, multi-step screening to exclude literatures that are not directly relevant and finalizing body of literature for theory development, summarizing and reporting. The included studies for theory development were appraised for quality using methodology-specific tools. A critical narrative synthesis was adopted to present a theoretical framework for positive leadership influence on R&E programs to promote prisoner engagement and their mental well-being. The SLR procedure resulted in a total of 122 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the topics of the current paper. The finalized list of studies that were used for theory development included 21studies in the area of prison and prison system (including organizations), 33 in the area of individual and team behavior (including inmates and correctional officers), 26 in the area of leadership (both organizational and correctional facilities), 12 in the area of R&E (including training and education), 31 in the area of mental health and behavior and 2 studies on research methods. Of these 122 studies, 83 studies were peer-reviewed scientific publications, selected chapters from 7 books, while the remaining 32 included nonscientific and anecdotal reports. Despite the plethora of literature on the significance of effective leadership within organizational strategies and operations, there remains a notable gap in literature regarding the role of leadership and other enabling factors in the implementation and management of effective programs within correctional facilities aimed at improving the mental well-being of prisoners. This paper explores the role and relationship of leadership and R&E programs and activities in prisons to improve the mental well-being of prisoners. Specifically, a program's resource sufficiency, positive reinforcement of prisoner behavior during the engagement and psychological conditions of the program are critical for successful prisoner engagement in such programs. Based on organizational theories of positive leadership and engagement (i.e. prisoner participation and engagement in R&E programs), this study offers four propositions to develop a theoretical framework of positive leadership in influencing such programs, which in turn can be a catalyst to reduce mental health issues among prisoners in correction facilities.

Do Prison Visits Have a Spectrum? Visitation Quality and the Varying Impacts for Individuals’ Behavior and Well-Being in Prison

Scholarship suggests that prison visits can have beneficial as well as potential adverse effects on life in prison. What remains unclear is what explains these heterogeneous effects. In this study, latent profile analysis and regression analyses are used to examine whether the nature of people’s experiences during visits dictates their effects on individuals’ behavior and well-being in prison among more than 2,000 individuals incarcerated in Dutch prisons. The results showed that individuals had diverse, mainly positive experiences during visits which were related to lower incidences of misconduct and higher well-being. However, some visits left individuals feeling stressed, helpless, or guilty, which were related to higher incidences of misconduct (particularly property infractions) and lower overall well-being. These findings suggest that policies aimed at improving visit interactions could have potential beneficial impacts on prison experiences and effects.

The Relationship of Menstrual Hygiene Behavior with Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Prisoners: A Sequential Explanatory Analysis

Menstrual hygiene behaviors, such as using clean sanitary napkins, washing the body with soap, and disposing of used sanitary napkins properly, play an important role in preventing menstrual disorders. This quantitative study aims to examine the relationship between menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders in female prisoners in class II B women's prison in Padang city. Qualitative research aims to explore more deeply the behavior of inmates who experience menstrual cycle disorders in class II B women's prison in Padang city. This research used a combination method with a sequential explanatory design from November 2023 to March 2024, the research sample consisted of 73 female prisoners selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative data analysis using the chi-square test showed a significant association (p-value <0.001) between menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders, while qualitative data through in-depth interviews identified two main themes: menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders. In conclusion, poor menstrual hygiene behavior is associated with menstrual cycle disorders, so it is recommended that prison authorities increase supervision and provide better information on menstrual hygiene to prisoners.

Impact of environmental stochastic fluctuations on the evolutionary stability of imitation dynamics.

