Beginning Of XXI Century Research Articles

Нормативно-правова база етнонаціональної політики в Україні на початку ХХІ ст.: пошуки консенсусу, здобутки, прорахунки

Нормативно-правова база етнонаціональної політики в Україні на початку ХХІ ст.: пошуки консенсусу, здобутки, прорахунки

Agrobiodiversity Genetic Variability Utilization in Organic Food Production

Summary The food production at the global level is about to meet its border. Industrialization of agriculture correlates with an explosive enlargement of human population, during XX and at the beginning of XXI centuries. An ongoing process of environmental erosion has been speeding up during that period, not only in our physical surrounding, but also in biodiversity. A new direction in agricultural food production is in demand. Organic food production has been recognized as the way of providing safety and quality food, preserving the environment in the same time. In the other hand new land areas have to be explored for agricultural use, in order to enhance food quantity to meeting the increasing demand for food. These targets set new requirements in plant breeding. To fulfill these requirements the genetic variability harbored in genetic resources has to be preserved, examined and put to good use.

Еволюція світового та вітчизняного виробництва автомобільних двигунів (XVIII – початок XXI століть)

Basic tendencies on formation and development of the world and home construction of motor-car engines in XVIII – at the beginning of XXI centuries have been defined. Basic properties on classification of internal combustion motor-car engines have been shown. The priority of our com-patriot B. Lutzkyi in creating vertical 4-cycle internal combustion engine with underlying crank-shaft has been established.

The Development of the Russian Environmental Movement in the beginning of XXI Century

The Development of the Russian Environmental Movement in the beginning of XXI Century

ОБ’ЄКТИВНА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ АТМОСФЕРНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВДЛЯ СХІДНОЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ

The article describes the objective classification, involving the automated systems application to section the atmospheric processes by types. The objective of typing is to split a collection of objects of a certain sample according to the maximum-distance-separable groups. The basis for objective classification includes several methods: correlation, cluster analysis, nonlinear methods, neural network method, etc. One of the analysis methods for the characteristics of synoptic processes is typing, or the classification of synoptic processes by types, which allows finding common features of development of atmospheric processes in a large variety of synoptic situations. The objective of typing is to split a collection of objects of a certain sample by maximum-distance-separable groups. Since the beginning of the XIX century, when the classification of synoptic processes was introduced to the practice of weather forecasting, there were published a large number of works that differ in specific methodological approaches, in a number of selected types of weather, etc. Currently, only on the territory of Europe, according to various estimates, researchers allocate from 4 to 40 types of atmospheric processes and account for up to 209 subtypes, 84 % of which is obtained by analyzing the data of surface atmospheric pressure, geopotential heights and wind characteristics. On-scale data from 6 to 12 hours (9 %), daily (84 %) and monthly data(7 %) are used as an output information. The spatial range varies from mesoscale (5% of classifications), regional (3 %), on an individual nationwide scale (20 %), as part of the continent (22 %) and the continent as a whole (50 %) The second half of the XX century and the beginning of XXI century are characterized by high rates of changes in climatic and circulation conditions. An occurrence of rare weather extremums is a manifestation of the transition state of the atmosphere and its instability. Often regional changes have more significant variations than global. Therefore, progress, in the understanding of current trends of climate change, is impossible without taking into account spatiotemporal dynamics of atmospheric processes. The author considers the main principles of GWL classification and investigates regional characteristics of synoptic processes in the territory of Europe based on the characteristics of the surface baric field and displacement trajectories of the main baric systems. The purpose of this paper is to explore one of the most popular classifications for the European region and to establish the possibility of its further application to the territory of Ukraine. Research methods: a statistical description of the synoptic types for Europe for the period from September 1957 up to August 2002. Results of the study confirm the fact, that the addressed classification is aimed at creation of seasonal and interannual forecasts of synoptic processes and works better in the central, western and southern directions of Europe.

Challenges in a population policy toward migrations under the conditions of uneven distribution of population potentials in Serbia

Population distribution, as one of the key topics in geographical research, reflects the integrity of physical, social, economic and historical factors of certain area. This paper provides an overview of the spatial concentration of population in Serbia at the beginning of XXI century (Censuses 2002 and 2011). The analysis of population distribution and redistribution was performed at different levels of territorial structure of Serbia. The results indicate uneven distribution of population potentials (both in quantitative and qualitative ways) by expanding the area of extremely low and extremely high concentration. However, there remains a need for a broader scientific consideration of migration flows in order to create migration policies. Those policies are of interest to geographers because they represent attempts to manage the flow of people and to alter the geographical pattern of population distribution and characteristics.