To show the impact of environmental noise on imitation dynamics, the stochastic stability and stochastic evolutionary stability of a discrete-time imitation dynamics with random payoffs are studied in this paper. Based on the stochastic local stability of fixation states and constant interior equilibria in a two-phenotype model, we extend the concept of stochastic evolutionary stability to the stochastic imitation dynamics, which is defined as a strategy such that, if all the members of the population adopt it, then the probability for any mutant strategy to invade the population successfully under the influence of natural selection is arbitrarily low. Our main results show clearly that the stochastic evolutionary stability of the system depends only on the properties of the mean matrix of the random payoff matrix and is independent of the randomness of the random payoff matrix. Moreover, as two examples, we show also that under the framework of stochastic imitation dynamics, the noise intensity affects the evolution of cooperative behavior in a stochastic prisoner's dilemma game and the system's nonlinear dynamic behavior.

The Effect of Empathy Training on Bullying Behavior in Juvenile Prisoners: A Quasi Experiment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of empathy training on bullying behavior in juvenile prisoners at the Bandung City Special Development Institute for Children. This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test with control group. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained a sample of 100 respondents (50 intervention group and 50 control group). Empathy training was conducted for 3 months as many as 4 sessions consisting of education, role play, watching movies, and reflection. Data collection used the Indonesian version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Univariate analysis used mean, min-max, and standard deviation values. Bivariate analysis used Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that in the intervention group, most respondents had high bullying behavior before the intervention (70%) and had low bullying behavior after the intervention (64%). In the control group, most respondents showed a high level of bullying behavior (80%) at pre-test and had high level of bullying behavior (78%) at post-test. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed ap value of <0.001, indicating that there was a significant effect on reducing bullying behavior in prisoners in LPKA Bandung City after being given empathy training. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed a value of p<0.001 which means that there is a difference in the level of bullying behavior between the control and intervention groups. Empathy training is a recommendation for community nurses in Bandung City Special Development Institute for Children to implement community-based nursing interventions in preventing bullying in children and adolescents, especially adolescents in prison.

The direction of self-harmful behavior of prisoners in remand prisons and the reasons for its manifestation

The direction of self-harmful behavior of prisoners in remand prisons and the reasons for its manifestation

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR PRISON OFFICERS IN DEVELOPING PRISONERS IN CLASS IIA COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS SERANG

Prisoners are also social creatures who will need others to interact continuously. The interaction will involve communication, and the importance of communication in the application of interpersonal communication strategies to carry out coaching aimed at improving the behavior of prisoners in Serang Class IIA Prison. The problems examined in this study include observing the interpersonal communication strategies of prison officers in fostering prisoners and the obstacles that exist during its implementation. This research was conducted to find out the application of interpersonal communication strategies of Correctional Institution officers in fostering prisoners and to find out the obstacles to the application of interpersonal communication strategies at Class IIA Serang Correctional Institution. The method used is a qualitative method, which examines in depth with data collection techniques such as observation and interviews. This research uses the theory of interpersonal communication strategy which is a process of relationship with others. The results of his research apply strategies from the dimensions of positive attitudes, supportive attitudes, empathy, openness, and equality and their implementation is almost running well because the coaching carried out has followed existing procedures, although there are still things that happen in prisons such as inmate indiscipline, it can be resolved wisely with communication. In carrying out the coaching program, of course, Serang Class IIA Prison has inhibiting factors, namely barriers in the delivery process, psychosocial barriers, lack of transparency, and different language styles.

Development of the Prevention of Suicide Behaviour in Prisons: Enhancing Access to Therapy (PROSPECT) logic model and implementation strategies.

This study aimed to develop and articulate a logic model and programme theories for implementing a new cognitive-behavioural suicide prevention intervention for men in prison who are perceived to be at risk of death by suicide. Semi-structured one-to-one interviews with key stakeholders and a combination of qualitative analysis techniques were used to develop programme theories. Interviews with 28 stakeholders resulted in five programme theories, focusing on: trust, willingness and engagement; readiness and ability; assessment and formulation; practitioner delivering the 'change work' stage of the intervention face-to-face in a prison environment; and practitioner training, integrating the intervention and onward care. Each theory provides details of what contextual factors need to be considered at each stage, and what activities can facilitate achieving the intended outcomes of the intervention, both intermediate and long term. The PROSPECT implementation strategy developed from the five theories can be adapted to different situations and environments.