Load balancing algorithms in cluster systems

The beginning of XXI century brought dynamic rise in popularity of the Internet. It was connected with the development of telecommunications technology, especially the spread of broadband access to the global network. The key issue became ensuring satisfactory access to the services available through the network. Therefore, the challenge caused the development of various clusters. The paper presents an overview of algorithms for load balancing used in modern cluster systems. Load balancing is a key issue in cluster systems. It is a method that uses multiple nodes (servers) and dynamically distributes the load between them so that no node is not overloaded. The main goal of load balancing is the optimal use of resources, thereby enhancing system performance and minimizing resource consumption. This allows for reducing operations costs of information systems and is also compatible with Green Computing. The paper focuses on analysis of existing algorithms in terms of load balancing and comparing them on basis of various quality indicators, such as throughput, reliability, energy saving, performance, scalability, etc. The paper takes into account the specificities of different solutions, from the classic cluster through systems of blade servers with virtualization to cloud systems.

The foundation and development of higher education system in China from 1949 to 2000

The article analyses the process of reforms and development of higher education from the foundation of the PRC in 1949 to the beginning of XXI century. The paper discusses historical character and revolution in the management of higher education, including the methods of assessment of work of Chinese universities, proves the necessities of foundation and development of assessment system of activities of universities in China.

Political transformations in the post-soviet states: methodological approaches and research problems

The article is sanctified to research of, firstly, reasons of system difference between post-Soviet and post-communist transit of European countries, secondly, the exposure of actual nature of the post-Soviet regimes. The aim of this research is a show of the different methodological approaches to the study of political transformations of former Soviet Union countries at the beginning of XXI century.

Content of music-expression features of saxophon in modern ukrainian cham- ber-instrumental music

Article is devoted to the modern Ukrainian instrumental chamber music of the end of XX — beginning of XXI century in the context of new means of perfomance and expression in saxophone play.The rapid development of playing saxophone in the second half of the XX century reflected not just in the traditional ways of play improving and also in expansion of the expressive possibilities of the saxophone because of appearance of new methods and means of performing. Nontraditional means of expression is relevant topic in the modern Ukrainian saxophone performing.The end of XX beginning of the XXI century there was a wide range of Ukrainian instrumental chamber music with saxophone, a lot of music pieces for the saxophone for the first time introduced in the analytical work, due to this musical and expressive diversity possible in practice to assess the depth of philosophical and imaginative concepts that embody the Ukrainian componists. A striking example of this is creative search of V. Runchak, namely using of unexpected ways of compositional structures and new ways of saxophone play. Performance of classical music of Saxophone Quartet is a significant phenomenon of the second half of the XX century. There are basic canons about the specifics of building the values in performing activities quartet. Note that the artistic and stylistic features of saxophone quartet play is based on a profound awareness complex of technical and mentally actions, which give the opportunity to achieve maximum results in a creative executive activity.

O espaço público ressignificado pela cultura visual urbana

O artigo busca diferenciar a arte pública da arte urbana e investigar o uso da linguagem do desenho por artistas urbanos contemporâneos, compreendendo como a intervenção artística, baseada neste tipo de expressão, pode modificar o aspecto estético de uma cidade, ressignificar locais que estão abandonados ou permitir novas interações no espaço público para a população das cidades neste início de século XXI.Palavras-chave: arte urbana, cultura visual, desenho.

ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF STUDENTS BY THE MEANS OF THE NATIONAL ARTS AND CRAFTS: THE TATARSTAN REPUBLIC EXPERIENCE