Self-harm among inmates of the Berlin prison system.

Self-harming behavior in prisoners is a prevalent phenomenon, with international studies estimating a 4% prevalence rate. However, studies on self-injurious behavior in the German prison system are currently lacking. Therefore, our study aims to conduct an initial assessment. The Criminological Service for the Berlin Prison System distributed questionnaires on incidents of self-harm to all Berlin prisons, except for juvenile detention centers. The questionnaires were supplemented with medical data, such as psychiatric diagnoses and medication. 62 questionnaires were returned, which could be attributed to 52 inmates. Compared to the average population in the Berlin prison system, the study sample exhibited variations in age, gender distribution and nationality. 94% of the inmates received a psychiatric diagnosis. Two-thirds of the male inmates had substance use disorders, while 83% of the female inmates had emotionally unstable personality resp. borderline disorders. Prior to self-harm, 87% of the inmates were administered psychiatric medication. Our study found similarities between the study population and international studies in the distribution of certain characteristics. We assume that many of the postulated risk factors can also apply to Berlin prisoners. However, the study is limited by the small number of cases and the absence of a control group.

Suicidal ideation, attempt and associated factors among prisoners in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

Suicide is a prominent source of harm and death globally, and it is the leading cause of premature death among prisoners. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempt among prisoners in Northwest Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study design was performed from May 23 to June 22, 2022. After proportional allocation to the three correctional institutions, a total of 788 study participants were randomly recruited. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to evaluate suicide ideation and attempt. To determine factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempt, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. At a 95% confidence interval (CI) of P-value <0.05, statistical significance was declared. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt among prisoners was 23.6% and 10.7%, with 95% CI (20.76, 26.70) and (8.68, 13.02), respectively. Female sex (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.12, 5.05), family history of mental illness (AOR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.93, 4.88), depression (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.43, 2.98), poor social support (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.56, 4.85) and previous incarceration (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.86) were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. However, being single (AOR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.47, 4.54), family history of suicide (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.18, 5.01), depression (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.59, 4.31) and previous imprisonments (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.69) were associated with suicidal attempt. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt among prisoners were found to be high. Therefore, the findings of this study recommend that early detection and design of prison mental health services should be delivered to develop mental health care, prevention, and intervention programs for incarcerated people to improve suicidal behavior in prison.

Legal Review of the Role Supervisory Judges and Observer towards Convicts Who is Sentenced to Conditional Punishment

The research was conducted to determine the implementation of the functions and duties of supervisory and observing judges. To describe this, qualitative descriptive research was conducted. The research location was Tarutung District Court and Tarutung Correctional Center. Materials were obtained through field studies with interviews, then analysed qualitatively. From the results of the research, it shows that the Wasmat judge did not carry out supervision as it should be, where the Wasmat judge has not signed, checked the supervisor's register and observations based on the minutes of the execution of the sentence, and the check on the spot visit to the Correctional Institution was not carried out regularly as stipulated in the regulation, namely 3 times a month. The supervising judge has not observed the behavior of prisoners in the penitentiary and outside the penitentiary. Likewise, the judge has not made observations of the behavior of prisoners on the sentences imposed on him so that it has not brought sentencing policy for other judges.

Social order behind bars: the interplay of formal and informal norms among inmates in Italian prisons

This study examines the informal norms governing inmate behavior in Italian prisons and the interplay between formal and informal systems. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with "experts according to Article 80 of Italy’s Penitentiary Law," key prison stakeholders responsible for evaluating inmate behavior and developing rehabilitation programs. The findings reveal that inmates establish internal social hierarchies, governed by informal norms (inmate code) that dictate behaviors such as respecting hierarchies and adhering to the code of silence. Violating these norms leads to informal sanctions, ranging from social exclusion to violence. This code emerges from both the importation of external subcultural norms and the inmate’s adaptation to the prison environment, serving as both a survival strategy and a response to alienation. The study also highlights the complex and often conflictual interplay between formal and informal norms, with inmates typically prioritizing informal rules. This dynamic often hampers social reintegration. Therefore, the study advocates for a balanced and flexible approach to prison management that bridges the gap between formal and informal norms, alongside targeted rehabilitation programs and practical reintegration opportunities, to align inmate behavior with societal values and support successful reentry into lawful society.

THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG PRISONERS IN CLASS IIA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS PURWOKERTO

The aim of this research is to understand whether there is an influence between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence on aggressive behavior in prisoners at the Class IIA Purwokerto prison. The research method used was quantitative, and the sample consisted of 67 prisoners involved in violations. Data analysis in this research was carried out using IBM SPSS 25 software. The test results showed that the R Square value was 0.330 or 33.0%, which means that emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence together contributed 33% to aggressive behavior. The regression equation is Y = 84.201 - 0.87X1 - 0.258X2. The constant value (a) is 84.21, the emotional intelligence regression coefficient (b1) is -0.87, and the spiritual intelligence regression coefficient (b2) is -0.258. Based on these results, steps can be taken to provide psychological guidance to prisoners according to individual needs, with the aim of reducing aggressive behavior among prisoners.

Implementasi Pasal 10 Huruf A Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2022 Dalam Pemberian Hak Remisi Bagi Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Narkotika Kelas IIB Muara Sabak

In Article 10 paragraph (1) letter a of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections, it is explained that prisoners who have fulfilled certain requirements without exception are also entitled to remission. However, in its implementation in the field, it turns out that there are various problems that arise. The aim of this research is to understand and analyze the implementation of Article 10 Paragraph (1) Letter a of Law Number 22 of 2022 in granting remission rights to prisoners in Class IIB Muara Sabak Narcotics Prison, to analyze the factors that hinder them and efforts to overcome them, as well as ideal arrangements for granting remission rights for convicts in the future. The method used in this research is empirical juridical which uses primary data. The results of the research show that the granting of remission rights to prisoners in the Class IIB Muara Sabak Narcotics Prison is guided by Article 10 Paragraph (1) letter a of Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections, but its implementation is still not effective. The factors that influence the granting of remission rights to prisoners in the Muara Sabak Class IIB Narcotics Prison consist of internal factors include: The mechanism for assessing prisoner behavior using the SPPN instrument is less effective. There are still violations committed by prisoners which result in disciplinary punishment so that the prisoner's proposal for remission is rejected. Meanwhile, the external factors are: There are still delays in the execution of court decisions by the Prosecutor's Office which results in the registration process in prison being late. Efforts to overcome this include: The prison authorities should make a step to simplify the system for assessing the behavior of correctional inmates, Activate both security and coaching programs to shape the character and stimulate changes in behavior of inmates, and Strengthen synergy between the prison authorities and the detention authorities in carrying out executions prisoner. The ideal arrangements for granting remission rights to prisoners at the Class IIB Muara Sabak Narcotics Correctional Institution in the future include: The prison authorities coordinate with the detention authorities, so that prisoners who have been detained for more than 6 (six) months can have their behavior assessed using the SPPN instrument, and the Prison authorities propose rights. remission for detainees who have been detained for more than 6 (six) months in succession with due observance of the provisions of Article 148 of Permenkumham No. 3 of 2018.

Virtual reality aggression prevention treatment in a Dutch prison-based population: a pilot study.

Treating violent behavior in prisons comes with challenges, such as the inability to practice safely with triggering situations and motivational issues. A solution may be the use of Virtual Reality (VR). With VR, specific conditions or needs can be tailored for individual practice, it can enhance motivation and VR has proven to be a safe and effective tool in mental health treatment. A pilot study was conducted to test the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effects of VR Aggression Prevention Treatment (VRAPT) in a prison-based population. In total 17 detainees with aggressive behavior were included in this single-group pilot study. Acceptability and feasibility were assessed using qualitative measures for participants and therapists. Preliminary treatment effects were measured with self-report and observational measures on aggression, anger, emotion regulation, and impulsiveness. Participants and therapists were predominantly positive about VRAPT. Participants rated the sessions with an average satisfaction score of 9.2 out of 10 (SD = 0.3). Qualitative data showed that participants reported having learned to respond more adequately to aggressive behavior and gained insights into their own and others' triggers and tension. The combination of VR and theory was experienced as a strength of the treatment, as well as the ability to trigger aggression in VR which provided insights into aggression. However, the theoretical framework was found to be too complex, and more aggressive and personal scenarios should be incorporated into the sessions. Self-reported aggression, anger, provocation, emotion regulation, and observed verbal aggression decreased and seemed to stabilize after the treatment ended, with small to medium effect sizes. VRAPT proved feasible and acceptable for most participants and therapists. An adapted treatment protocol called Virtual Reality Treatment for Aggression Control (VR-TrAC), will be used in a future RCT to investigate the effects of the treatment in a prison-based population.

First steps towards a core outcome Set for measuring aggressive behavior in prisoners: a systematic review of current methods

ABSTRACT A large body of literature has examined the cause and treatment of aggressive behavior in prisons, but heterogeneity in the outcome measures used has led to difficulties comparing outcomes across studies. This systematic review aims to identify a Core Outcome Set for measuring aggression in prisons. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they measured aggressive behavior in adult male prisoners, described original research, and were in English. A systematic search of Medline, PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Cochrane databases to 7 March 2022 was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 method. The titles and abstracts of 19,619 records were screened, with 641 reports identified for full-text examination. From these reports, 283 studies with a total of 1,402,931 prisoners were included. These studies were predominantly published from 2000 onwards, published in North America, used a cross-sectional design, and included a single method to measure aggressive behavior. The studies most commonly used self-report and official records of misconduct, with staff report and mixed methods less common. Official records of misconduct and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire were identified as possible candidates for inclusion into a Core Outcome Set, but caveats exist around the specificity and sensitivity of these measures.

Deprivation and Importation Measures as Predictors of Bullying Perpetration in Young Correctional Institutions

Bullying is a perennial problem in correctional institutions. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of bullying perpetration in young correctional institutions, and to identify environmental and personal factors as predictors of bullying perpetration. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 289 male and female young people from eight correctional institutions in Malaysia. The Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist (DIPC-SCALEDr) was used to measure both bullying perpetration and victimization. The study reported more than 90% of the participants engaged in at least one behavior indicative of bullying others during the 1 month period. Participants reported involvement across six bullying forms. Direct logistic regression analysis identified eight significant predictors of bullying perpetration i.e. time served in the institution, disciplinary punishment; gang membership, no self-injury, respect, bureaucratic legitimacy, fairness, and family contact. To conclude, this study confirms bullying perpetration is determined by both personal and environmental factors. Juvenile justice system can use these key findings to anchor future interventions to prevent bullying and other forms of violence in correctional institution. In the future, this study might include a focus on staff-offender bullying and protective factors for bulling perpetration in correctional institutions.

Selective Rule Enforcement on Prison Units and Individual Misconduct: A Multilevel Study

This study examined how selective rule enforcement on prison units is related to individual misconduct. Selective rule enforcement was operationalized as the unit-level discrepancy between self- and officially reported misconduct. Both survey and administrative data were used from 4,123 individuals incarcerated in 197 units in the Netherlands. Findings showed that the level of selective rule enforcement varied greatly across units, irrespective of regime, with averages above zero. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for important covariates, selective rule enforcement on units was consistently related to the odds of displaying misconduct including verbal, physical, property, and contrabands misconduct. These findings demonstrate the importance of contextual differences and the use of discretion by correctional officers for individual behavior in prison.