The research is devoted to the problem of aesthetic education in contest of moral education. Aesthetic education is studied in context of Russian educational reformation (The end of ХХ – the beginning of XXI century) and growth of national consciousness and spiritual revival of the people. This period is suggested as an ideological return to the national cultural and historical traditions. This period is characterises by the rise of public activity towards national heritage and traditions of folk culture and art. Authors suggest and prove that the separation of education and national culture, as soon as lack of training in national-cultural issues, leads not only to local culture regression but to certain problems in international relations and national egoism. Only spiritually and morally enriched education, that means not only local language study, as it is often done in Russian Federation, but also study of traditional customs, art and values of cultural and historical traditions of local nationality (in our research Tatars), allows to teach children to appreciate the human values and spiritual achievements of other nationalities. This means that today the educational process at schools has to be inherent in the nature of the identification of possible and effective forms and methods for the implementation of the students education on national traditions and art, as the most valuable thing for centuries, formed by the wisdom and culture of the people, should become a part of the upbringing and education of the modern school. The authors developed the system of artistic and aesthetic education of students by means of Tatar decorative and applied arts that promote artistic and aesthetic education, development of artistic and creative abilities of students, on the basis of national consciousness of personality development. This system creates the sense of humanity of students and develops there interethnic attitudes to others. This system was implemented at a number of schools where developed course has welcomed by authorities. Students have studied a corresponding material of the Tatar arts and crafts together with their parents and teachers. The results have shown that not only the level of students’ spiritual and moral education, aesthetic education has risen. The growth of their tolerance to other nation’s representatives from the position of understanding of prevention every national culture peculiarities became the most amazing.

The European Union in international relations of Canada at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century

Canada and the EU had a common vision of the fundamentals of the international relations system in the late XX – early XXI century and the need to respect the principles of international law. Canada in this matter has always acted together with other international actors on a coalition basis, accumulating defense potential.
 The EU has seen in Canadians close partners who share its values and have similar approaches to resolving conflict, so there are prospects for development of bilateral cooperation in the international arena.
 This was possible also due to the emergence of the Common foreign and defense policy of the EU and the implementation of important steps towards the development of European security policy and defense (ESDP). Therefore, at least a hypothetical European defense identity allows Canada to establish international cooperation with the EU in the defense sphere.
 Ottawa sought to demonstrate that Europe remains important to Canadian and international security interests, so he ESDP must not lead to the destruction of traditionally close relations between Canada and the European partners. Constitutive remains also link Europe with Canada in the framework of NATO.
 After the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the terrorist attacks of 2001, the EU is particularly interested in boosting relations with Canada. Despite the unity of views and approaches to solving most of the problems of international relations in the late XX – early XXI century between Canada and the EU, a common component in bilateral relations is still far from perfect, leaving the prospects for improving the Canadian-European cooperation on the international arena.
 Keywords: Canada, the European Union, international relationships, foreign policy

The impact of new technologies to the field o media in Poland: adaptation of European experience

The article deals with important aspects of the impact of new technologies on mediasphere in Poland in terms of adaptation of modern European experience. Underlined European influence on Poland implementation media projects in the public sphere and in the sphere of business and within local government. Also highlights the fact that for modern mediasphere of Poland, there is only one way - is to follow the European model of media openness and transparency, setting them to play effective and independent civil government positions. In the new environment of electronic media they become sometimes quite unexpected dimensions and social emphasis. Also emphasized that at the beginning of XXI century the Internet has become an important source of daily information to citizens and often replaces traditional news media - radio and TV. Because it focuses on promoting digital media projects to maintain effective management and proper civic activity.
 Keywords: Newmedia, civilsociety, theinformationsociety, e-government, Poland

THE ARCTIC REGION IN POLITICS OF AMERICAN STATES: PAST AND PRESENT

The article analyzes the historical experience and the basic stages of development of the North American Arctic states in the twentieth century. With the new data, and based on the historical method, the article reveals changing relationships of these states to the Arctic in their successive temporary development during the second half of XX – beginning of XXI centuries. The article features the evolution of the position of the authorities in Ottawa and Washington to the region in the context of developing and conducting them in the national interests and security policy.The conclusion is that the policy of the US government and Canada to coordinate their actions in the region under the pretext of defending national interests and to counter external threats, has some historical positive outcome, along with some well-known commitments. Security Policy in these countries limits the competence of the state threats to their territorial integrity, which does not give the government the authority to undue interference in areas that are governed by market forces and civil society. In the light of the impending changes caused by the election of D. Trump, this circumstance should be exploited for excluding the very possibility of military conflict from the political process the Arctic countries.

Mexico: «the population explosion» and mass migration

The debate over the Mexican migrants issue has been intensi ed by Donald Trump’s election. His harsh statements have provoked a discussion on the US policy for Mexico, as well as on the migration regulation in the United States. However, the mass migration of the last quarter of XX - beginning of XXI centuries may be also readily associated with the social and demographic processes developed in Mexico throughout the 20th century. The dynamics of migratory activity followed the demographic changes. The internal causes of the Mexican migration analysis will allow more clarity in understanding contemporary migration interaction between the two neighboring countries.

The Populist Party in the Countries of the European Union: the Ideological Profile and Activities at the Beginning of XXI Century

The article highlights the political renaissance of European right-wing populist skeptics in most countries of the European Union. These political parties to the global economic crisis in 2008, when the process of European integration was on the rise, remained on the margins of politics. The crisis of the liberal model of globalization, the influx of refugees from crisis areas of conflict in the Middle East and North Africa, increased social contradictions reanimated populist right-wing ideology. This socio-political response to this reality has pushed the popularity of far-right nationalist political forces in most Central European countries. In terms of ideology classification of these political forces are represented as populists “left” orientation (the French “National Front”) and “right” populists (the party “Alternative for Germany”). This fact confirms the erosion of traditional ideological markers in politics and the crisis of determining its strategy and tactics.

Tendencies in current climate change and atmospheric circulation variability in the Arctic region of West Siberia

The main goal of this study is to carry out the investigation of the climatic parameters variability and the role of global atmospheric circulation in their trends over the Arctic region of West Siberia (60-70°N, 60-90°E) using reanalysis data. The characteristics of spatial and temporal variability of meteorological parameters (surface air temperature and soil temperature, atmospheric pressure, snow depth and surface albedo) were calculated using ERA-Interim reanalysis data over the period of 1979−2015. It was established that in the beginning of XXI century, there is an air and soil temperature decrease in winter and autumn and its statistically significant increase in spring and summer. The tendency to permafrost area degradation is observed for the Arctic region. The maximal changes are observed in low-temperature permafrost soils than in soils with higher temperature. This trend is accompanied by the decrease in snow cover depth and surface albedo. Global circulation indices variability, its relationships with meteorological parameters in West Siberia and with sea ice cover extent in the Arctic Seas indicate that atmospheric blocking processes, which are responsible for anticyclonic type of weather, were developed in the region during last decades.

Social and cultural context of the developpment of ukrainian-language studies in Canada in the last quarter of XX and at the beginning of XXI century

In the article is given the historical-pedagogical analysis of the education in Ukrainian-language studies development in Canada in the last quarter of XX and at the beginning of ХХІ century. The socio-political, cultural and educational conditions of this development are characterized. Having considered the preconditions of official bilingualism and multiculturalism in Canada in the context of Ukrainian-language studies, the author conventionally separates three main periods with most typical socio-cultural factors that favored its development. The result of efforts and recommendations of Ukrainian Canadian teachers in 1960-ies became both changes, introduced to the school law and new cultural policy of Manitoba and Alberta provinces that accelerated the spread of multiculturalism in whole Canada. The period from 1971 to 1986 that is named in the research the beginning of official bilingualism and multiculturalism in Canada may be considered as very successful for the development of Ukrainian Canadians' national education, because Ukrainian-language studies developed at all levels in this time (from preschool institutions to research ones). But at the end of 1980-ies the question about an aim of the national education appeared in Canadian diaspora. That is why the other period (1987–1998), from authors' point of view, is characterized by the changes of the methodological paradigm on the base of innovative technologies in the context of intercultural interaction with Ukraine. We consider the special features of the third continuing period as the active participation of Ukrainian Canadians in the development of education in Ukraine, mutual influence of Canadian and Ukrainian methods of teaching disciplines on Ukrainian studies and deepening of International connections and cooperation between both countries in the context of further development of multicultural education throughout the world

COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATISTICAL DATA ON DEATH AND BIRTH cases AT THE END OF XIX - BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY IN PERM PROVINCE

Aim. To determine the basic changes in analysis of statistical data on the cases of death and birth at the boundary of XIX - XX centuries and at the beginning of XXI century. Materials and methods. Analytical approaches used for studying the population number, birth and death rates at the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries, compared with modern methods of analysis of the mentioned demographic processes, were estimated. Results. It was revealed that for analysis of demographic data at the boundary of centuries, climatic conditions were the prevailing factors in estimation of birth and death rates. When calculating the population number, religion was taken into consideration. Conclusions. In sanitary statistics, mortality was not analyzed depending on the causes of death; some categories of the population of the Russia Empire were not taken into account, so demographic picture of the region was not reflected in full measure.